The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It defines HEVs as vehicles that combine a gasoline engine and battery to power an electric motor. HEVs offer advantages over conventional vehicles like increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. The key components of an HEV include batteries, controllers, an electric motor, and a transmission system. There are two main types of HEV designs - series and parallel. HEVs can also be classified into different levels based on their hybridization from micro to mild to full or plug-in hybrids. The document concludes that HEVs show promising potential as a breakthrough technology for future automobiles.

1. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
SUBMITTED BY
U.RAVI TEJA
14121A04N0
IV-B. Tech(ECE-D)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Miss C. MAHESWARI, M. Tech. ,
Asst. professor,
Department of ECE .
SVEC .

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Definition
 Need for HEV
 HEV objectives
 HEV advantages over conventional engines
 HEV design
 HEV types and levels
 Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 At present, we have two types of vehicles exist in nature.
They are: 1. FUEL ENGINE BASEDVEHICLES
2. ELECTRICENGINE BASEDVEHICLES
 FUELENGINEBASED VEHICLES
 Fuel based vehicles means vehicles which depends on fuels like gasoline and
diesel.
 Around 93% of today automobiles run on petroleum based product which
are estimated to be depleted by 2050.
 Moreover, current automobiles utilizes only 25% of energy released from
petroleum and rest is wasted into atmosphere.
 Due to this reason, the atmosphere get polluted and it proves its efficiency
at higher speeds in highways and waste a lot of energy in urban areas.

4.  ELECTRICENGINEBASEDVEHICLES
 Electric vehicles can be a breakthrough after fuel vehicles and it means vehicles
which uses one or more electric motors for propulsion.
 An electric vehicle is a pollution free and is efficient at low speed conditions
mainly in high traffic areas.
 It may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle
sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or a generator to
convert fuel to electricity.
EXAMPLE: Rail vehicles, Electric aircraft and Electric space aircraft.
 Battery charging is time consuming in electric vehicles.

5. DEFINITION
 Any vehicle which combines two or more sources of power can be called as HYBRID
VEHICLE.
Ex: 1. Diesel - Electric
2. Nuclear - Electric
3. Gasoline - Electric
 Any vehicle that uses two sources of power - gasoline and battery can be called as
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE.
 A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which relies
not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a
generator to provide electricity.
 The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature over
conventional automobiles.

6. NEEDFORHEV
 Depletion of fossil fuel
 Rising price of fuel – Extraction , Distillation , Purifying & Distribution
 Problems due to pollution
 Stringent automotive norms
 A change needed
 Rise of automotive field
 Rise of new technology – EV & HEV
 Promising growth in near future

7. HEVOBJECTIVES
ObjectivesthatHEVwantsto obtain:
 Maximize fuel economy
 Minimize fuel emissions
 Minimize propulsion system cost to keep affordable
 Maintain acceptable performance with a reasonable cost
 Reduce the conventional car weight

8. HEV advantages over conventional engines
 Regenerative braking
 Reduction in engine and vehicle weight
 Fuel efficiency is increased
 Emissions are decreased
 Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels
 More efficient than conventional engines

9. HEVDESIGN
Designing of HEV depends on the following points:
 Load
 Type of combination (power sources)
 Use of the vehicle :- frequency
 Technology available
 Degree of hybridization

10. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

11.  Batteries
 Controllers
 Electric motor
 Energy storage system
 Prime mover
 Transmission system
 DC/DC Converter
 DC/AC Inverter
COMPONENTS :

12. LITHIUM ION BATTERY
NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERY
ELECTRIC MOTOR
HYBRID INVERTER

13. HEV DESIGN
ENERGYSTORAGESYSTEM:
 Energy storage systems usually batteries, are essential for electric drive vehicles like
HEVs, EVs & Plug-in HEVs(PHEVs).
TYPES OF BATTERIES:
1. Lithium– ionbatteries( mostly preferred in HEVs and PHEVs ) :-
Because of high power to weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high temperature
performance and low self discharge.
2. Nickelmetalhybrid batteries(widely used in HEVs) :-
Because of high cost, high self discharge and heat generation of high temperature.
3. Lead – acidbatteries(used in commercially available EVs) :-
Because they can be designed to power & are inexpensive, safe and reliable.

14. MOTORAND CONTROLLERS:
 Motor and its control technology are one of the main components of HEV.
 To meet HEVs speed specifications and to control speed of vehicle we use
controllers.
TYPESOF MOTORAND DRIVESFORHEV :
1. AC Induction Motor and their Drives
2. Permanent Magnet Motors and Drives
3. Switch Reluctance Motors and Drives
4. Brushless DC Motor and Drives

15. HEV TYPES AND LEVELS
 HEVTYPES:
Many configurations are possible for HEVs. The two power sources found in hybrid vehicles
may be combined in :
1. SERIES
2. PARALLEL
 HEVLEVELS:
1. MICRO
2. MILD
3. FULL(STRONG)
4. PLUGIN (PHEV)

16. HEV TYPES
 SERIES HYBRID :
 Gasoline motor turns
a generator
 Generator may either
charge the batteries
or power an electric
motor that drives the
transmission at low speeds is
powered only by the
electric motor

17.  PARALLEL HYBRID :
 Gasoline motor
 Batteries can also powers an
electric motor.
 Both can power the
transmission at the same
time.
 Electric motor supplements
the gasoline engine.

18. HEV LEVELS
 MICRO:
 A micro HEV is a vehicle with an integrated alternator/starter that uses start/stop
technology.
 During cruising, the vehicle is propelled only by the internal combustion engine.
 Typical fuel efficiency is increase around 10% compared to non-hybrid.
EXAMPLES: BMW 1 and 3 series, Fiat 500, SMART car, Ford Focus and Transit, and
Mercedes-Benz A-class etc.
 MILD:
 A mild HEV is very similar to a micro HEV with the exception that the integrated
alternator/starter is upgraded with electric components that assist in propulsion.
 Compared to micro HEV, the electric motor, alternator, and battery pack are larger plays
a greater role in the operation of the vehicle.
 Typical fuel efficiency is increase around 20-25% compared to non-hybrid.
EXAMPLES: BMW 7 Series Active Hybrid, Honda Civic and Insight Hybrid.

19. HEV LEVELS
 FULL(STRONG):
 A full HEV is similar to mild HEV because it utilizes same electric components but they
are much larger in size.
 It uses a smaller engine, has the ability to propel the vehicle solely off the electric motor
and utilizes a more sophisticated control system to optimize efficiency than mild HEV.
 Typical fuel efficiency increase is around 40-45% compared to a non-hybrid.
EXAMPLES: Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid, Ford C-Max, Honda CR-Z etc.
 PLUG-IN(PHEV):
 A PHEV is essentially the same configuration as a full HEV, but utilizes a more
downsized engine and even larger electric components capable of charging off the
electrical grid through a plug.
 PHEVs are ideal in urban commuting where trips are short, but are also equipped for
long trips.
EXAMPLES: Chevy Volt, Frisker Karma, Toyota Prius Plug-in etc.

20. CONCLUSION
 Hence, by all the above advantages and objectives of HEV we can say that HEVs can be a
breakthrough and promising technology in automobiles production in future.

21. ANY QUERIES