The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
Automobile Brakes, Functions of Brakes, Requirements of a good braking system, Types of Brakes, Mechanical Brakes, Internal Expanding Brake, Hand Brake, Disk Brake, Hydraulic Brake, Power Brakes, Air Brake, Air-Hydraulic Brake, Vacum Brake, Exhaust Brake, Electric Brake, Antilock Braking System (ABS), Brake Effectiveness
Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning Systemijtsrd
A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp a sudden shock impulse and dissipate kinetic energy. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement, Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would in turn give a harsh ride. Shock absorbers allow the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps. Now the project has mainly concentrated in designing a suitable suspension unit. The limit sensor is fixed to the front wheel. When the front wheel is in bounce, the limit sensor activates the pneumatic compressor automatically with the help of electronic control unit. Now the compressor starts running, activating the hydro pneumatic suspensor which is fitted in the back wheel. In a vehicle it reduces the effect of suspension travel on uneven terrains. Hydraulic system undergo torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of distance between input and output. Pneumatic system is based on the fact that gas is compressible so equipment is less subjected to shock loads. M. Boopathi | S. R. Gauthamnithin | S. Harikrishnan | Prof. Dr. G. Kumaresan"Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10916.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/10916/hydro-pneumatic-suspension-with-intelligent-active-suspensioning-system/m-boopathi
The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
Automobile Brakes, Functions of Brakes, Requirements of a good braking system, Types of Brakes, Mechanical Brakes, Internal Expanding Brake, Hand Brake, Disk Brake, Hydraulic Brake, Power Brakes, Air Brake, Air-Hydraulic Brake, Vacum Brake, Exhaust Brake, Electric Brake, Antilock Braking System (ABS), Brake Effectiveness
Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning Systemijtsrd
A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp a sudden shock impulse and dissipate kinetic energy. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement, Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would in turn give a harsh ride. Shock absorbers allow the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps. Now the project has mainly concentrated in designing a suitable suspension unit. The limit sensor is fixed to the front wheel. When the front wheel is in bounce, the limit sensor activates the pneumatic compressor automatically with the help of electronic control unit. Now the compressor starts running, activating the hydro pneumatic suspensor which is fitted in the back wheel. In a vehicle it reduces the effect of suspension travel on uneven terrains. Hydraulic system undergo torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of distance between input and output. Pneumatic system is based on the fact that gas is compressible so equipment is less subjected to shock loads. M. Boopathi | S. R. Gauthamnithin | S. Harikrishnan | Prof. Dr. G. Kumaresan"Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10916.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/10916/hydro-pneumatic-suspension-with-intelligent-active-suspensioning-system/m-boopathi
“An object remains in its state of rest or in motion until and unless acted upon by an external force” Newton’s first law of motion, this law by Sir Isaac Newton gave rise to the development of braking system in an automobile, developing an automobile vehicle not only requires the power source but also the efficient braking system as higher the horse power higher will be the brake force required to stop or de accelerate that vehicle. This thought gave rise to many researches in the field of braking and results in its evolution due to which today we have flexibility in choosing a suitable braking system according to our need. So let’s just start our article with the curiosity about the various types of braking system.
In an automobile vehicle, a braking system is an arrangement of various linkages and components (brake lines or mechanical linkages, brake drum or brake disc , master cylinder or fulcrums etc) that are arranged in such a fashion that it converts the vehicle’s kinetic energy into the heat energy which in turn stops or de accelerate the vehicle.
The conversion of kinetic energy into heat energy is a function of frictional force generated by the frictional contact between brake shoes and moving drum or disc of a braking system.
The brakes function by absorbing in friction the energy possessed by the moving car. In so doing they convert the energy into heat. There are two types of brakes, the drum brake, and the disc brake. Either or both types may be fitted. But where both types are used it is usual for the disc brakes to be fitted to the front wheels. In both drum and disc brakes, a hydraulic system applies the brakes. The hydraulic system connects the brake pedal to the brake parts at each wheel.
