The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
The gear box which is also known as the transmission system. It is the second element of the power train in an automobile. It is used to change the speed and torque of vehicle according to variety of road and load conditions.
Propeller shaft is a circular shaft which is used to transmit the power or rotational motion from the gear box to the final drive.
The propeller shaft as the name suggest “ propels the vehicle.
The gear box which is also known as the transmission system. It is the second element of the power train in an automobile. It is used to change the speed and torque of vehicle according to variety of road and load conditions.
Propeller shaft is a circular shaft which is used to transmit the power or rotational motion from the gear box to the final drive.
The propeller shaft as the name suggest “ propels the vehicle.
A balance bar (also called a bias bar) on dual master cylinder systems, divides the force from the brake pedal to the two master cylinders . It is called a “balance bar” because that is exactly what it does.
The brakes function by absorbing in friction the energy possessed by the moving car. In so doing they convert the energy into heat. There are two types of brakes, the drum brake, and the disc brake. Either or both types may be fitted. But where both types are used it is usual for the disc brakes to be fitted to the front wheels. In both drum and disc brakes, a hydraulic system applies the brakes. The hydraulic system connects the brake pedal to the brake parts at each wheel.
Society of Automobile Engineering,Southern section India. As a part of virtual baja 2017. Awarded as best. Detailed info regarding braking of a 4*4 offroad vehicle(ATV)
In the existing automobile market which is growing, the competition for better automobile in climbing up enormously. The racing fans involved will surely know the importance of a good brake system not only for safety but also for staying competitive in every race though Brake is the key factor for safety. Braking is a process which converts the kinetic energy of the automobile into mechanical energy for arresting the rotation of the road wheels which must be dissipated in the form of heat.
Pedal Operated Washing Machine :-
Pedal Powered Washing Machine :-
It is type of washing machine in which the machine is operated through the pedals with the help of human power.
Hydraulic System :- A hydraulic system is a system that uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to power hydraulic machinery.
Pneumatic System :- In Pneumatic system Compressed air is Used instead of Liquid
Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data.Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology
Adaptive Cruise Control, Electronic Brake Force Distribution,Traction Control...Shubham Thakur
In this PPT All the modern controls are explained like
Adaptive Cruise Control, Electronic Brake Force Distribution,Traction Control System, Electronic Stability Control, Common Rail Direct Fuel Distribution, Turbocharged Direct Injection, Airbag
Every material has certain strength, expressed in terms of stress or strain, beyond which it
fractures or fails to carry the load. Failure Criterion: A criterion used to hypothesize the failure.
Failure Theory: A Theory behind a failure criterion.
Need of Failure Theories:
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(b) To guide in materials development.
(c) To determine weak and strong directions.
Description of various types of clutches and gear boxes has been given in the following sections of this unit. The term ‘Transmission’ is used for a device which is located between clutch and propeller shaft. It may be a gear box, an over drive or a torque converter, etc.
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Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
4. LOGO
INTRODUCTION
HYDRAULIC BRAKES:
The hydraulic brake is an arrangement
of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, to
transfer pressure from the controlling unit, which is
usually near the operator of the vehicle, to the actual
brake mechanism, which is usually at or near the wheel
of the vehicle.
HISTORY:
In 1918 Malcolm Lockheed developed a hydraulic
brake system.
5. LOGO
CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES
On the Basis of Method of Actuation
(a) Foot brake (also called service brake) operated by foot pedal.
(b) Hand brake – it is also called parking brake operated by hand.
On the Basis of Mode of Operation
(a) Mechanical brakes
(b) Hydraulic brakes
(c) Air brakes
(d) Vacuum brakes
(e) Electric brakes.
On the Basis of Action on Front or Rear Wheels
(a) Front-wheel brakes
(b) Rear-wheel brakes.
On the Basis of Method of Application of Braking Contact
(a) Internally – expanding brakes
(b) Externally – contracting brakes.
6. LOGO
PRINCIPLES OF
HYDRAULIC
BRAKING
Hydraulic brakes work on the principle
of Pascal’s law which states that
“pressure at a point in a fluid is equal in
all directions in space”.
According to this law when pressure is
applied on a fluid it travels equally in all
directions so that uniform braking action
is applied on all four wheels.
8. LOGO
CONTD..
Brake pedal or lever
A pushrod
A master cylinder assembly containing
a piston assembly
Reinforced hydraulic lines
Brake calliper assembly usually consisting of one
or two hollow aluminium or chrome-plated steel
pistons (called calliper pistons), a set of thermally
conductive brake pads and a rotor (also called a
brake disc) or drum attached to an axle.
The system is usually filled with a glycol-
ether based brake fluid
9. LOGO
a) MASTER
CYLINDER
The master cylinder is the heart of the brake's hydraulic
system.
It converts the force exerted on the brake pedal into hydraulic
pressure to apply the brakes.
Depressing the brake pedal moves a push rod in the
master cylinder. Mounted on the push rod are a pair of pistons
(primary and secondary) in tandem (one after the other) that
exert force against the fluid in the master cylinder bore.
The pressure created displaces fluid through the various brake
circuits and lines to each of the wheels and applies the brakes.
