As a researcher, you are expected to start publishing early in your career. But original research could take years to complete! This does not mean you that you cannot publish a paper until you complete your research. You can disseminate your research in many other ways. These slides will help you learn more about the different types of scholarly literature so that you are able to choose the most suitable format for publishing your study.
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
As a researcher, you are expected to start publishing early in your career. But original research could take years to complete! This does not mean you that you cannot publish a paper until you complete your research. You can disseminate your research in many other ways. These slides will help you learn more about the different types of scholarly literature so that you are able to choose the most suitable format for publishing your study.
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
The involvement of multiple individuals in different capacities naturally evokes the question of who should be credited and held accountable for the research published, especially since careers, ethics, and scientific integrity are at stake. This article outlines the major concepts pertaining to authorship.
Presentació realitzada per Ana Marušić en el marc del Seminari sobre la revisió per experts (peer review) que va tenir lloc a la Facultat de Biblioteconomia i Documentació de la UB el 20 de juny de 2011, dins el marc del programa de doctorat “Informació i Documentació en la Societat del Coneixement”. Aquest seminari va ser organitzat conjuntament amb l'EASE (European Association of Science Editors).
There is no straight formula to determine the best journal to publish your manuscript. However, analyzing various parameters may help you to decide the journal that best suits you for publishing. Following are some of those criteria:
https://www.cognibrain.com/criteria-for-selecting-journal-for-publication/
There are some common criteria you should consider when choosing a journal to publish in. Once you have a publication strategy in place, choose journals that meet all of your criteria.
Defining the h index and the calculation process. Also the main advantages and limitations besides how to increasing the h index.
Dr. Hassan Najman MUHAMED
hassan.muhamed@uod.ac
The University of Duhok - Kurdistan region of Iraq
Scientific research and its publication
A process and the research process
Writing and submitting a paper to a journal
Other processes in research
Literagure review
Research design
Qualitative research
Conclusion
The review process
Dear Colleague,
One of the main goals of Research Leap is to increase the productivity of researchers.
To achieve this goal, we create different contents as manuals and presentations on different topics related to academic writing. Recently, we have been wondering what else we can do to help researchers work smarter and be more productive.
To our surprise, we found that not many researchers are interested in the H-index of their research articles. Though, h-index is not just a number. It is also the number of significant works in the career of a researcher. So, comparing the works contributing to the h-index with the other works of the researcher can give an idea about the research behavior of the scientist. Its importance for researchers is growing depending on the country and management practices.
Therefore, “Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it?” presentation had been created to introduce the “citation index” and “h-index” terms as well as showing guidance to the ways of calculating the h-index of the research articles. Moreover, this presentation will also provide the advice and techniques for increasing the h-index of the research articles.
Chances are you already know some of these terms and techniques. Chances are also that you know somebody who knows none of these techniques… So please share and help spread the word.
Research Leap team created “Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it?” presentation to introduce the “citation index” and “h-index” terms as well as showing guidance to the ways of calculating the h-index of the research articles. Moreover, this presentation provides the advice and techniques for increasing the h-index of the research articles.
You can find the Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it? presentation in the attachment below.
You can find the Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it? presentation in the attachment.
Get expert academic writing tips straight to your inbox, and become a better academic writer.
Access more academic resources and subscribe at https://researchleap.com/category/resources/
In the meantime, you are welcomed to share our work through Linked in, Facebook, Youtube, Slideshare, Instagram, and Pinterest
Kind regards
Tata kelola jurnal menuju akreditasi onlineFaisal Pak
REGISTER JOURNAL has been accredited PERINGKAT 2 or SINTA 2 at 24th October 2018 by Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RistekDikti) of The Republic of Indonesia as an achievement for the peer-reviewed journal which has excellent quality in management and publication. The recognition published in Director Decree (SK No. 30/E/KPT/2018) and effective until 2021. This journal also has become a CrossRef Member since year 2015. Therefore, all articles published by this journal will have unique DOI number.