A disc brake is a type of brake that uses the calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc or rotor to create friction. This action slows the rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is converted into waste heat which must be dispersed. Disc brake system is widely used on front wheels in mid range two wheeler such as - commuter and sports bikes. The Disc brake system is used on the front wheels of most hatchback cars, entry level sedans and MUVs whereas, it is also widely used on both front and rear wheels of high end cars and SUVs in combination with hydraulic vacuum brake actuating systems. Vikrant Yadav | Pankaj Yadav "Overview of Disc Brake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31530.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/31530/overview-of-disc-brake/vikrant-yadav
Society of Automobile Engineering,Southern section India. As a part of virtual baja 2017. Awarded as best. Detailed info regarding braking of a 4*4 offroad vehicle(ATV)
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Brakes
1. Geometrical and Mechanical Engineering
Drawing- CAPE Unit II
Brakes
A brake is a mechanical device which inhibits motion, slowing or stopping a moving object or
preventing its motion. A vehicle brake is a brake used to slow down a vehicle by converting
its kinetic energy into heat. The basic hydraulic system, most commonly used, usually has six
main stages: the brake pedal, the brake boost (vacuum servo), the master cylinder, the
apportioning valves, and finally the road wheel brakes themselves.
Brakes convert motion to heat, and if the brakes get too hot, they become less effective, a
phenomenon known as brake fade.
Drum Brake
A drum brake is a brake that uses friction caused by a set of shoes or pads that press against a
rotating drum-shaped part called a brake drum. These do not apply brakes immediately, are
complex and must be large to cope with the load. As the brake linings wear, the shoes must
travel a greater distance to reach the drum. When the distance reaches a certain point, a self-
adjusting mechanism automatically reacts by adjusting the rest position of the shoes so that
they are closer to the drum. Here, the adjusting lever rocks enough to advance the adjuster
gear by one tooth. The adjuster has threads on it, like a bolt, so that it unscrews a little bit when
it turns, lengthening to fill in the gap
Parts of the Drum Brake
Backing Plate: The backing plate provides a base for the other components. It attaches to the
axle sleeve and provides a non-rotating rigid mounting surface for the wheel cylinder, brake
shoes, and assorted hardware. Strong and wear resistant.
Brake Drum: made of a special type of cast iron that is heat-conductive and wear-resistant,
rotates with the wheel and axle. When brakes are applies, the lining pushes radially against the
inner surface of the drum causing friction to slow or stop rotation of the wheel and axle. Heat
generated
Wheel cylinder: One wheel cylinder operates the brake on each wheel. Two pistons operate
the shoes, one at each end of the wheel cylinder. Hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder
acts on the piston cup, pushing the pistons toward the shoes, forcing them against the drum.
When brakes are released, brake shoe springs restore the shoes to their original (disengaged)
position.
2. Brake shoe: the part of a braking system which carries the brake lining in the drum brakes used
on automobiles, or the brake block in train brakes and bicycle brakes. Brake shoes take longer
to dissipate heat than disc brakes but are more effective at setting parking brakes.
Single Shoe System (SLS)
The leading shoe is "dragged" into the friction surface of the drum and thus achieving greater
braking force. The other shoe is "trailing", moving against the direction of rotation, is thrown
away from the friction surface of the drum and is far less effective. It is equally effective
whether the vehicle is travelling forwards or in reverse where the leading and trailing brake
shoes’ roles are switched.
Dual ShoeSystem(2LS)
The twin-leading-shoe brake (2LS) is a type of drum brake that has two leading shoes, rather
than the single leading shoe and a single trailing shoe of a single-leading shoe (SLS) drum brake.
