Molecular Biology

1. THE NUCLEUS, ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
María José Cortés Gaviria.
Medicine Student.

2. MEDICAL UTILITY.
Cancer and motor neurone disea-
se are today a big problema all
around the world.
Both news studied the way how
these diseases could be treated or
finally know more about the mole-
cular dynamics that causes it.
About motor neurone disease they
find a way to reduce the repeated
RNA transcripts that are also pre-
sented in other neurodegenerative
diseases , including Huntington's
Disease, Myotonic, Dystrophy and
Spinocerebellar Ataxia.
THE NUCLEUS,
ITS STRUCTURE
AND FUN-
CTION.
By: María José Cortés Gaviria.
Molecular Biology
Teacher: Lina María Martínez
Sánchez.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 Martínez Sánchez, Lina María. Bio-
logía Molecular. 7 ed. Medellín:
UPB. Facultad de Medicina.
 Kanazawa University. (2017, June
30).Colon cancer nuclear pore dyna-
mics are captured by HS-AFM.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 20,
2017 from https://
www.sciencedaily.com/
relea-
ses/2017/07/170714093803.htm
 University of Sheffield (2017, July
14).New gene therapy treatment
routes for motor neurone disease
uncovered in new
study.ScienceDaily. Retrieved July
21, 2017 from https://
www.sciencedaily.com/
relea-
ses/2017/07/170714093803.htm

3. INTRODUCTION.
The nucleus is the adminis-
trative center of the cell.
This organelle has two major
functions: it stores the cell's
hereditary material, or DNA,
and it coordinates the cell's
activities, which include
growth, intermediary metabo-
lism, protein synthesis, and
reproduction (cell division).
The cell nucleus is bound by
a double membrane . This
membrane separates the
contents of the nucleus from
the cytoplasm. consists
of phospholipids that form a
lipid bilayer.
They investigated a mutation in
one particular gene, which cau-
ses sections of DNA to replicate
themselves inexplicably within
cells.
WHAT DID THEY FIND?
They found a way to prevent
RNA, carrying these replicated
sequences, from leaving the ce-
ll's nucleus and travelling into
the surrounding cytoplasm whe-
re they cause cell death.
NEW GENE THERAPY TREAT-
MENT ROUTES FOR MOTOR
NEURONE DISEASE UNCOVERED
IN NEW STUDY.
WHAT DID THEY DO?
COLON CANCER NUCLEAR PORE
DYNAMICS ARE CAPTURED BY HS-
AFM.
Is caused by the highly invasive
behavior of cancer cells, which is
often due to aggressive metasta-
sis.
Metastasis is facilitated by va-
rious growth factors and cytoki-
nes secreted from cells of the im-
mune systems.
these signaling pathways enter
the nucleus through the nuclear
pore complex , which act as a
doorkeeper to the nucleus.
REASONS FOR CANCER MORTALI-
TY?

4. INTRODUCTION.
The nucleus is the administrati-
ve center of the cell.
This organelle has two major
functions: it stores the cell's he-
reditary material, or DNA, and
it coordinates the cell's activi-
ties, which include growth, in-
termediary metabolism, protein
synthesis, and reproduction
(cell division).
The cell nucleus is bound by a
double membrane . This mem-
brane separates the contents
of the nucleus from
the cytoplasm. consists
of phospholipids that form a li-
pid bilayer.
The nucleus is the administratuve center
of the cell becuase it determines protein
síntesis as well as the time proteins are
synthesized.
The double membrane helps to maintain
the shape of the nucleus and assists in
regulating the flow of molecules into and
out of the nucleus through nuclear po-
res.
The nuclear pores are the only way
through wich proteins and RNA can mo-
ve from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

5. WHAT DID THEY DO?
They investigated a mutation
in one particular gene, which
causes sections of DNA to re-
plicate themselves inexplicably
within cells.
WHAT DID THEY FIND?
They found a way to prevent
RNA, carrying these replicated
sequences, from leaving the
cell's nucleus and travelling into
the surrounding cytoplasm
where they cause cell death.
NEW GENE THERAPY TREAT-
MENT ROUTES FOR MOTOR
NEURONE DISEASE UNCOVE-
RED IN NEW STUDY.
Is a progresive neurodegenerative disease
that attacks the upper and lower motor neu-
rones .
WHAT IS A NEROUNE DISEASE?
ACORDING TO THE STUDY..
Patients with motor neurone disease (MND)
suffer progressive paralysis as the nerves
supplying muscles degenerate.
There are several different types of motor
neurone disease:
 The gene called C9ORF72, is res-
ponsible for the most common type of
MND, called Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis.

6. The mutations or environmental factors cause
the majority of MND cases.
.
WHAT CAUSES MOTOR NEURO-
NE DISEASE? HOW DOES THE DNA ACT?
Is produced in nucleus and con-
tains the instructions which cells
use to carry out their functions.
mRNA, transcribes this information
and carries it out of the cell to
'protein factories' in the cytoplasm..
WHATS GOING ON IN MOTOR
NEURONE DISEASE?
the RNA not only contains the unneces-
sary replicated sequences, it is able to ta-
ke them out of nucleus and into the cell's
cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, the
RNA is used to make up repeated proteins
that clump together and block the normal
function of the cell, causing it to die.
WHAT CAN HAPPEN TO THE DNA?
The DNA could replicated themselves,
these repetitions are are 'non-coding'
sections that are not responsible for buil-
ding proteins.

