The document provides guidance on writing a scientific paper, outlining the key components and sections. It discusses the importance of having a clear title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion sections. It emphasizes organizing the paper logically, with the results being the central focus. The document also provides tips on effective writing, such as using precise language, defining abbreviations, and addressing reviewer feedback to improve resubmissions.
Research papers are of different types and it is important to define one before you are starting the work on your document. This presentation will help you to understand the most common types of research papers. Get more tips here:
https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/types-of-research-papers
Research papers are of different types and it is important to define one before you are starting the work on your document. This presentation will help you to understand the most common types of research papers. Get more tips here:
https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/types-of-research-papers
After completing this presentation, the attendants will able to:
- Define Statistics and Biostatistics.
- Define and identify the different types of data and understand why we need to classifying variables.
Do you know what the top five types of journals are? View this presentation for the answers and to select the type that you feel would suit your personality the best.
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
After completing this presentation, the attendants will able to:
- Define Statistics and Biostatistics.
- Define and identify the different types of data and understand why we need to classifying variables.
Do you know what the top five types of journals are? View this presentation for the answers and to select the type that you feel would suit your personality the best.
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
Significance of research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the significance of research can well be understood.
Scientific research articles provide a method for scientists to communicate with other scientists about the results of their research.
The true value of any research is only realised when the results are subject to peer review and then published in journals.
Communication is important part of science.
If a scientist carries out a major research project, but no one knows about it, or no one can understand it, the research if of little use.
Ways of scientific communication
Scientific papers
Poster presentations
Book chapter's and professional lectures
Trump Student Misconceptions presented by Jennifer Bernabo and Robyn Shipley-Gerko
How do you as a teacher know what your students know? Do your students accurately explain a chemical concept? What are their misconceptions? In this session, our "GOAL" is to help teachers learn how to formatively assess their students' understanding of chemistry through a sequential process which utilizes demos as a teaching tool instead of just a cool attention getter. This technique will address and help correct students' perceptions of the real world. We will showcase this technique and use it to highlight many student misconceptions. Besides demos, we will also use a series of BULB "Building Understanding Learning Blurbs" to help teachers diagnose student misunderstandings. These short activities can be used in a variety of ways which will be discussed and shown in our presentation. All of our tactics can be used directly for teachers of all levels and teaching expertise. This session will make your classroom more fun, improve student learning, and more efficient.
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific PapersG.docxodiliagilby
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific Papers
General Tips o Be concise. In scientific writing, it is very important to say as much as is needed while using as few words as possible. Lab reports should be thorough, but repetition should be avoided. The entire report should be clear and straightforward.
· Write in the third person. Avoid using the words “I” or “we” when referring to the experimental procedure. For example, instead of “I boiled 50 mL of water for 10 minutes,” the report should read, “50 mL of water was boiled for 10 minutes.” This can be a bit difficult to get used to, so it is important to pay close attention to the wording in the report
· Use correct verb tenses. Many students become confused when trying to decide whether to use past or present tense in their reports. If referring to anything that happened in the past, then use the past tense. For example, if you are writing about an experiment you have already performed, then refer to it in the past tense. Present tense should be used when referring to a scientific principle, such as, “Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.” The general rules for verb tenses are as follows:
· The experimental procedure has already been conducted, so use the past tense of the verb when referring to it:
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was...
The compound was weighed to 5 g...
· The report, equipment, and theory still exist, so use the present tense of the verb for them:
Ex: The purpose of this report is...
Bunsen burners are used...
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
LAB REPORT FORMAT
Style Guidelines:
· Typed
· Paper: 8.5” x 11”
· Spacing: Double-spaced
· Margins: 1 inch
· Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt (EVERY word in your paper should have this font type and size)
· APA FORMAT
Major Paper Sections:
· Title Page
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Materials and Methods
· Results
· Discussion
· References
TITLE PAGE
The title should be less than ten words and should reflect the factual content of the paper. A good title is straightforward and uses keywords that researchers in a particular field will recognize. It should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD). Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
ABSTRACT
Begin a new page. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotations marks). Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. ...
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific PapersG.docxbillylewis37150
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific Papers
General Tips o Be concise. In scientific writing, it is very important to say as much as is needed while using as few words as possible. Lab reports should be thorough, but repetition should be avoided. The entire report should be clear and straightforward.