A leading shoe has a self-servo effect, so an advantage of a 2LS is that it provides the maximum
retardation in its intended direction of travel, i.e. forwards. 2LS brakes are fitted on the front
axle of automobiles, or the front wheel of a motorcycle. A 2LS brake is more powerful than
an SLS design since both shoes apply full braking force. In reverse, BOTH shoes become trailing
and are virtually useless since the drum rotation tries to throw it off the drum. Hence why the
rear wheels of the vehicle usually has the SLS system.
Disc Brake
A disc brake is a wheel brake that slows rotation of the wheel by the friction caused by
pushing brake pads against a brake disc with a set of callipers. The brake disc or rotor in is
usually made of cast iron or ceramic/matrix or carbon composites which is connected to the
wheel and/or the axle. To stop the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads, mounted
3. on a device called a brake calliper, is forced mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically, or
electromagnetically against both sides of the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel
to slow or stop.
Parts of the Disc Brake
Brake Pad: steel backing plates with friction material bound to the surface that faces the disk
brake rotor. Better stopping power than drum brakes and more resistant to brake fade.
However, no self-servo effect. Made of asbestos or some other composite or ceramic.
Brake Calliper: Callipers are of two types, floating or fixed. A fixed calliper does not move
relative to the disc and is thus less tolerant of disc imperfections. It uses one or more single or
pairs of opposing pistons to clamp from each side of the disc, and is more complex and
expensive than a floating calliper.
A floating calliper (also called a "sliding calliper") moves with respect to the disc, along a line
parallel to the axis of rotation of the disc; a piston on one side of the disc pushes the inner
brake pad until it makes contact with the braking surface, then pulls the calliper body with the
outer brake pad so pressure is applied to both sides of the disc.
Brake Piston: The most common calliper design uses a single hydraulically actuated piston
within a cylinder, although high performance brakes use as many as twelve. Modern cars use
different hydraulic circuits to actuate the brakes on each set of wheels as a safety measure. The
hydraulic design also helps multiply braking force. The number of pistons in a calliper is often
referred to as the number of 'pots', so if a vehicle has 'six pot' callipers it means that each
calliper houses six pistons.
Brake Bleeding: procedure performed on hydraulic brake systems whereby the brake lines (the
pipes and hoses containing the brake fluid) are purged of any air bubbles.
4. Brake Fluid
Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic brake and hydraulic clutch applications
in automobiles, motorcycles, light trucks, and some bicycles. It is used to transfer force into
pressure, and to amplify braking force. It works because liquids are not
appreciably compressible.
Most brake fluids used today are glycol-ether based, but mineral oil and silicone based fluids
are also available.
Boiling point: boiling point of brake fluid must be very high to ensure liquid does not vaporize
since gas is relatively very compressible to liquid, wet boiling point describes when the brake
fluid has absorbed a certain percentage of moisture and dry in its pure state
Viscosity: For reliable, consistent brake systemoperation, brake fluid must maintain a constant
viscosity under a wide range of temperatures, including extreme cold.
Corrosion: Brake fluids must not corrode the metals used inside components such as callipers’,
wheel cylinders, master cylinders and ABS control valves. They must also protect against
corrosion as moisture enters the system. Additives (corrosion inhibitors) are added to the base
fluid to accomplish this.
Compressibility: Brake fluids must maintain a low level of compressibility that remains low,
even with varying temperatures to accommodate different environmental conditions. This is
important to insure consistent brake pedal feel. As compressibility increases a greater amount
of brake pedal stroke is necessary for the same amount of brake calliper piston stroke.
Parking Brakes
This uses only cables and levers and bypasses the hydraulic system as a fail-safe measure. The brake
cable passes through and intermediate lever, increasing force and then passes through a U-shaped
equalizer which splits the force in two and sends it evenly through cables connected through the rear
wheels. In drum brakes, the cable runs straight to the brake shoe. In rear disc brakes, a calliper actuated
parking brake is used, an additional lever and corkscrew is added to the existing calliper piston which is
actuated independently of the piston-driven system.