Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. This allows HEVs to achieve better fuel economy than conventional vehicles. Modern HEVs make use of regenerative braking to capture kinetic energy and charge the battery. HEVs have both a mechanical drive train and an electric drive train consisting of a battery, electric motor, and power electronics. HEVs can reduce emissions and fuel consumption compared to conventional vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles. However, HEVs currently have a higher purchase price though lower lifetime costs through fuel savings.
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor.
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor.
A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.
The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car.
The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor.
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor.
A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.
The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car.
The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
Jamie McBrien's IET PATW presentation describes what fuel cell vehicles are and why they being developed. The common myth regarding their safety is highlighted. Before concluding it also provides a comparison to electric vehicle performance.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
This slide is about the type of hybrid vehicle available in the market along with the case study of some hybrid cars. It is prepared from the study paper - presented at the SAE Research Paper competition, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The Research Paper on the above topic which is renamed as "Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on Technology" is published at http://www.ijert.org/view.php?id=12126&title=hybrid-vehicle-a-study-on-technology.
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
Jamie McBrien's IET PATW presentation describes what fuel cell vehicles are and why they being developed. The common myth regarding their safety is highlighted. Before concluding it also provides a comparison to electric vehicle performance.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
This slide is about the type of hybrid vehicle available in the market along with the case study of some hybrid cars. It is prepared from the study paper - presented at the SAE Research Paper competition, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The Research Paper on the above topic which is renamed as "Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on Technology" is published at http://www.ijert.org/view.php?id=12126&title=hybrid-vehicle-a-study-on-technology.
Electric cars are automobiles, which are powered by the electric engine and electric energy. The development of the electric vehicles is a very perspective and important process. Scientists and engineers managed to create electric engines which are no less effective than the ordinary engines used today. It is obvious that electric cars are more ecologically safe and require less energy for work. EVs provide fast acceleration by delivering power instantly to the wheels by providing high torque at low speeds; they give a feel of smooth and quick responsiveness (Technology).
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Novel technique for hybrid electric vehicle presentation 1Manish Sadhu
Problem Summary:
Higher demand of current results an important heating of the battery, this heating will generate several consequences, firstly a reduction of lifespan of the battery and secondly a significant loss of capacity. Supercapacitors are used in series with a power battery to provide power requirement in transient state. An energy battery is placed in parallel, this battery gives the power in steady state.
Detailed Description Problem:
Modern batteries (e.g., Li-ion batteries) provide high discharge efficiency, but the rate capacity effect in these batteries drastically decreases the discharge efficiency as the load current increases. Electric double layer capacitors, or simply supercapacitors, have extremely low internal resistance, and a battery-supercapacitor hybrid may mitigate the rate capacity effect for high pulsed discharging current. However, a hybrid architecture comprising a simple parallel connection does not perform well when the supercapacitor capacity is small, which is a typical situation because of the low energy density and high cost of supercapacitors. A new battery-supercapacitor hybrid system that employs a constant-current charger. The constant current charger isolates the battery from supercapacitor to improve the end-to-end efficiency for energy from the battery to the load while accounting for the rate capacity effect of Li-ion batteries and the conversion efficiencies of the converters.
Excepted Outcome:
The supercapacitor will take an important part for the improvement of the energetic efficiency of the embarked systems and in the reduction of batteries replacement. Supercapacitor increases the performance motor at accelerated and reaccelerated mode. Also increases the life span of the battery. Indeed the supercapacitors will not be used as source of pure energy, because of their weak energy mass, but rather of complement to the battery, providing the strong demands of power. The supercapacitor solution as source of power is clearly interesting; however the cost of the kilowatt per hour remains higher than for the batteries lead-acid (approximately 30 times more) but with a weight and volume weaker.
