The document discusses the human microbiome and focuses on the gut microbiome. It describes how the gut microbiome is assembled through factors like birth method, diet, disturbances, and succession over time. Community composition impacts functions like energy harvesting and obesity risk. Fecal transplants can cure infections by transferring a healthy gut community. Antibiotics have disrupted gonorrhea populations worldwide by targeting essential processes, but resistance has developed through mechanisms that reduce antibiotic effects.
Microbes are our Friends.. The effective way of microbes treating our diseases and fighting with the pathogens is very effective. The human microbiome project is a current topic the researchers are focusing now. We think we are humans but the research of Human Microbiome Project states that we are 1% Humans 99% microbes. The highlights of this project is fecal transplantation and effective way of killing pathogens with the positive microbes.
The way we treat our body will treat you back and the antigens which are entered in to our body will greatly fight with microbes to survive and make the human body safe and healthy.
Finally Microbes are us and we are them
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
The document discusses the normal human flora or microbiome. It notes that the human microbiome includes bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that reside on and inside the human body. While some of these organisms are beneficial to the host, most have no known effect. Those expected to be present without causing disease are considered part of the normal flora. The normal flora is established shortly after birth and provides benefits like aiding digestion and stimulating immune system development. It varies between body sites and can be influenced by factors like age, diet, and health status.
This document discusses Gram-positive bacteria. It begins by noting that bacteria can be either pathogenic or beneficial to humans. It then provides the example of Lactobacillus johnsonii, a Gram-positive bacteria found in the gut that helps infants digest milk. The document goes on to explain that bacteria are classified based on their shape, internal composition, and respiration mode. Gram-positive bacteria are distinguished by having a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. Further tests are described to identify an unknown bacteria as Gram-positive.
The document discusses the normal flora or microbiota that colonize the human body. It describes the major sites where microbes normally reside, including the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. The gut microbiota plays an important role in digestion and produces vitamins. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of microbes. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the microbes associated with health and disease.
Science Cabaret by Dr. Rodney Dietert "How to train your super organism..via ...Kitty Gifford
This document summarizes a presentation by Rodney Dietert on training the human-microbial superorganism. It discusses how Dietert found his superorganism through research linking the microbiome to health and disease. He learned that humans are majority microbial and the microbiome helps produce our identity through volatile compounds. Microbial dysbiosis can lead to inflammation and disease. Dietert trained his own superorganism after years of antibiotics by adjusting his microbiome and diet. He provides three takeaway points on the importance of microbiome seeding at birth, co-maturation of the immune and microbial systems, and basing safety assessments on the human superorganism.
Think Science: Microbiome - Dr. Lawrence HobermanNathan Cone
As presented at Texas Public Radio's Think Science live event at the Pearl Studio on May 19, 2017. Dr. Lawrence Hoberman on Leaky Gut and the human microbiome.
Microbes are our Friends.. The effective way of microbes treating our diseases and fighting with the pathogens is very effective. The human microbiome project is a current topic the researchers are focusing now. We think we are humans but the research of Human Microbiome Project states that we are 1% Humans 99% microbes. The highlights of this project is fecal transplantation and effective way of killing pathogens with the positive microbes.
The way we treat our body will treat you back and the antigens which are entered in to our body will greatly fight with microbes to survive and make the human body safe and healthy.
Finally Microbes are us and we are them
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
The document discusses the normal human flora or microbiome. It notes that the human microbiome includes bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that reside on and inside the human body. While some of these organisms are beneficial to the host, most have no known effect. Those expected to be present without causing disease are considered part of the normal flora. The normal flora is established shortly after birth and provides benefits like aiding digestion and stimulating immune system development. It varies between body sites and can be influenced by factors like age, diet, and health status.
This document discusses Gram-positive bacteria. It begins by noting that bacteria can be either pathogenic or beneficial to humans. It then provides the example of Lactobacillus johnsonii, a Gram-positive bacteria found in the gut that helps infants digest milk. The document goes on to explain that bacteria are classified based on their shape, internal composition, and respiration mode. Gram-positive bacteria are distinguished by having a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. Further tests are described to identify an unknown bacteria as Gram-positive.
The document discusses the normal flora or microbiota that colonize the human body. It describes the major sites where microbes normally reside, including the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. The gut microbiota plays an important role in digestion and produces vitamins. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of microbes. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the microbes associated with health and disease.