· Write in the third person. Avoid using the words “I” or “we” when referring to the experimental procedure. For example, instead of “I boiled 50 mL of water for 10 minutes,” the report should read, “50 mL of water was boiled for 10 minutes.” This can be a bit difficult to get used to, so it is important to pay close attention to the wording in the report
· Use correct verb tenses. Many students become confused when trying to decide whether to use past or present tense in their reports. If referring to anything that happened in the past, then use the past tense. For example, if you are writing about an experiment you have already performed, then refer to it in the past tense. Present tense should be used when referring to a scientific principle, such as, “Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.” The general rules for verb tenses are as follows:
· The experimental procedure has already been conducted, so use the past tense of the verb when referring to it:
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was...
The compound was weighed to 5 g...
· The report, equipment, and theory still exist, so use the present tense of the verb for them:
Ex: The purpose of this report is...
Bunsen burners are used...
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
LAB REPORT FORMAT
Style Guidelines:
· Typed
· Paper: 8.5” x 11”
· Spacing: Double-spaced
· Margins: 1 inch
· Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt (EVERY word in your paper should have this font type and size)
· APA FORMAT
Major Paper Sections:
· Title Page
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Materials and Methods
· Results
· Discussion
· References
TITLE PAGE
The title should be less than ten words and should reflect the factual content of the paper. A good title is straightforward and uses keywords that researchers in a particular field will recognize. It should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD). Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
ABSTRACT
Begin a new page. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotations marks). Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research..
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. COMPONENTS OF A PAPER
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods (Experiment)
Results & Discussion
2
Conclusion
References & Acknowledgments
3. HOW TO MAKE A PLAN
Title
Literature Survey
Materials and Methods
Results & Discussion
Certainly NOT write in
the order the sections
appear. Perhaps in
this order:
Conclusion
Abstract
Introduction
3
References
Acknowledgments
4. RESULTS
A paper is centered around the Results
First get them organized. What to include?
Any photographs?
How will i present them - figures and/or tables?
4
Do i need to combine results with discussion?
5. RESULTS
Can some Results be presented as
Supplementary Material?
Tables - Exact, Objective, Check accuracy
Graphs - Some Guesswork?
Photograph - Representative? Subjective
5
Supplementary Material
6. FIGURES
Make sure each one is important
Do not duplicate data in figures and tables.
Which shows the data more clearly?
Often a figure is better in the main than with
6
tables in supplementary Material
7. DISCUSSION
If possible separate from the Results
But sometimes results must be discussed in
order to logically point to the next stage in the
experiment
In this case combine Results and Discussion
Compare your results with those of others.
References are really important here.
7
Be careful to show where your work has
advanced the subject
Try to lead naturally to the Conclusion
8. CONCLUSION
This is NOT the same as a summary like the
Abstract. A reader who has the paper will certainly have
the Abstract
If it is a summary -give it that heading and make it
more than the Abstract
NEVER make conclusions that cannot be justified or
are not mentioned in the main text
8
9. MATERIALS AND METHODS (EXPERIMENT)
This section has two purposes:
To convince readers that the work has been done
systematically
and
thoroughly
using
appropriate
equipment
To allow readers to repeat the experiments if they
9
wish e.g. check (doubtful) results, prepare the same
materials etc.
10. MATERIALS AND METHODS (EXPERIMENT)
This section contain ALL information needed for
another person to repeat the experiment:
Sample preparation: Time, temperatures etc.
Sources of materials: Purity, particle size, synthesis
of intermediates
Analytical & measurement techniques
10
Parameters:
voltages etc.
Strain
rates,
wavelengths,
applied
11. MATERIALS AND METHODS (EXPERIMENT)
Are instrument details important? (They should usually
be irrelevant). Does somebody
instrument to repeat the research?
11
need the same
12. INTRODUCTION
Most Introductions are unnecessarily long
A reference is something you may wish to refer to for
further information. When did you last consult a
reference?
If you have done so, it is most unlikely to be one of
the first ten references! You know those already.
12
13. PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION
A brief, or complete, history of the subject?
What does the reader need to know?
What will the reader already know?
BUT
Some reviewers are upset if their papers are not
13
referenced
The Citation Index!!
14. TITLES
Be straightforward and precise:
“Improved mechanical properties”
■ Which ones? Strength? Stiffness?
■ For what applications?
