This document outlines the key sections and components of a research paper, including the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, objectives, research methodology, data analysis, findings/results discussion, conclusion, and references. It provides guidance on writing each section, such as keeping the title concise but descriptive, including the purpose, methods, results and conclusion in the abstract, stating the research problem and definitions in the introduction, searching relevant background literature for the review, writing objectives using action verbs, describing the data collection and analysis methods, summarizing key findings, restating the topic and conclusions in the conclusion, and accurately citing references in-text and in a reference list.

1. By -Dr Sapna Dadwal

2.  Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Objectives
 Research Methodology
 Data Analysis
 Findings/Result Discussion
 Conclusion
 References

3.  The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of
your study.
 A good title contains the fewest possible words
that adequately describe the contents and/or
purpose of your research paper.
 The title of the Paper should not be too long or
too short.
 The title of the paper should not contain
unnecessary word.
 It Should Indicate accurately the subject and
scope of the study.
 Avoid using abbreviations.

4.  It should summarize all the parts of the
paper. The abstract should have-
 Purpose and Motivation of writing paper
 Problem statement.
 Methods
 Result
 Conclusion

5.  It establishes the foundation of the paper
 The introduction include-
 Definitions and explanation of the terms
 Brief background information about the
research topic
 Rational for undertaking this study(reason for
taking this study)

6.  Search for the background literature about the research topic
 Recent progress on the study topic
 comparison and contrast of different studies( gap between
different studies)
Example of sources are-
 university’s library catalogue
 Google Scholar
 JSTOR
 EBSCO
 Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
 Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
 EconLit(economics)
 Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

7.  Research objectives should be closely related to the
statement of the problem and the objectives should
summaries what you hope will be achieved by the study.
 Objectives should be stated in action verbs. Example: to
compare, to calculate, to assess, to determine, to verify, to
calculate, to describe, to explain, etc
 Example of objectives-
 To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of the
community towards HIV/AIDS and VCT services.
 To identify barriers and concerns related to VCT and its
uptake.
 To assess the awareness and perception of the study
community regarding comprehensive care and support for
people living with HIV/AIDS.

8.  Research Methodology describes the
methods used in research.
 Methods of data collection
 Method of data analysis

9.  Data Preparation
 Step 1: Data Validation
 Step 2: Data Editing
 Step 3: Data Coding

10.  summary of your key findings arranged in a
logical sequence
 Use of the past tense when referring to your
results.
 Focus only on findings that are important
and related to addressing the research
problem.

11.  Restate your research topic.
 Summarize the main points.
 State the significance or results.
 Conclude your thoughts.

12.  Writing accurate & appropriate references is
an essential aspect of preparing a research
paper for successful publication
 Reference can be Written in two ways-
 In-text-
 A number is allocated to a source in the order
in which it is cited in the text. If the source is
referred to again, the same number is used.
 Use Arabic numerals (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9).
 Either square [ ] or curved brackets ( ) can be
used as long as it is consistent. .

13.  Nonlinear optical materials have evolved the interest of
several researchers due to their unique combination of
material properties, including high linear (2-4) and nonlinear
refractive index (1000 times that of silica), wide transparency
range (up to 22 mm) and lower phonon energy. Chalcogenide
glasses with these favorable properties act as potential
candidate in lasers, amplifiers, high-brightness sources for
remote sensing and spectroscopy[1,2].
 [1] Schweizer T, Hewak DW, Payne DM, Jensen T, Huber G. Rare
earth doped chalcogenide glass laser. Electron Lett.
1996;32(7):666667.
 [2] Tao H, Yang Z, Lucas P. Origin of photo-induced transmitting
oscillations in chalcogenide glasses. Opt Express.
2009;17(20):1816518170

14.  2)APA Reference List- American Psychological Association
 Book:Calfee, R. C. (1991). APA guide. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
 Journal article:Jourls, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals of
medicine. Journal of Medicine, 46, 837-845.
 Magazine article:Henry, W. (2001, April 19). Making the
grade. Time, 135, 28-31.

15.  Thank You