Science Cabaret by Dr. Rodney Dietert "How to train your super organism..via ...Kitty Gifford
This document summarizes a presentation by Rodney Dietert on training the human-microbial superorganism. It discusses how Dietert found his superorganism through research linking the microbiome to health and disease. He learned that humans are majority microbial and the microbiome helps produce our identity through volatile compounds. Microbial dysbiosis can lead to inflammation and disease. Dietert trained his own superorganism after years of antibiotics by adjusting his microbiome and diet. He provides three takeaway points on the importance of microbiome seeding at birth, co-maturation of the immune and microbial systems, and basing safety assessments on the human superorganism.
Think Science: Microbiome - Dr. Lawrence HobermanNathan Cone
As presented at Texas Public Radio's Think Science live event at the Pearl Studio on May 19, 2017. Dr. Lawrence Hoberman on Leaky Gut and the human microbiome.
Discovering the 100 Trillion Bacteria Living Within Each of UsLarry Smarr
This document provides a summary of a lecture on the human microbiome given by Dr. Larry Smarr. Some key points:
- The human microbiome refers to the trillions of bacteria that live within the human body. Each person contains 100 trillion bacteria, outnumbering human cells.
- Research into the microbiome is a rapidly growing field that provides insights into health and disease. The microbiome plays a role in processes like drug metabolism and immunity.
- The microbiome is established early in life and influenced by factors like birth method and antibiotic use in the first years. This early development can impact future health.
- Microbiome composition and function can change with health status, diet, medications and other
Discovering the 100 Trillion Bacteria Living Within Each of UsLarry Smarr
This document provides a summary of a lecture on the human microbiome given by Dr. Larry Smarr. Some key points:
- The human microbiome refers to the trillions of bacteria that live within the human body. Each person contains 100 trillion bacteria, outnumbering human cells.
- Research into the microbiome is a rapidly growing field that provides insights into health and disease. The microbiome plays a role in processes like drug metabolism and immunity.
- The microbiome is established early in life and influenced by factors like birth method and antibiotic use in the first years. This early development can impact future health.
- Microbiome imbalances are linked to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease. New treatments are
Through culture growth and effects on agar plates, Streptococci can be identified and differentiated. Alpha-hemolytic colonies from respiratory specimens are considered normal flora, while beta-hemolytic colonies are tested to identify the antigenic group as A or B. Identification can also be made by the ability of S. pyogenes to hydrolyze PYR, turning it bright red. Rapid immunoassay testing is also available to detect group A streptococci from throat swabs.
The document discusses the pros and cons of bacteria, noting that while some bacteria can make us sick, bacteria also plays important roles in waste disposal, vaccines, and food production. While harmful bacteria like E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus can cause infections, the human body also relies on beneficial bacteria to maintain health. The document examines both the bacteria that should be avoided as well as the critical functions performed by other bacteria we depend on.
An infectious disease can be spread from one organism to another through pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. An epidemic refers to a sudden increase in a disease in a specific area, an endemic disease is always present in a population, and a pandemic is a global rise in disease incidence. Infectious diseases are combatted through the immune system's non-specific defenses like skin and mucus barriers, and specific defenses like antibodies and lymphocytes that recognize and eliminate pathogens. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens to produce memory cells that mount a rapid response against the pathogen without causing disease.
Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can infect the genital tract and other areas like the throat and rectum. Left untreated, it can lead to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. While antibiotics can effectively treat gonorrhea, drug resistance has emerged, requiring the use of alternative antibiotic regimens. Preventing the spread of gonorrhea relies on safe sexual practices and promptly diagnosing and treating infected individuals and their partners.
The document discusses microorganisms and their role in human health and disease. It notes that microorganisms are diverse and can be found in many environments. While some cause disease, others play important roles in digestion and waste decomposition. The document also discusses how understanding microorganisms is important for identifying disease causes and determining appropriate treatments.
The document describes an experiment to test the hypothesis that bacteria in pond 22 are killing fish. Serial dilutions of pond water samples were completed to 10-4. Five plates were streaked with the dilute samples and given different treatments. Bacteria from the plates will be isolated, identified, and tested to determine if any produce toxins that could kill fish. This will indicate whether bacteria are the cause of fish deaths in the pond.