REGISTER JOURNAL covers Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching areas of discussion. It focuses on language (Linguistics and Literature) as well as language teaching studies. This journal encompasses original research articles, and short communications, including:
Field research pertaining to (1) Applied Linguistics focus of study: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics,Pragmatics,Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Discourse Analysis,Linguistics in Education, Linguistics in Literature, Semiotics in Language Use and (2) Language Teaching focus of study: English Language Teaching (ELT), English as Second Language (ESL), English as Foreign Language (EFL) and English Language Teaching in Indonesia (TEFLIN).
Tata kelola jurnal menuju akreditasi onlineFaisal Pak
REGISTER JOURNAL was published by IAIN Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia and had been accredited PERINGKAT 2 or SINTA 2 at 24th October 2018 by Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RistekDikti) of The Republic of Indonesia as an achievement for the peer reviewed journal which has excellent quality in management and publication. The recognition published in Director Decree (SK No. 30/E/KPT/2018) and effective until 2021.
This journal had also been successfully indexed at CLARIVATE ANALYTICS , Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) of Web of Science Master Journal List at June 2019 and ACI (ASEAN CITATION INDEX) at April 2019 .
The involvement of multiple individuals in different capacities naturally evokes the question of who should be credited and held accountable for the research published, especially since careers, ethics, and scientific integrity are at stake. This article outlines the major concepts pertaining to authorship.
Presentació realitzada per Ana Marušić en el marc del Seminari sobre la revisió per experts (peer review) que va tenir lloc a la Facultat de Biblioteconomia i Documentació de la UB el 20 de juny de 2011, dins el marc del programa de doctorat “Informació i Documentació en la Societat del Coneixement”. Aquest seminari va ser organitzat conjuntament amb l'EASE (European Association of Science Editors).
There is no straight formula to determine the best journal to publish your manuscript. However, analyzing various parameters may help you to decide the journal that best suits you for publishing. Following are some of those criteria:
https://www.cognibrain.com/criteria-for-selecting-journal-for-publication/
There are some common criteria you should consider when choosing a journal to publish in. Once you have a publication strategy in place, choose journals that meet all of your criteria.
Defining the h index and the calculation process. Also the main advantages and limitations besides how to increasing the h index.
Dr. Hassan Najman MUHAMED
hassan.muhamed@uod.ac
The University of Duhok - Kurdistan region of Iraq
Scientific research and its publication
A process and the research process
Writing and submitting a paper to a journal
Other processes in research
Literagure review
Research design
Qualitative research
Conclusion
The review process
Dear Colleague,
One of the main goals of Research Leap is to increase the productivity of researchers.
To achieve this goal, we create different contents as manuals and presentations on different topics related to academic writing. Recently, we have been wondering what else we can do to help researchers work smarter and be more productive.
To our surprise, we found that not many researchers are interested in the H-index of their research articles. Though, h-index is not just a number. It is also the number of significant works in the career of a researcher. So, comparing the works contributing to the h-index with the other works of the researcher can give an idea about the research behavior of the scientist. Its importance for researchers is growing depending on the country and management practices.
Therefore, “Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it?” presentation had been created to introduce the “citation index” and “h-index” terms as well as showing guidance to the ways of calculating the h-index of the research articles. Moreover, this presentation will also provide the advice and techniques for increasing the h-index of the research articles.
Chances are you already know some of these terms and techniques. Chances are also that you know somebody who knows none of these techniques… So please share and help spread the word.
Research Leap team created “Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it?” presentation to introduce the “citation index” and “h-index” terms as well as showing guidance to the ways of calculating the h-index of the research articles. Moreover, this presentation provides the advice and techniques for increasing the h-index of the research articles.
You can find the Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it? presentation in the attachment below.
You can find the Citation Index: What is it and why do we need it? presentation in the attachment.
Get expert academic writing tips straight to your inbox, and become a better academic writer.
