This document discusses Pascal's principle of fluid mechanics, which states that pressure changes in an enclosed fluid are transmitted equally in all directions. It then discusses applications of hydraulics including hydraulic lifts, elevators, and bridges which use Pascal's principle to transmit pressure through liquid and amplify force. Hydraulic systems use an incompressible fluid like oil to transfer pressure from a pump to actuators with advantages over other systems in withstanding heat and pressure.

2. •Pascal’s principle, also called
Pascal’s law, in fluid (gas or liquid)
mechanics, statement that, in a
fluid at rest in a closed container,
a pressure change in one part is
transmitted without loss to every
portion of the fluid and to the
walls of the container.
•Pressure is equal to the force
divided by the area on which it
acts.
•Pascal also discovered that the
pressure at a point in a fluid at
rest is the same in all directions;
the pressure would be the same
on all planes passing through a
specific point.
PASCAL’S LAW

3. •Hydraulics is a branch
of science concerned with the
practical applications of fluids,
primarily liquids, in motion.
• It is related to fluid mechanics,
which in large part provides its
theoretical foundation.
•Hydraulics deals with such
matters as the flow of liquids in
pipes, rivers, and channels and
their confinement by dams and
tanks.
•Some of its principles apply also
to gases, usually in cases in which
variations in density are relatively
small.
HYDRAULICS

4. •Hydraulic car lift is a simple
machine that uses the transfer of
pressure through an enclosed static
liquid medium (usually an oil of
some sort) to lift heavy machinery.
• In accordance with Pascal's
principle, the pressure is transmitted
from one end of the hydraulic lift to
the other undiminished. When the
area of the piston that receives the
pressure is larger than that of the
initial piston, the upward force
exerted by the second piston is
several times stronger than the
downward force exerted on the first
piston.

5. •Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car
using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven
piston mounted inside a cylinder.
Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car
using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven
piston mounted inside a cylinder.
The cylinder is connected to a fluid-
pumping system (typically,
hydraulic systems like this use oil,
but other incompressible
fluids would also work).
•The hydraulic system has three
parts:
A tank (the fluid reservoir)
A pump, powered by an electric
motor
A valve between the cylinder and
the reservoir

6. •The concept of an elevator is
incredibly simple -- it's just a
compartment attached to a lifting
system. Tie a piece of rope to a
box, and you've got a basic
elevator.
•They need advanced mechanical
systems to handle the substantial
weight of the elevator car and its
cargo.
•They need control mechanisms so
passengers can operate the elevator,
and they need safety devices to keep
everything running smoothly.

7. There are two major elevator
designs in common use
today:
1. hydraulic elevators
2. roped elevators

8. •Hydraulically Assisted
Bridges also abbreviated to
HAB is a new concept into
bridge design which
incorporates an integrated
hydraulic system into the
bridge in order to carry more
weight.
•The system is most suitable
for arch based bridges in
which the main forces are
directed in a horizontal
sideways direction.

9. •Hydraulic fluid operates very well in a very
hot working environment, it is able to
sustain its airworthiness viscosity, density &
fluid temperature even if it subjected under
extreme heat. This is specially important on
aircraft structures that is abundant of hot
working conditions during flight
operations.
•It uses 'incompressible' fluid which results
in a greater, more efficient & consistent
work or power output. This is due to the
fact that hydraulic fluid molecules are able
to resist compression under heavy load
hence minimal energy loss is experienced
and work applied is directly transferred to
the actuating surfaces.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS

10. Liquids in motion or under pressure did useful work for man
for many centuries before French scientist-philosopher Blaise
Pascal and Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli formulated the
laws on which modern hydraulic-power technology is based.
Pascal’s law, formulated in about 1650, states that pressure in
a liquid is transmitted equally in all directions; i.e,
when water is made to fill a closed container, the application
of pressure at any point will be transmitted to all sides of the
container.
In 1882 the city of London built a hydraulic system that
delivered pressurized water through street mains to drive
machinery in factories. In 1906 an important advance in
hydraulic techniques was made when an oil hydraulic system
was installed.
CONCLUSION

11. MADE BY
SARVESH AGARWAL
X-E