Unit 9: Human Microbiome
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the human microbiome: how many microbes there are, how you get your microbiome, who’s there, and how it changes over time and by region.
2. Describe the domain eukarya. List the five superkingdoms and a few notable species.
3. Explain how the human microbiome is related to health and disease.
The document discusses the concept of the human microbiome. It defines the microbiome as the genetic material within a microbiota, or the collection of microorganisms in a specific niche. The human microbiome is dynamic and changes based on factors like development, diet, antibiotics, and disease. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the human microbiome and analyze its roles in health and disease. Recent research has shown links between the gut microbiome and conditions like obesity, autism, diabetes, and responses to cancer immunotherapy treatments.
The document discusses recovering the immune system through exposure to dirt and microbes. It describes how a chronic cell danger response can lead to chronic disease when the response is not reversed. Exposure to diverse microbes, parasites, nature, exercise, fasting and nutrient-dense foods can help build resilience against stressors and recover from a chronic cell danger response through hormesis. Spending time in nature, being exposed to soil organisms, and incorporating herbal remedies can also support immune function and resilience.
The document discusses the importance of gut microbiota and microbial diversity in gut health and disease. It notes that the gut is home to trillions of microorganisms that play a vital role in digestion, immunity, and overall health. A balanced gut microbiota supports digestive health, but disruptions to this balance through factors like antibiotics, poor diet, pollution, and stress can lead to gut dysbiosis and conditions like leaky gut syndrome. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiota through a fiber-rich diet, limiting sugars and processed foods, taking probiotics, and avoiding overuse of antibiotics is key for overall wellness.
During the 5th Yogurt Summit, held in Buenos Aires during ICN2017, Professor Sharon Donovan (University of California, Davis, USA) explained why gut microbiota are recognised today as the intersection between diet and health.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Discovering the 100 Trillion Bacteria Living Within Each of UsLarry Smarr
This document provides a summary of a lecture on the human microbiome given by Dr. Larry Smarr. Some key points:
- The human microbiome refers to the trillions of bacteria that live within the human body. Each person contains 100 trillion bacteria, outnumbering human cells.
- Research into the microbiome is a rapidly growing field that provides insights into health and disease. The microbiome plays a role in processes like drug metabolism and immunity.
- The microbiome is established early in life and influenced by factors like birth method and antibiotic use in the first years. This early development can impact future health.
- Microbiome composition and function can change with health status, diet, medications and other
Discovering the 100 Trillion Bacteria Living Within Each of UsLarry Smarr
This document provides a summary of a lecture on the human microbiome given by Dr. Larry Smarr. Some key points:
- The human microbiome refers to the trillions of bacteria that live within the human body. Each person contains 100 trillion bacteria, outnumbering human cells.
- Research into the microbiome is a rapidly growing field that provides insights into health and disease. The microbiome plays a role in processes like drug metabolism and immunity.
- The microbiome is established early in life and influenced by factors like birth method and antibiotic use in the first years. This early development can impact future health.
- Microbiome imbalances are linked to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease. New treatments are
Through culture growth and effects on agar plates, Streptococci can be identified and differentiated. Alpha-hemolytic colonies from respiratory specimens are considered normal flora, while beta-hemolytic colonies are tested to identify the antigenic group as A or B. Identification can also be made by the ability of S. pyogenes to hydrolyze PYR, turning it bright red. Rapid immunoassay testing is also available to detect group A streptococci from throat swabs.
The document discusses the pros and cons of bacteria, noting that while some bacteria can make us sick, bacteria also plays important roles in waste disposal, vaccines, and food production. While harmful bacteria like E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus can cause infections, the human body also relies on beneficial bacteria to maintain health. The document examines both the bacteria that should be avoided as well as the critical functions performed by other bacteria we depend on.
An infectious disease can be spread from one organism to another through pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. An epidemic refers to a sudden increase in a disease in a specific area, an endemic disease is always present in a population, and a pandemic is a global rise in disease incidence. Infectious diseases are combatted through the immune system's non-specific defenses like skin and mucus barriers, and specific defenses like antibodies and lymphocytes that recognize and eliminate pathogens. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens to produce memory cells that mount a rapid response against the pathogen without causing disease.
Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can infect the genital tract and other areas like the throat and rectum. Left untreated, it can lead to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. While antibiotics can effectively treat gonorrhea, drug resistance has emerged, requiring the use of alternative antibiotic regimens. Preventing the spread of gonorrhea relies on safe sexual practices and promptly diagnosing and treating infected individuals and their partners.
