Alfred Binet was asked to devise an intelligence test to predict student success in Paris schools. He created the IQ test, which measured intelligence quotient and was widely adopted. Later theorists proposed additional ways to assess intelligence, such as reaction time tests. Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that identified seven distinct types of intelligence rather than a single IQ score. These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences. Gardner's research suggested schools should recognize and support students' diverse strengths and interests.

1. Chapter I: In A Nutshell

2. Paris 1900
La Belle Epoque
A period of high artistic or
cultural development especially
in France.

3. A psychologist named Alfred
Binet was approached by city
fathers of Paris with an unusual
request.

4. “Could he devise some kind of a
measure that would predict which
youngsters would succeed and
which would fail in the primary
grades of Paris schools?”

5. Binet succeeded, his discovery was called
“Intelligence Test”
-measures the IQ
Intelligence Quotient
-a number that represents your score on
Intelligence Test

6. The IQ test made its way
to United States then it was
used to test over one million
American recruits.
IQ test was known to be
the Psychology’s biggest success.
A genuinely useful scientific tool.

7. In the west, people relied on intuitive
assessments
But now, intelligence is seemed to
be quantifiable.

8. Arthur Jensen, an American psychologist suggest
that we could look at reaction time
to assess intelligence a sets of
lights go on or how quickly
can the subject can react.
While a British Psychologist Hans Eysenck
suggests that investigators should look directly
at Brain Waves.

9. Also, there are more sophisticated versions
of IQ test.
 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)
- similar kind of measure
- often use this to admit children
into programs for the gifted.
ex. If your IQ is in 130
you’re admitted to the program.

10. In the Uniform School there are
regular assessments using paper and
pencil instrument of the IQ or SAT
variety.
The brightest get into better college
perhaps they will also get into
better rankings in life.

11. Howard Gardner presents an alternative vision.
People have different cognitive strengths and
cognitive styles.
This model didn’t exist in Binet’s time.
Cognitive Science (study of mind)
Neuroscience (study of the brain)

12. The whole concept of IQ Test
has to be replaced with an
approach which is known to be
as “Theory of Multiple Intelligence”
Look instead at more naturalistic sources
of information about how people develop
skills.

13. Example:
The sailors in the South Seas who find their way
around hundreds or even thousands of islands by
looking at the constellations of stars in the sky, feeling
the way a boat passes over the water and noticing a few
scattered landmarks.
*A word for intelligence of these sailors would
probably refer to that kind of Navigational Ability.

14. Think of surgeons and engineers , hunters
and fishermen, dancers and choreographers, athletes
and athletic coaches, tribal chiefs and sorcerers.
All of these different roles need
to be taken into account if
we accept the way Howard Gardner defined intelligence
To solve problems and to fashion products.

15. A wide set of sources was
examined by Gardner and others to
define intelligence.
1. The development of different kinds of skills in
normal children.
2. Information on the ways that these abilities break
down under the conditions of brain damage.

16. Gardner’s research group looked into different
populations as well, those children with
special needs.
The mass of information they found
out was organize into seven intelligences.

17. ONE
LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE
Kind of ability exhibited in its
fullest form perhaps by poets.

18. TWO
LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL
INTELLIGENCE
As the name implies, is logical
and mathematical ability as well as
scientific ability.

19. THREE
SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE
Ability to form a mental model
of a spatial world and to be
able to maneuver and operate using
that model.
(Sailors, engineers, surgeons, sculptors
and painters).

20. FOUR
MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE
The fourth category of ability
identified Leonard Bernstein had
lots of it; Mozart, presumably had
even more.

21. FIVE
BODILY-KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE
Ability to solve problems and to
fashion products using one’s whole
body.
(Dancers, athletes, surgeons and
craftspeople).

22. SIX
INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
Ability to understand other people
(Salespeople, teachers, politicians,
clinicians and religious leaders).

23. SEVEN
INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
A capacity to form an accurate,
veridical model of oneself and to
be able to use that model
to operate effectively in life.

24.  Two assumptions was based for the design
of ideal school.
1. The first is that not all people have the
same interests and abilities, not all of us
learn in the same way.
2. Nowadays, no one can learn everything
there is to learn.

25.  Roles for Educators
Assessment Specialist
 Understand as sensitively and comprehensively as
possible abilities and interests of the students in
school.
Student-curriculum Broker
 To help match the student’s profiles, goals, and
interest to particular courses and to particular styles
of learning.

26. School-community Broker
 Match the students to learning opportunities
in the wider community.
Master-Teachers
 Supervise the novice teachers and guide
them.
 Also seek to ensure that the complex
student-assessment-curriculum-community
equation is balanced appropriately.