7. WHAT DID THEY FIND?
Binds to the pathological repeated
RNA molecules and transports them
out of the cell centre, effectively ove-
rriding the gatekeeping machinery
THIS PROTEIN IS USEFUL FOR?
WHAT DID THE THEAM DO?
By targeting the SRSF1 protein, it is
possible to reduce the amount of rogue
RNA escaping into the cell's cytoplasm.
A protein called SRSF1.

8. WHAT ARE THEY LOOKING FOR?
Ways to reduce the levels of
SRSF1 in the cell, or to alter its
makeup so that it is unable to
interact with the cell's export
machinery, reducing the
amount of rogue RNA molecu-
les to escape into the cell's cy-
toplasm.

9. I THINK THIS IS A BIG STEP FOR
SCIENCE AND ALSO FOR MEDICI-
NE BECAUSE WITH THIS DISCO-
VERY THEY COULD FIND THE
WAY TO TREAT DISEASES WERE
REPEATED RNA TRANSCRIPTS.
STUDENT OPINION.

10. COLON CANCER NUCLEAR
PORE DYNAMICS ARE CAP-
TURED BY HS-AFM.
REASONS FOR CANCER MOR-
TALITY?
Is caused by the highly invasive
behavior of cancer cells, which is
often due to aggressive metasta-
sis.
Metastasis is facilitated by va-
rious growth factors and cytoki-
nes secreted from cells of the
immune systems.
these signaling pathways enter
the nucleus through the nuclear
pore complex , which act as a
doorkeeper to the nucleus.
This pore has a diameter of 120nm and a
weigth of 125 million daltons. Depending
on its size, molecules can be transported
through de nulear pores
 The small molecules are freely moved
 Macromolecules can go through actuve
transport.
Is in fact a nanomachine consisting of mul-
tiple copies of about 30 different proteins,
collectively called nucleoporin.
WHAT IS THE NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX?

11. WHAT HAPPEN TO MACROMOLECULES?
When macromolecules interact with FG-nups nu-
cleoporins have repeating units of two amino acids,
that are phenylalanine (which is often referred to as
"F") and glycine, "G") its posible to go through the
nuclear pores.
How FG-Nups exactly partici-
pates in the nucleus-
cytoplasm transport?
AND THE QUESTION
WAS..
The direct visualization of NPC dy-
namics at nano scale resolution was
thought to be "mission imposible”.

12. By combined high-resolution live cell imaging,
electron microscopy, and high-speed AFM (HS
-AFM) which is developed by themselves to
investigate the native nanoscopic spatial and
temporal dynamics in NPC structures in the
colon cancer cells.
BUT FINALLY THEY FIND THE
WAY…
Notably, they performed
the observation of living
nuclear envelope and
nuclear pores using HS-
AFM.

13. WHAT DID THEY OBTAIN?
Visualization of structure and dynamics of the nuclear
membrane pore at nanometer scale, and it is shown that
deformation and loss of the nuclear membrane pore ba-
rrier would be one of the dying codes of cancer cells.
THEY VISUALIZATED..
The deformation and loss of FG-
Nups nuclear pore barrier which
might be the first nano dying code
discovered in the world.

14. STUDENT OPINION.
I THINK THIS STUDY IS AN ADVANCE
TO VISUALIZE NUCLEAR TRANSPORT
AND ASSOCIATE IT TO CANCER AND
OTHER DISEASE, THIS INVESTIGATION
IS GOING TO BE A BIG STEP FOR ME-
DICAL APLICATICON AND POSIBLE
TREATMENTS.

15. MEDICAL UTILITY.
Cancer and motor neurone di-
sease are today a big problema
all around the world.
Both news studied the way how
these diseases could be treated
or finally know more about the
molecular dynamics that causes
it.
About motor neurone disease
they find a way to reduce the re-
peated RNA transcripts that are
also presented in other neurode-
generative diseases , including
Huntington's Disease, Myotonic,
Dystrophy and Spinocerebellar
Ataxia.
MEDICAL UTILITY.

16.  One of the news open new posibili-
ties for gene therapies for motor
neurone diseases, by preventing
that RNA carry replicated secuen-
ces. This will be useful to created a
treatment and improve the quality of
life of the people with this diseases.
MEDICAL UTILITY IN MOTOR NEURONE
DISEASES.

17. MEDICAL UTILITY IN CANCER.
 The other new open a
new door in the use of
HS-AFM in medical ap-
plication finding the way
to visualize molecular
dynamics in cancer co-
lon cells. This will be
useful to created a treat-
ment and use HS-AFM
in other type of cáncer
cells.

18.  Finally both news are steps for se-
rious diseases that affects a big
part of the poblation, with this stu-
dies medicine aplication can start to
created genetic teraphies and ways
to visualize the molecular dinamics
why cancer takes place in human
cells.
 Also with this studies we get to
know the importance of the nucleus
in humans bodies, and that a ano-
mal function like replication of RNA
secuences could causes diferent di-
seases and how signals enters to
the nucleus and causes metástasis.
MEDICAL UTILITY.

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 Martínez Sánchez, Lina María. Biología Molecular. 7 ed.
Medellín: UPB. Facultad de Medicina
 Kanazawa University. (2017, June 30).Colon cancer nuclear
pore dynamics are captured by HS-AFM. ScienceDaily. Retrie-
ved July 21, 2017 from https://www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/2017/07/170714093803.htm
 University of Sheffield (2017, July 14).New gene therapy
treatment routes for motor neurone disease uncovered in new
study.ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 21, 2017 from https://
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170714093803.htm