The document discusses microorganisms and their role in human health and disease. It notes that microorganisms are diverse and can be found in many environments. While some cause disease, others play important roles in digestion and waste decomposition. The document also discusses how understanding microorganisms is important for identifying disease causes and determining appropriate treatments.
The document describes an experiment to test the hypothesis that bacteria in pond 22 are killing fish. Serial dilutions of pond water samples were completed to 10-4. Five plates were streaked with the dilute samples and given different treatments. Bacteria from the plates will be isolated, identified, and tested to determine if any produce toxins that could kill fish. This will indicate whether bacteria are the cause of fish deaths in the pond.
Unit 9: Human Microbiome
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the human microbiome: how many microbes there are, how you get your microbiome, who’s there, and how it changes over time and by region.
2. Describe the domain eukarya. List the five superkingdoms and a few notable species.
3. Explain how the human microbiome is related to health and disease.
The document discusses the concept of the human microbiome. It defines the microbiome as the genetic material within a microbiota, or the collection of microorganisms in a specific niche. The human microbiome is dynamic and changes based on factors like development, diet, antibiotics, and disease. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the human microbiome and analyze its roles in health and disease. Recent research has shown links between the gut microbiome and conditions like obesity, autism, diabetes, and responses to cancer immunotherapy treatments.
The document discusses recovering the immune system through exposure to dirt and microbes. It describes how a chronic cell danger response can lead to chronic disease when the response is not reversed. Exposure to diverse microbes, parasites, nature, exercise, fasting and nutrient-dense foods can help build resilience against stressors and recover from a chronic cell danger response through hormesis. Spending time in nature, being exposed to soil organisms, and incorporating herbal remedies can also support immune function and resilience.
The document discusses the importance of gut microbiota and microbial diversity in gut health and disease. It notes that the gut is home to trillions of microorganisms that play a vital role in digestion, immunity, and overall health. A balanced gut microbiota supports digestive health, but disruptions to this balance through factors like antibiotics, poor diet, pollution, and stress can lead to gut dysbiosis and conditions like leaky gut syndrome. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiota through a fiber-rich diet, limiting sugars and processed foods, taking probiotics, and avoiding overuse of antibiotics is key for overall wellness.
During the 5th Yogurt Summit, held in Buenos Aires during ICN2017, Professor Sharon Donovan (University of California, Davis, USA) explained why gut microbiota are recognised today as the intersection between diet and health.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
3. Objectives 11/27/12
1. Describe the factors and processes that
influence community assembly and
composition
2. Describe how community composition
impacts function
3. Compare species diversity in different
communities
4. Apply ecological concepts to a new system
4. A microbe’s view of us
Skin Bacterial cells
outnumber your body
cells 10:1 and comprise
up to 4-6 lbs of your
body mass
5. Sites that harbor a normal flora:
Skin and mucous membranes
Upper respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Outer opening of urethra
External genitalia
Vagina
External ear canal
External eye (lids, conjunctiva)
6. 1. Synthesize and excrete vitamins
Vitamin K and Vitamin B12
2. Prevent colonization by pathogens
competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients
3. May antagonize other bacteria
the production of substances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous
species(nonspecific fatty acids, peroxides, bacteriocins).
4. Stimulate the development of certain tissues
i.e., intestines, certain lymphatic tissues, capillary density
5. Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies.
Low levels of antibodies produced against components of the normal
flora are known to cross react with certain related pathogens, and
thereby prevent infection or invasion.
Benefits of the normal flora
7. (Hooper et al. 2001 Science)
A healthy microbial community is essential
Mice raised in a germ-free environment display:
Decreased nutrient absorption
Less developed intestines
Vitamin deficiency
Underdeveloped immune system
Heighted sensitivity to pathogens
17. abiotic biotic
dispersal
Although multiple scenarios are likely to apply to any real-world
setting, one may dominate. For example, differences between
body habitats may be best explained by environmental selection
(abiotic), differences between siblings for the same habitat may be
best explained by historical contingency (biotic), differences
between monozygotic twins prior to weaning highlight the role of
stochasticity (random), and differences between neonates born by
cesarean section versus vaginal delivery are likely to be explained
by dispersal limitation (dispersal).