Since brake fluid is incompressible it acts like a liquid linkage
between the master cylinder's pistons and the calipers and
wheel cylinders.
12. LOGO
if a leak develops in the front brake system:
a) Piston 1 will move forward until it contacts Piston 2.
Force from the brake pedal will be transmitted
mechanically through Piston 1 to Piston 2.
b) Although overall braking performance will be
severely compromised, the rear brakes will still be
functional provided sufficient pedal travel is available.
c) The pedal will need to travel further than normal to
fully engage the rear brakes. Also, it should be
appreciated that trying to stop quickly with just the
rear brakes is very tricky because the rear tires will
easily reach the point of lock-up
14. LOGO
If a leak develops in the rear brake system,
a) Piston 2 will move forward until it contacts the
closed end of the master cylinder housing.
b) Once Piston 2 becomes stationary, pressurization
of fluid between the two pistons will apply the
front brakes.
c) Although overall braking performance will be
significantly compromised, the front brakes will
still be functional provided sufficient pedal
travel is available. The pedal will need to travel
further than normal to fully engage the front
brakes.
15. LOGO
b) WHEEL
CYLINDER
A wheel cylinder is a component in a drum
brake system. It is located in each wheel and is
usually at the top, above the shoes.
Its responsibility is to exert force onto the
shoes so they can contact the drum and stop
the vehicle with friction.
16. LOGO
•The wheel cylinder consists of a cylinder that has two
pistons, one on each side.
•Each piston has a rubber seal and a shaft that connects the
piston with a brake shoe.
• When brake pressure is applied, the pistons are forced out
pushing the shoes into contact with the drum
17. LOGO
c) BRAKE SHOES
Brake shoes are made of two pieces of sheet steel
welded together.
The friction material is attached to the Lining table
either by adhesive bonding or riveting.
The crescent shaped piece is called the Web and
contains holes and slots in different shapes for return
springs.
All the application force of the wheel cylinder is
applied through the web to the lining table and brake
lining.
Each brake assembly has two shoes, a primary and
secondary. The primary shoe is located toward the front
of the vehicle and has the lining positioned differently
than the secondary shoe
19. LOGO
d) BRAKE DRUM
The brake drum is generally made of a special
type of cast iron. It is positioned very close to the
brake shoe without actually touching it, and rotates
with the wheel and axle.
As the lining is pushed against the inner surface of
the drum, friction heat can reach as high as 600
°F (316 °C). The brake drum must be:
a) Accurately balanced.
b) Sufficiently rigid.
c) Resistant against wear.
d) Highly heat-conductive.
e) Lightweight.
21. LOGO
e) BRAKE FLUID
Brake fluids are used to transfer force into
pressure. It works
because liquids are incompressible.
Since oils damage rubber seals and hoses in the
braking system, brake fluids are not petroleum-
based.
Most brake fluids used today are glycol-
ether based, but mineral oil and silicone (DOT
5) based fluids are also available.
It is a special type of fluid named SAE-1703J
and must meet the following requirements:
22. LOGO
Characteristics
Boiling point:
a) Brake fluid is subjected to very high temperatures,
especially in the wheel cylinders of drum brakes and
disk brake calipers.
b) It must have a high boiling point to avoid vaporizing in
the lines. This vaporization is a problem because vapor
is compressible and negates hydraulic fluid transfer of
braking force.
Viscosity
a) For reliable, consistent brake system operation,
brake fluid must maintain a constant viscosity
under a wide range of temperatures, including
extreme cold. This is especially important in
systems with an anti-lock braking system (ABS),
traction control, and stability control (ESP).
23. LOGO
Corrosion
a) Brakes fluids must not corrode the metals used
inside components such as calipers, master
cylinders, etc.
Compressibility
a) Brake fluids must maintain a low level of
compressibility that remains low, even with varying
temperatures.
24. LOGO
f) BRAKE LINES
AND HOSES
The connections between the master cylinder
and wheel cylinders are made of copper
coated ,tin plated, annealed, steel tubings and
flexible hoses.
A flexible hose is made up of alternate layers
of rubber and fabric sheets wound over each
other. these are used to connect the steering
front wheels.
25. LOGO
OPERATION OF A
HYDRAULIC
BRAKE SYSTEM
a) as the brake pedal is pressed,
i. a pushrod exerts force on the piston(s) in the
master cylinder causing fluid from the brake fluid
reservoir to flow into a pressure chamber which
results in an increase in the pressure
ii. This forces fluid through the hydraulic lines
toward calipers where it acts upon one or two
caliper pistons
iii. The brake caliper piston(s) then apply force to
the brake pads. This causes them to be pushed
against the spinning rotor, and the friction
between the pads and the rotor causes a
braking torque to be generated, slowing the
vehicle.
27. LOGO
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
HYDRAULIC BRAKES
Advantages
a) Equal braking action on all wheels.
b) Increased braking force.
c) Simple in construction.
d) Low wear rate of brake linings.
e) Flexibility of brake linings.
f) Increased mechanical advantage.
28. LOGO
Disadvantages
a) Whole braking system fails due to
leakage of fluid from brake linings.
b) Presence of air inside the tubings ruins
the whole system.