Other Description:
Supercapacitors are widely used for energy storage in various applications. Specifically, supercapacitors are gaining more attention as energy storage elements for renewable energy sources which tend to have a high charge-discharge cycle frequency, and demand high cycle efficiency and good
Depth-of-discharge(DOD) properties. There are several related battery-supercapacitor hybrid architectures in the literature on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). A bidirectional converter-based approach is introduced for the regenerative brake-equipped HEVs. A DC bus-based architecture for the battery-supercapacitor hybrid system is described in. However, it is difficult to directly apply these architectures to portable applications because they are designed for the HEV which involves high-power op
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
2. introduction
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of power referred to as the alternative power unit (APU).
65. <ul><li>Fuel cell output power oriented control strategy based on FCE loading and unloading equations
66. similar to the fuel cell output power oriented control strategy as just mentioned above, but there has some new control characteristics as follows:
67. If cSOC > cSOC.t, the battery regulation power is zero and the battery actual output power is the power difference between Pd and Pf;
68. If cSOC≤ cSOC.t, the battery regulation charging power is considered and the target fuel cell power is the sum of driving power and charging power;
69. When the vehicle is braking, the fuel cell works at the minimum power and charges the battery pack with the regenerative braking;
70. The fuel cell engine works on nearly all of the driving time expect for the over high SOC battery pack and small driving power requirement at the first cold starting.
72. HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS<br />Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly. <br />Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again.
73. CONCLUSIONS<br />Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in today’s fuel deficit world.<br />A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent. <br />If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era. <br />One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil in today’s energy deficit world
This presentation mainly focuses on the application and other aspects of Hybrid Vehicles.
i.e battery electric vehicle (BEV), electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), internal combustion engine (ICE), integrated circuit (IC), lithium-ion rechargeable battery cell (Li-ion).
Electric vehicles (EVs) will revolutionise the automotive industry with their unique and innovative technology. But that revolution is at least a few years away from now. Although electric cars are gaining popularity, it’s not everyone’s cup of tea, especially in India. One of the closest alternatives to EVs is the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). They provide the flexibility of switching between electric mode and conventional engine mode.
March 2011 - Michigan Energy Forum - Lisa WarshawAnnArborSPARK
Have you ever considered purchasing an electric vehicle? Want to find out what all the hype is about? Join us for an evening of information and updates on the rollout of electric vehicles in Michigan and the United States.
electrical vehicle here described on the types of EV i.e. PHEV AND FCEV.An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that is powered by electricity. EVs are either partially or fully powered by electricity. They use an electric motor powered by electricity from batteries or a fuel cell.
Some types of electric vehicles include:
Electric passenger cars
Electric buses
Electric trucks
Electric buggy
Electric tricycles
Electric bicycles
Electric motorcycles/scooters .
EVs have low running costs and are environmentally friendly. They have less moving parts for maintaining and use little or no fossil fuels. All-electric vehicles produce zero direct emissions. FCEVs use a propulsion system similar to that of electric vehicles, where energy stored as hydrogen is converted to electricity by the fuel cell. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, these vehicles produce no harmful tailpipe emissions.Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor and another fuel, such as gasoline, to power an internal combustion engine (ICE).Plug-in-hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) are the bridge between traditional gasoline vehicles and strictly battery-powered electrics. In many cases, the PHEV model serves as the performance trim. See, for example, the 302-hp Toyota RAV4 Prime or the 5.0-second-to-60-mph Lincoln Aviator Grand Touring.Like all-electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use electricity to power an electric motor. In contrast to other electric vehicles, FCEVs produce electricity using a fuel cell powered by hydrogen, rather than drawing electricity from only a battery.Why is FCEV better?
Fuel cell vehicles are more efficient than combustion engines – a typical FCEV has about a 300 mile range. Similar to electric vehicles and hybrid technologies, their regenerative braking system is capable of capturing energy lost during braking and storing it in the battery.Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) rely solely on a battery to power the car. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) have both batteries and an internal combustion engine (ICE) that work together or separately to power the car. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) produce power from a hydrogen fuel cell in the car. PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)
They are similar to HEVs but have a bigger battery pack and electric motor.