18. Let’s focus on the microbial community in the gut:
How is the community assembled?
How does community composition affect function?
20. Families have more similar microbiomes
Think-Pair-Share: Why?
(remember that the uterus is a
sterile environment, so babies
are not born with their bacteria)
21. Community Assembly:
How do we acquire our resident flora?
Dispersal
1. From delivery: The gut flora of vaginally-
delivered babies differs from babies delivered by C-
section
The vaginal microbial community of pregnant women
contains bacteria involved in digesting milk (Lactobacillus)
2. From feeding: The nature of the flora
colonizing the intestines changes depending on
whether the baby is bottle- or breast-fed
(The skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, and urogenital system all
continue to be colonized as contact with other humans continues)
22. Disturbance and succession: As the gut environment
changes, so does the microbial community
Why?
Switch to
solid foods
23. How does community composition
impact function?
Hypothesis: Gut microbial communities can
impact risk for obesity
24. Different gut microbial community
structure in obese mice
Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
%
Sequences
Ley et al., PNAS 102: 11070-5 (2006)
27. Conventionalized mice (CONV-D) are formerly germ-free
(GF) recipients of a gut microbiota transplant from
conventionally-raised (CONV-R) donors
Mice that receive a fecal transplant from obese donors
not only become obese, but do so while eating less food…
28. T-P-S: What might be functionally different about the gut
communities in the lean donor and the obese donor?
Donor
29. Energy extraction efficiency could be a
function of the gut community composition
Metagenomic analysis of obese/lean mouse gut microbiotas
Obese gut microbiome contains more genes predicted to harvest
energy from polysaccharides
Hypothesis: Differences in
gut microbial ecology among
humans affects the efficiency
of their energy
harvest/storage when
consuming a given diet
Turnbaugh et al., Nature 444: 1027-1031
30. Little-known fecal transplant cures
woman's bacterial infection
“After surviving a near-fatal car accident, Kaitlin Hunter found herself battling
a devastating bacterial infection in her colon that also threatened her life.
The persistent infection was beaten through a little-known technique
involving the transplant of fecal matter from Hunter's mother...
Following the July procedure, "I've been so happy," said Hunter, 20, of
Marietta, Georgia. "I'm cured."
Why did
this work?
What
happened
in Katie’s
colon?
31. Bacteriotherapy
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)
- usually results from prior antibiotic treatment
and persistant disruption of gut microbiota
- can be severe, even causing death
J Clin Gastroenterology (2010) 44:354-360
32. Patient:
61 year old woman
Chronic diarrhea
(8 mos, every 15 min)
Confined to wheelchair
Lost 60 lbs
Donor:
Husband
Patient
Day 0
Donor
35. Fecal transplant =
assisted colonization
Patient:
Diarrhea subsided within
2 days
Gut flora similar to donor
within 14 days
Patient
Day 0
Donor Patient
Day 14
36. T-P-S: What might have been preventing the
women from having a “healthy” gut
community? (Think about the factors that can
influence species composition in a community)
37. How can you use the Human Microbiome in your
teaching about Ecology?
38. Evolution in the Human
Microbiome: Gonorrhea!
• Clap, Drip
• Sexually transmitted
infection caused by the
bacterium Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
• Can be detected by
microscopy, culturing,
or DNA testing
38
39. Who gets gonorrhea?
• Spread by sexual contact
• Those at highest risk are
young adults (women 15
– 19 and men 20 – 24)
• Can be passed from
mother to newborn
39
40. United States
Gonorrhea Infection Statistics
• Second most-frequently
reported STD
• ~700,000 Americans are
infected annually
• Treatment of gonorrhea
costs $1 billion/year
40
41. What are the symptoms?
• Most men who get gonorrhea experience
extremely painful urination and pus release
from the urethra
• Many women do not experience noticeable
symptoms
41
42. Why is proper detection and treatment of
gonorrhea important? This is serious!
• Co-infection can cause increased transmission of
other STDs including HIV
• If untreated, the bacteria can spread to other
sites in the body
– Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
– Ectopic pregnancy
– Infertility
– Meningitis
– Arthritis
– Blindness
– Death
42
43. What are some of the difficulties in treating the
disease?