■ Better for one application may be the
opposite for another,
"Activated carbons produced at low temperature"
■ 80 K is low! 500°C is hot.
14
"CNT solution in organic acids"
■ All? Which did you investigate? Formic
acetic.
and
15. TITLES
Never use a colon (or hyphen) unless the paper is
part of a multi-part series.
"Chemistry and kinetics of chemical vapor deposition of
pyrocarbon:
i. Carbon deposition from methane .
"Chemistry and kinetics of chemical vapor deposition of
pyrocarbon:
ii. Carbon deposition from propylene
15
"The structure of CVD carbon: the effect of deposition
temperature"
should be:
"The effect of deposition temperature on the structure of
CVD carbon"
16. ABSTRACT
"In this paper we report new results on the successful
preparation of…………."
1. We know it is not a different paper, but this one.
2. We know it is "you".
3. We know the results are new - we would not publish if
they were old.
16
4. We assume the experiment was successful - you do
not usually report failures!
17. ABSTRACT
Simply tell the reader two things:
1. What was done.
2. Important results obtained.
Do not:
1. Provide history or narrative.
17
2. Speculate - possible uses, etc.
3. Include data that is not in the manuscript.
18. THE SUBMISSION PROCESS
Read the "Guide for Authors". PLEASE!
Section
headings.
Reference
format.
restrictions for Letters.
You MUST submit using the website.
18
If a revision, include responses to reviewers.
Length
19. RESUBMISSION
If the Editor-in-Chief has told you to resubmit - true
for most papers from China.
Make sure you do as requested and carefully follow
each point in the "Resubmit" letter.
If you do not agree with some suggestions, please
include a cover letter to explain why this is so.
Be sensible! If I correct something in the Abstract, ask
19
yourself whether it needs to be corrected elsewhere?
20. ABBREVIATIONS
1. To define an abbreviation, first write the term in full
followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. "X-ray
diffraction (XRD) examination showed that the
samples were not crystalline……..
" Do not do
the reverse.
2. Never define an abbreviation in the manuscript title.
3. Never use abbreviations in the Abstract without
defining them, and only define them if they are used
later in the Abstract.
20
4. Define an abbreviation the first time it is used in the
text, even though it may also have been defined in the
Abstract.
5. Only define an abbreviation if you are going to use it
later.
21. SOME ENGLISH PROBLEMS
We do not usually use plural nouns as adjectives "carbon fiber composites" not "carbon fibers
composites".
Do not use hyphens unless necessary to clarify
meaning. "Chinese food seller"!
"Chinese-food seller" - a person who sells Chinese food
"Chinese food-seller" - a Chinese person who sells food
"Boron-containing carbon" means carbon which contains
boron, whereas
21
"Boron containing carbon" means boron which contains
carbon!
22. SOME ENGLISH PROBLEMS- ARTICLES
"of" is usually preceded and followed by "the"
...the dimensions of the sample were measured
...the speed of the car BUT .the speed of light
Some nationalities tend to use "the" where not
necessary and omit "a" where it is necessary
"The FTIR is one of the typical methods used to
characterise the chemically modified nanotubes."
FTIR is a typical method used to characterise
chemically…..
22
"We obtained black solid after the reduction of the...."
We obtained a black solid after reduction of
the……
Of course the meaning is clear in both cases
23. RESPECTIVELY
"In order to make sure of the necessity of the hydrogen
involvement, experiments were carried out in helium and
hydrogen atmospheres respectively." WRONG.
"In order to make sure of the necessity of the hydrogen
involvement, experiments were carried out in helium and
hydrogen atmospheres at 230°C and 450°C respectively."
Would be CORRECT.
23
i.e. He at 230°C and H at 450°C
24. RESPECTIVELY
The word is used to link items in two or more lists in
the order in which they appear in those lists.
To say that "samples were heat treated at 450°C and
700°C respectively" is incorrect unless there is a list of
24
two samples.
25. LATIN PHRASES
In situ - means in the place. All things happen in a
place! Use it ONLY to indicate that something is taking
place where it will later be used.
Via - "by" is usually enough & simpler
25
e.g. (for example) and i.e. (that is, or that is to say)
26. CONCLUSION
Read the Guide for Authors
Take time! Organize
Be honest
Remember
to
make
Title,
Abstract &
Paper
independently understandable
26
Pay careful attention to the comments of the Editor
and the Reviewers. Do not waste their time!