Read more about these types of EVs in the following sections.
1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
Vehicles powered solely by one or more electric batteries are known as BEVs. They are more popularly called EVs. Chargeable batteries power them, and there is no IC engine (petrol or diesel-powered). All the power comes from the battery pack, which is chargeable from the electricity grid. The charged battery pack sends power to one or more electric motors to move the vehicle.
Components of BEV
Battery pack
Electric motor(s).PHEVs are an extended form of HEVs. They have an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. However
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
What Does the Active Steering Malfunction Warning Mean for Your BMWTanner Motors
Discover the reasons why your BMW’s Active Steering malfunction warning might come on. From electrical glitches to mechanical failures and software anomalies, addressing these promptly with professional inspection and maintenance ensures continued safety and performance on the road, maintaining the integrity of your driving experience.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
2. INTRODUCTION (HEV)
•A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric
vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE)
propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the
electric power train is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a
conventional vehicle or better performance.
•Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such
as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into
electric energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy
as conventional brakes do.
3. WORKING OF A HEV
A conventional vehicle has a mechanical drive train that includes
the fuel tank, the combustion engine, the gear box, and the
transmission to the wheels.
A HEV has two drive trains - one mechanical and one electric.
The electric drive train includes a battery, an electric motor, and
power electronics for control.
4. • Power generated from Combustion
engine
•Power generated from electric
motor
5. •Power generated from Electric motor and
Engine.
•General insight of an hybr
Car with varying situations
6. Hybrid Vehicles With different patterns
In parallel hybrids, the ICE and
the electric motor are both connected to
the mechanical transmission and can
simultaneously transmit power to drive
the wheels, usually through a
conventional transmission. The internal
combustion engine of many parallel
hybrids can also act as a generator for
supplemental recharging. Parallel hybrids
are more efficient than comparable nonhybrid vehicles especially during urban
stop-and-go conditions where the electric
motor is permitted to contribute, and
during highway operation.
In series hybrids, only the electric
motor drives the drive train, and a
smaller ICE works as a generator to
power the electric motor or to
recharge the batteries. They also
usually have a larger battery pack
than parallel hybrids, making them
more expensive. Once the batteries
are low, the small combustion engine
can generate power at its optimum
settings at all times, making them
more efficient in extensive city driving.
7. Plug in Hybrids (PHEV)
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a
hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full
charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source. A PHEV
shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric
vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine and of
an all-electric vehicle also having a plug to connect to the electrical grid.
PHEVs have a much larger all-electric range as compared to conventional
gasoline-electric hybrids, because the combustion engine works as a backup
when the batteries are depleted.
8. Comparison of CO2 and non-CO2 emission reductions for
various vehicles
Pure CNG vehicles emit less air pollutants than
standard petrol and diesel vehicles due to natural gas
being a cleaner burning fuel. CNG vehicles are usually
also equipped with a catalyst, thus lowering emissions
even further.
Clean diesel vehicles need advanced emission control
technologies and ultra low sulphur diesel (15 ppm or
less) for optimal emission reductions. However, with the
use of advanced emission control technologies and
ultra low sulphur diesel.
In a HEV, the combustion engine is less exposed to
accelerations (transient loads) and burns fuel under
more stable conditions, thus emitting less pollution and
CO2 than an engine in a conventional vehicle.
9. Degrees of Hybridization
A petrol engine in a conventional car has an average engine
efficiency 20 of 17%-20%under normal driving conditions. Most
of the energy in the fuel is lost as heat and a smaller part as
engine friction. However, of the remaining energy out from the
engine approximately10%-12% is lost during idling and another
20%-30% is ‘lost’ when braking. In conclusion, only12%-14% of
the energy supplied as fuel is actually used to move the car
forward.