• Some people do not know that they are
infected
• Can be a difficult topic for some to talk
about/embarrassment
• Many isolates of N. gonorrhoeae are resistant
to antibiotics commonly used to treat
gonorrhea
• The CDC announced in August 2012 we're
down to our last effective antibiotic
– injected ceftriaxone
43
44. Journalist Dan Avery argues "the AIDS epidemic
is what might help us prevent a catastrophe"
“Before AIDS, if you got a STD, your doctor gave you the
cure and told you to tell your partners (wink, wink). But
as AIDS cut a swath through society, learning how to
tracking disease vectors became a life-or-death issue.
... Before AIDS, medical professionals were not always
diligent about sterility—and nobody bothered putting
on gloves unless you were getting a prostate exam.
Now, the importance placed on antibacterial soap,
latex protection and other tools will help control the
spread of gonorrhea, which can transfer from a
patient’s genitals to a nurse’s hands to her eye.
That’s where some experts say we’re headed: working to
control the spread of gonorrhea instead of
administering a simple cure.“
44
45. How have the gonorrhea populations
of the world developed resistance to
most of our antibiotics?
45
46. Antibiotics disrupt essential cell processes
• Antibiotics help cure infections by decreasing the
bacterial population to a level that the human
immune system can handle
• Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics
Antibiotic
treatment
46
47. Cell processes of Gonorrhea
Transcription
Translation
Replication
RNA
Protein
DNA
• Enzymes
• Cell structure
• Signaling
47
48. What is the target of one specific
antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin?
• Ciprofloxacin binds to the DNA/enzyme
complex that forms during DNA replication
• This forms a physical barrier that prevents
movement of the replication fork and
replicating enzymes down the DNA strand
• The result: no DNA replication
48
49. Cell processes of Gonorrhea
Transcription
Translation
Replication
RNA
Protein
DNA
• Enzymes
• Cell structure
• Signaling
49
50. Mechanisms of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in N.
gonorrhoeae
• Deactivation of drug by a bacterial enzyme
digesting it
• Less drug enters the bacterium
– Changes to pore proteins in bacterial cell walls
• Concentration of drug within a bacterium is
lowered
– Protein pumps that pump out drugs
• Molecular target of drug is changed
50
51. Molecular target of antibiotic (DNA replication
enzymes) is changed
Enzyme active site
antibiotic
Wild type bacterial
DNA replication
protein
Mutant bacterial
DNA replication
protein
51
52. antibiotic
Wild type bacterial
DNA replication
protein
Mutant bacterial
DNA replication
protein
antibiotic
Enzyme active site Enzyme active site
52
Molecular target of antibiotic (DNA replication
enzymes) is changed
53. DNA mutations can alter protein structure
Wild type allele of gyrA gene Mutant allele of gyrA gene
RNA
Protein
DNA
53
Wild type gyrase protein Mutant gyrase protein
54. An Organism’s genotype codes for specific
proteins which cause a certain phenotype
RNA
Protein
DNA Genotype
Phenotype
Antibiotic
Sensitivity
antibiotic
(Wild type gyrA allele)
54
56. The following statements describe how a change in genotype can
perturb phenotype. Number them in the best sequential order
(1=earliest event, 4=latest event):
__ Mutant gyrA RNA is translated.
__ The gyrA gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquires a mutation
because of a replication error.
__ Mutant gyrase enzyme is altered, allowing for DNA synthesis to
occur even in the presence of ciprofloxacin.
__ Mutant gyrA DNA is transcribed.
Changes to genotypes can change phenotypes
56
57. Mutations
When do mutations occur?
Do mutations occur in response to a selection
pressure (like humans using antibiotics on
bacteria)?
57
58. How have the gonorrhea populations
of the world developed resistance to
most of our antibiotics?
58
59. Some last Gonorrhea thoughts
“A lot of this is occurring not because of treatment
for gonorrhea but overuse for other infections,
such as urinary tract infections, upper respiratory
tract infections and so forth,” researcher
Jonathan Zenilman told NPR.
“There’s now essentially one drug left that
scientists feel is an effective treatment:
ceftriaxone. And its’ only a matter of time before
it ceases to work, too. Cases of untreatable
gonorrhea have already been found in Europe
and Asia.”
59
65. Interpret this figure: Think-Pair-Share
1) The CCR5 allele confers a resistance to HIV infection. What is the figure
telling you about the distribution of the CCR5 allele?
2) Can you hypothesize why the distribution of the CCR5 allele is the way it is?