The document summarizes key concepts in hydraulics including: 1. Hydraulics uses liquids to transmit force via Pascal's law, where pressure is transmitted undiminished throughout a confined liquid. 2. Key components include pumps to pressurize fluid, cylinders to convert hydraulic power into mechanical motion, and control valves to direct fluid flow. 3. There are different types of hydraulic systems, pumps, cylinders and valves that are suited to various applications and pressure requirements.

1. TERM PAPER ON:
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY:
GOPAL CARPENTER
12-543-008

2. The term hydraulics is
Hydor+aulos
Hydor –means water
Aulos- pipe

3. Necessity of hydraulics:
1.To lift or load the implement
2.To set the draft at the time of tillage operations

4. Pascal’s Law
Pressure exerted at any point on
a confined liquid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions.

5. Pressure applied to piston “A” is
transferred equally to a piston of the same
size “B” because PSI is the same
throughout the system.
Basic
principle

6. Pascal’s Law
 Pressure applied to a
confined fluid is:
 transmitted undiminished in
all directions,
 acts with equal force on equal
areas, and
 acts at a right angle to the
walls of the container.
10 psi
10-lb
1 in2
Area = 10 in2
Force = 100-lbs.

7. Important Properties:
 “Shapelessness”
 Liquids have no neutral form
 Conform to shape of container
 Easily transferred through piping from one location
to another
 Incompressibility
 Liquids are essentially incompressible
 Once force is removed, liquid returns to original
volume (no permanent distortion)
 Transmission of Force
 Force is transmitted equally & undiminished
in every direction -> vessel filled with pressure

8. Components of hydraulics:
1.Reservoir
2.Hydraulic
pump
3.Hydraulic
cylinder
4.Hydraulic
piston
5.Control valve
6.Relief valve

9. Hydraulic circuit:
A hydraulic circuit is a system comprising
an interconnected set of discrete
components that transport liquid.

10. Pump
Functions in a hydraulic
system by pressurizing
and moving fluid from one
part of the system to
another.

11. Hydraulic pumps are usually of three
types:
1. GEAR PUMP
2. PISTON PUMP
3. VANE PUMP

12. Gear Pumps:
 Fixed or constant displacement pump.
 Work well at 1500 psi and below
 Work with a minimum of moving parts
 Less expensive to manufacture than piston
type pumps

13. Gear
Pump driven gear
idler gear

14. Piston Pumps
 Work well at 2000 psi or more.
 Require several pistons working together to
generate enough volume for tractor
applications
 Necessarily involve many moving parts
 Two types-1.Axial piston pump
2.Radial piston pump

15. Vane pump
 Also works at 1500 psi and below
 Three types-1.sliding vane
 2.swinging vane 3.Rolling vane

16. Hydraulic Cylinders:
 The main function of a cylinder is to convert hydraulic
power into linear mechanical force.
 This force performs work or transmits power.
 Types : 1.Ram cylinder
2.Single Acting
3.Telescopic
4.Spring Return
5.Double Acting

17. Ram Cylinders:
 The simplest single acting cylinder
 One fluid chamber
 Exerts force in only one direction
 Mounted mostly vertically
 The cylinder retracts by the force of the load
due to gravity
 Ram cylinders are most commonly used in
elevators, jacks, and automobile hoists.

18. Single Acting Cylinders:
 Acts much like a ram cylinder
 Main difference is that the single acting cylinder uses a
piston. The leakage flow that goes past the piston is
ported the tank.
Telescopic Cylinders:
• Mostly a single acting cylinder
• Series of rod segments called sleeves, most common to only
have 4 or 5 sleeves in each cylinder
• The sleeves work together to provide a longer stroke
• The maximum force is at the collapsed position
• The speed will increase at each stage, but will not allow as
much force.

19. Spring Return Cylinders:
 Considered a single acting cylinder
 Pressure applied to the cap end pushes the spring down as
the rod is extending
 When the pressure is removed the spring force allows the
cylinder to retract
 The drain is in the spring chamber and allows the leakage
flow past the piston seal

20. Double Acting Cylinders:
 Types:-1.Double acting (differential cylinder)
 2.Double rod cylinder (nondifferential cylinder)
3.Tendom
 Pressure is applied to both rod end and cap end
 Rod extension is slower because has a larger area,
but allows a greater force because of the bigger
area.
 Retract is faster because of the smaller area, but
the force allowed is smaller because of the smaller
area.

21. Double Acting Cylinders:
Tandem Cylinder-
 Two pistons in line with a common rod
 This allows you to have a greater forces without
increasing the size of the cylinder bore
 Tandem cylinders are used in places where
there is insufficient space to increase the size of
the cylinder bore.

22. Control valves:
 Functions of a valve:-
1.direct the flow of fluid
2.regulate the pressure
3.control volume
Three types of valves:
 Pressure – adjust psi for some purpose
 Directional -- route the fluid to the desired actuator
 Volume Control or Flow Control -- control the
amount of flow

23. Accumulators:
 Types:-
 Piston
 Most common
 Bladder
 Gun mounts
 Steering
systems
 Direct contact
 Least common

24. Hydraulic oil:
 Purposes:-
1.Compressibility
2.Lubrication
3.Sealing
4.Cooling

25. 10/6/2015 25
Fluid Properties:
 These properties include:
 Viscosity and Viscosity Index
 Pour Point
 Specific gravity
 Thermal properties- specific heat & thermal
conductivity
 Lubricating Ability
 Rust and corrosion protection
 Fire resistance

26. Filters:
Hydraulic lines:

27. Hydraulic system types:
 Open center system.
 Closed center system.

31. Basic Hydraulic System Operation
Pump
Directional
Control
Valve
Cylinder
Reservoir
Pressure
Relief
Valve

32. Hydraulic