HEVs can deal with some of these energy losses using different
kinds of technologies designed to harness and utilize ‘lost’
energy, as described in figure 11. The degrees ranging from
‘mild HEV’, to ‘full HEV’ and ‘PHEV’ refer to the technologies
used and, in general, increased degrees of fuel efficiency.
10. Battery requirements
The first generation HEVs were sluggish since the battery
development had not aimed for high specific power, i.e. they
could not discharge energy quickly enough. This has been
partly rectified by the development of improved battery types:
nickel/metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. Current HEV
batteries provide the vehicle with ample power for driving but
development is still ongoing, focusing on cost reduction and
extending the lifetime.
The power required for HEV function is supplied by large
battery stacks, usually between50-70 kg for passenger cars
25 and 250-600 kg for bus batteries. Most HEV buses today
are fitted with a lead acid battery, but the use of more
advanced and expensive but better and longer lifetime nickel
metal hydride batteries is increasing for buses as is already
the case for passenger cars.
11. BATTERY RECHARGING
The Ni-MH batteries are recharged through a process call
regenerative braking
Regenerative braking takes energy from the forward
momentum of the vehicle and captures it while coasting or
braking.
Occasionally batteries are recharged by the electric motor
It is expected that most PHEV and EV owners will recharge
their vehicles overnight at home.
12. Economics of Hybrid Technology
The purchase price of a hybrid vehicle is higher compared to a
conventional vehicle, both for passenger cars, buses, and trucks.
However, given the lower fuel consumption, the total cost of
ownership or life cycle cost of buying and using a hybrid can be
equal to or even lower than buying and using a conventional vehicle
- depending on yearly mileage and fuel prices. The life cycle cost
does not only include the cost of purchasing the vehicle but also the
cost of fueling and maintenance.
The retail price for a hybrid is roughly 3,000-6,000 USD more than a
conventional model of a similar car.
13. Policy Measures
The four key policy-relevant and consumer choice advantages
of HEVs over conventional and comparably clean and
efficient technology (clean diesel, CNG) can be summarized
as follows:
Emissions – Available HEV technology will decrease
emissions of conventional air pollutants substantially as
compared to a standard vehicle on the roads today. While
similar emission reductions can be achieved with, e.g. CNG
and clean diesel vehicles with advanced emission control
technologies, the HEV combines both non-CO2 andCO2
reductions.
Energy - HEVs decrease fuel consumption substantially
compared to conventional vehicles used today and also
compared to CNG and the new generation of cleaner diesel
vehicles. Calculations have shown that over the average HEV
useful life time savings can amount to 6,000 L of fuel.
14.
Life Cycle Cost – While HEVs are more expensive
initially, the fuel savings are recouped based on mileage and
driving conditions. Analysis has shown that the HEV life cycle
cost, including the cost of purchase, fuel and maintenance
costs, is, in most cases, less than owning a conventional
vehicle. However, these calculations are strongly dependent
on fuel prices, taxes and rebates.
Strategic Stepping Stone Technology - HEVs, plug-in
hybrids, full electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles share
basic technologies such as electric motors, batteries, and
power electronics. Therefore, HEVs and plug-in hybrids
function as stepping stone technologies to the large-scale
electrification of fleets that is required for a long-term
reduction of CO2 emissions from road transport, and a low
carbon transport sector.
16. Conclusion
HEV technology for both light and heavy duty applications is
commercially available today and demonstrates substantial
reductions in tail-pipe emissions and fuel consumption, even when
compared to other available low emission technologies. HEVs are
particularly effective for urban travel, significantly lowering pollutant
emissions and providing cost-effective CO2 reductions in personal
mobility. Encouraging hybridization of vehicle fleets through enabling
policies and incentive structures can serve to lower both
conventional and CO2 emission, thus improving public
health, energy security, and reducing fuel costs. Continuing
innovation in hybrid technology and a growing demand for cleaner
vehicles will mean that costs are likely to fall, particularly in second
hand vehicle markets.