The document discusses plant adaptations for sustainability in different habitats. It describes how desert plants adapt through traits like succulence, hairy leaves, and deep roots to conserve water. Aquatic plants are adapted to live in freshwater or saltwater environments, with structures like aerenchyma and pneumatophores that transport oxygen to roots. Terrestrial plants face challenges of structural support and water conservation, and have adaptations like waxy cuticles, stomata placement, vascular tissues, and lignin to overcome these challenges.

1. HORTICULTURE
AND
LANDSCAPING
TOPIC: SUSTAINABILITY OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT HABITATS
PRESENTED BY: MARYAM SADDIQA

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC HABITAT
• ADAPTATIONS IN DEREST HABITAT
• ADAPTATIONS IN TERRESTRIAL HABITAT

3. INTRODUCTION
• Sustainability is the ability of something to be maintained
or sustain itself.
• When plants continue to interact and reproduce are
called sustainable.
• It is the capacity to endure.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Habitat is the place where organism live.
• Different habitats are as follows:
• Desert habitat
• Aquatic habitat
• Terrestrial habitat

6. DESERT HABITAT
• Very dry and hot
• Annual rainfall less than 10 inches per year
• Adaptations for sustainability:
Succulent plant to store water
No leaves or small seasonal leaves
Hairy leaves that reflect sunlight

8. CONTINUE…
Long and deep root system
Most plants have short life cycle
Waxy coating on stem and leaves
Spines to discourage animals

9. AQUATIC HABITAT
• Aquatic habitats may be
1. Freshwater like lakes, ponds, rivers and springs
2. Saline (salt water) like oceans.
• Sudden change in water temperature is not
observed because it absorbs and loses heat
gradually.
• Over 99.9% of the surface water is available as
freshwater.

11. Adaptations for Sustainability:
• Formation of aerenchyma large open spaces
between cells to carry oxygen down to root zone.
• Formation of pneumatophores.
• Anaerobic respiration: Plant elongates and forms
fatty acids from the ethylene. Ethylene is a common
gas in swamps due to decay.

12. • Roots in hydrophytes less significant due to the
availability of plenty of water. No roots or poorly
developed roots. Root hairs and root caps are
absent. Aerenchyma are found in roots.
• Stem is spongy, long and flexible. Stem of water lily
or lotus plant is a rhizome which contains large
holes for air.
• Floating leaves are large, flat, circular or oval which
float on water. Submerged leaves are thin, long,
liner or ribbon-like. Waxy coating on leaves as in
lotus. Long flexible and mucilage-covered petioles.

13. TYPES OF AQUATIC PLANTS
1. Free-floating: Float freely on the water surface and
not attached to bottom soil. Examples are Lemna and
Wolffia.
2. Rooted and Free-floating: In some hydrophytes like
Nelumba and Nymphaea roots are fixed in mud and
leaves remain floating due to long petiole.
3. Submerged and Rooted: Some aquatic plants like
Hydrila, Vallisneria remain submerged in water. In
Vallisneria stem is tuberous which bears ribbon-like
leaves while Hydrila has long stem with small leaves on
nodes.

14. Hydrilla Lemna
Nymphaea

15. 4. Submerged and Floating: Some hydrophytes like
Ceratophytllum remain completely submerged in
water and are not rooted in the mud. They have long
stems and small pointed leaves.
5. Emergent and Rooted: Some hydrophytes like
Ranunculus and Typha grow in shallow water. Their
roots are fixed in soil while stems are partly exposed
to air.

16. Ceratophytllum Ranunculus Typha

17. TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
• Plants that are grow on land are known as terrestrial
plant.
• The two main challenges faced by terrestrial plants
are:
1. First is the requirement of mechanical support as
air will not hold the structure of plant like water to
hydrophytes.
2. Second is the problem of water conservation.

18. ADAPTATIONS IN TERRESTRIAL
HABITAT
Cuticle:
Waxy cuticle prevent excess water loss.
Stomata:
Stomata on lower side of leaves to prevent water
loss.

20. CONTINUE…
Vascular tissues:
Another adaptation in terrestrial plants that allowed
them to develop in height is vascularization that helps
transport substances between the roots and the
leaves.
Lignin (woody tissues):
Lignin binds together with cellulose to form wood
which provides a strong structural support to plants.
Also secondary growth of stems is an important
evolution.