Madeleine Leininger was a nurse and anthropologist who developed the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, also known as Transcultural Nursing Theory. Some key points of the theory are: - Culture influences people's health beliefs and practices and nurses must consider a patient's cultural background. - The Sunrise Model depicts how social, cultural, and environmental factors influence health and care. It represents a holistic view of individuals within their cultural context. - For nurses to provide culturally congruent care, they must make three decisions: cultural care preservation or maintenance, cultural care accommodation or negotiation, and cultural care repatterning or restructuring. - The theory is based on

1. Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory

2. MADELEINE LEININGERPhD, LHD, DS, CTN, RN, FAAN, FRCNA

4. She received her diploma in nursing from St. Anthony’s School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado in 1948

5. In 1950, she earned her BS from St. Scholastica (Benedictine College) in Atchison, Kansas

6. In 1954 earned an M.S. in psychiatric and mental health nursing from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.

9. TRANSCULTURAL NURSING/ CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY THEORY The upper half of the circle represents a part of the whole socio-cultural structure and world view factors. These factors influence the care, patterns and expressions towards health and well-being of an individual, families, groups and institutions through language and environment. The same factors also influence folk and professional nursing.

10. The Sunrise Model depicts human beings as inseparable from their cultural background and social structure, worldview, history and environmental context as a basic tenet of Leininger’s theory. Gender, race, age and class are embedded in social structure factors and are studied. Biological, emotional and other dimensions are studied from a holistic view and not fragmented or separate.

11. 3 Nursing Decisions To provide Culturally Congruent Nursing care

12. Assumptive Premises 1. Human caring is a universal phenomenon, but the expressions, processes, structural forms, and patterns of caring vary among cultures.2. Caring acts and processes are essential for human birth, development, growth, survival, and peaceful death3. Care has a biophysical, cultural, psychological, social and environmental dimension, and the concept of culture provides the broadest means to know and understand care.4. Nursing is a transcultural phenomenon as nurses interact with clients, staff, and other groups, and requires that nurses identify and use intercultural nurse-client and system data.

13. 5. Care behaviors, goals, and functions vary transculturally because of the social structure, worldview, and cultural values of people from different cultures.6. Self and other care practices vary in different cultures and in different folk and professional care systems.7. The identification of universal and non universal folk and professional caring behaviors, beliefs and practices is essential to discover the epistemological and ontological base of nursing care knowledge.8. Care is largely culturally derived and requires culturally based knowledge and skills for satisfying and efficacious nursing practices.9. There can be no curing without caring but there can be caring without curing

14. “Care is the heart of nursing; Care is power; Care is essential to healing; Care is curing; and care is the central and dominant focus of nursing and transcultural decisions and actions.”

15. Core Competencies Patient care Competencies 1.Safe quality Care Core competency 1: not much related but this knowlegde is based on aesthetical knowing which is understanding the patient Core competency 2: It is somewhat related because it is a nurse-patient relationship Core Competency 3: It is related because in caring for the sick you must make them feel safe, secure and comfortable from their surroundings. Core competency 4: This one also is a nurse-patient relationship because this core competency is based on the patient’s basic needs and one of those needs is basic health care. Core competency 5: It is significantly related to the theory because it emphasizes Nursing care to the patient. Some factors that may affect nursing care are their Culture and their environment

16. Core competency 6: It ensures their well-being in nursing care. Core competency 7: This competency is more on observing and evaluating the client’s needs so that you will know how to take care of the patient. 2.Communication Core competency 1; This also is a nurse-patient relationship. The bonding between the nurse and the patient affects the patients well being Core competency 2: This will be your guide in how the patient feels and then how you will be able to help the patient to satisfy his/her needs. Core competency 3: This will serve as a guide for patients on how are they going to take care of themselves and maintaining their body from possible discomfort Core competency 4: This will affect your patients self-esteem and self-confidence that will affect the patient’s state of health, you can build up his spirit by encourage, acknowledge and recognize the patient.