This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It defines different types of HEVs and describes the concepts and components involved, including the motors, batteries, and regenerative braking systems used. Permanent magnet synchronous motors and induction motors are commonly used in HEV propulsion. Lithium-ion batteries are advantageous for HEVs due to their high energy density and lifespan. HEVs provide benefits like increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles.
Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors, which uses energy stored in batteries. A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine. The extra power provided by the electric motor can potentially allow for a smaller engine. The battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when stopped.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxprakash0712
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle - layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxShanmathyAR2
ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
Hybrid cars are definitely more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion vehicles. Batteries are being engineered to have a long life. When the hybrid cars become more widespread, battery recycling will become economically possible. Research into other energy sources such as fuel cells and renewable fuels make the future look brighter for hybrid cars. EVs, HEVs, FCHVs, and PHEVs have proven to be ineffective solution for current energy and environment concerns. With revolutionary contributions of power electronics and ESSs, electric drive trains totally or partially replace ICEs in these vehicles. Advanced ESSs are aimed at satisfying the energy requirements of hybrid power trains.
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor.
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor.
A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.
The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car.
The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor. Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors, which uses energy stored in batteries. A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine. The extra power provided by the electric motor can potentially allow for a smaller engine. The battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when stopped.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxprakash0712
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle - layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxShanmathyAR2
ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
Hybrid cars are definitely more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion vehicles. Batteries are being engineered to have a long life. When the hybrid cars become more widespread, battery recycling will become economically possible. Research into other energy sources such as fuel cells and renewable fuels make the future look brighter for hybrid cars. EVs, HEVs, FCHVs, and PHEVs have proven to be ineffective solution for current energy and environment concerns. With revolutionary contributions of power electronics and ESSs, electric drive trains totally or partially replace ICEs in these vehicles. Advanced ESSs are aimed at satisfying the energy requirements of hybrid power trains.
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor.
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor.
A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.
The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car.
The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor. Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. 1. Introduction
2. Types of electric vehicle
3. Concept of Hybrid electric vehicle
4. Motor used in hybrid electric vehicle
5. Ideal torque condition
6. Hybrid electric vehicle
7. Various architecture of HEV
8. Advantages and disadvantage
9. Conclusion
10. Reference
Contents:
4. Types of Electric vehicle
Battery Powered Electric Vehicle : BEV
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle : Series HEV
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle : Parallel HEV
Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle : Series-Parallel HEV
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle : PHEV
5. Concept of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Traction systems of HEV
— Single or multiple energy source: Fossil fuel, Battery, Fuel cell…
— Single or multiple energy converter: Chemical/Mechanical/Electrical;
— Mechanical coupling and transmission.
6. -----Power flow when motoring
-----Power flow when charging the battery
Cont..
Fig1
7. Motor used in Hybrid EV
Two most commonly used motors in HEV propulsion are
a) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
b) Induction motor (IM).
fig.2
8. Permanent magnet synchronous motor
PM Motors are the best for traction systems
The magnetic field is excited by high-energy PMs, resulting in higher
torque density
The absence of rotor winding and rotor copper losses yields to a very high
efficiency
Other advantages
– High Reliability
– Excellent Dynamic Performance
– Overload currents capability (2-4 times the rating)
– Relatively Expensive
10. Induction motor
Induction motor, the rotor is pulled into a spin, constantly trying to “catch up” with the
rotating magnetic field created by the stator.
This type of electric car motor is known for its high power output and is a
common motor in vehicles..
Other advantages:
–High Reliability
–Excellent Dynamic Performance
–Maintenance Free
–Low price
Fig. 5
11. The main desired characteristics of electric
motors driving HEV are
High instantaneous power and high power density.
High torque in low speeds from start up to nominal speed.
Wide speed range with constant torque region and constant power region.
Fast torque and speed response.
High efficiency in wide speed ranges.
Reasonable cost.
Low maintenance.
Reduced volume and weight
12. Ideal Torque-Speed Profile for reliable and efficient traction system
– The ideal torque-speed profile is the constant power in all the speed
ranges.
– EVs require a constant-torque region at low speed and a constant-power
region at high speed.
– Well-controlled electric drives provides easily such profile.
13. Contd..
P = T x W
P: Power;
T: Torque;
W: Speed.
Motor
Torque
Speed
Motor
Power
Base
Speed
Maximum speed
Maximum Torque
Rated Power
Tmax
Well-controlled
Motor Torque
Fig.6
14. Ideal Torque-Speed Profile for reliable and efficient traction system
With IC Engine powered vehicle, a multigear transmission is necessary to impose
a torque-speed profile which is close to the ideal profile.
Motor
Torque
Speed
Base
Speed
Maximum
speed
Tmax
1st
Gear 2nd
Gear 3rd
Gear 4th
Gear 5th
Gear
IC Engine Torque
14
Fig .7
15. Various architectures of an HEV
Series hybrid system
Parallel hybrid system
Series parallel hybrid system
16. Series Hybrid
Small fuel-burning engine that directly drives an
alternator to generate electricity.
Electricity is stored in the battery or sent the to
electric motor
When the batteries are drained to a certain level , the
engine turns on and recharges the battery.
Fig.8
17. Parallel hybrid system
Two power path.
Hybrid power unit or electric propulsion
system or both can power the wheels.
For long trips the engine is used for hills ,
acceralation and high power scenarios the
electric motor is used.
Fig.9
18. Series parallel hybrid system
Fig.10
The vehicle can be powered by the gasoline
engine working alone, the electric motor by
itself, or by both energy converters working
together.
Power distribution between the engine and
motor is designed so that the engine can run in
its optimum operating range as much as
possible.
20. Lithium ion battery in HEV
Lithium ion batteries have higher energy density
(100 to 250 W·h/kg ,360 to 900 kJ/kg)
Longer life span and higher power density.
(100 to 1500 W/kg (at 20 seconds and 285 W·h/L)
Li-ion batteries should be used within safe temperature and
voltage ranges in order to operate safely and efficiently
the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the
internal combustion engine
Fig 11
21. Regenerative Braking
When the driver brakes, the motor becomes a
generator and the kinetic energy generates electricity
stored into the battery
The Toyota Prius uses about 30% of the heat lost
kinetic energy from braking
Fig. 12
22. HEV Advantages Over Conventional Engines
Environmentally Friendly
Regenerative Braking
Fuel efficiency is increased
Emissions are decreased
Cut emissions of global warming pollutants by 1/3 or 1/2
Approx 2 times more efficient than conventional engines
23. Disadvantage of hybrid electric vehicle
Less power
Pricey to buy
Higher running costs
Poor handling
Electrocution risk
24. conclusion
Hybrid cars are definitely more environmentally friendly than
internal-combustion vehicles.
Batteries are being engineered to have a long life. When the
hybrid cars become more widespread, battery recycling will
become economically possible.
Research into other energy sources such as fuel cells and
renewable fuels make the future look brighter for hybrid cars.