Access more academic resources and subscribe at https://researchleap.com/category/resources/
In the meantime, you are welcomed to share our work through Linked in, Facebook, Youtube, Slideshare, Instagram, and Pinterest
Kind regards
Tata kelola jurnal menuju akreditasi onlineFaisal Pak
REGISTER JOURNAL has been accredited PERINGKAT 2 or SINTA 2 at 24th October 2018 by Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RistekDikti) of The Republic of Indonesia as an achievement for the peer-reviewed journal which has excellent quality in management and publication. The recognition published in Director Decree (SK No. 30/E/KPT/2018) and effective until 2021. This journal also has become a CrossRef Member since year 2015. Therefore, all articles published by this journal will have unique DOI number.
REGISTER JOURNAL covers Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching areas of discussion. It focuses on language (Linguistics and Literature) as well as language teaching studies. This journal encompasses original research articles, and short communications, including:
Field research pertaining to (1) Applied Linguistics focus of study: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics,Pragmatics,Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Discourse Analysis,Linguistics in Education, Linguistics in Literature, Semiotics in Language Use and (2) Language Teaching focus of study: English Language Teaching (ELT), English as Second Language (ESL), English as Foreign Language (EFL) and English Language Teaching in Indonesia (TEFLIN).
Tata kelola jurnal menuju akreditasi onlineFaisal Pak
REGISTER JOURNAL was published by IAIN Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia and had been accredited PERINGKAT 2 or SINTA 2 at 24th October 2018 by Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RistekDikti) of The Republic of Indonesia as an achievement for the peer reviewed journal which has excellent quality in management and publication. The recognition published in Director Decree (SK No. 30/E/KPT/2018) and effective until 2021.
This journal had also been successfully indexed at CLARIVATE ANALYTICS , Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) of Web of Science Master Journal List at June 2019 and ACI (ASEAN CITATION INDEX) at April 2019 .
Tata kelola jurnal menuju akreditasi onlineabudira354
REGISTER JOURNAL 1979-8903 (PRINTED)- 2503-040X (ONLINE) was published every June and December by IAIN Salatiga, Indonesia and it had been accredited SINTA 2 at 24th October 2018 by Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RistekDikti) of Indonesia.
These slides are related to our last event at the Sapienza University of Rome for the graduate students. Please follow our website: https://www.facebook.com/psa.sapienza
Tata kelola jurnal menuju akreditasi sinta 2 copyFaisal Pak
REGISTER JOURNAL was published by IAIN Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia and had been accredited PERINGKAT 2 or SINTA 2 at 24th October 2018 by Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RistekDikti) of The Republic of Indonesia as an achievement for the peer reviewed journal which has excellent quality in management and publication. The recognition published in Director Decree (SK No. 30/E/KPT/2018) and effective until 2021.
This journal had also been successfully indexed at CLARIVATE ANALYTICS , Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) of Web of Science Master Journal List at June 2019 and ACI (ASEAN CITATION INDEX) at April 2019 .
An attempt to highlight the most common needs for writing a research article, this include the structure of research articles and the highly important parts needed to publish in a high level indexed journals (Clarivate ISI & Scopus).
Similar to Preparing and publishing a scientific manuscript (20)
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Surat @ℂall @Girls ꧁❤8527049040❤꧂@ℂall @Girls Service Vip Top Model Safe
Preparing and publishing a scientific manuscript
1. Preparing and Publishing a
Scientific Manuscript
Sreenu Thalla
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmacology
2. • Publishing original research in a peer-reviewed and indexed journal
is an important milestone for a scientist or a clinician.
• It is an important parameter to assess academic achievements.
• However, technical and language barriers may prevent many
enthusiasts from ever publishing.
• This review highlights the important preparatory steps for creating a
good manuscript and the most widely used IMRaD (Introduction,
Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion) method for writing
a good manuscript. It also provides a brief overview of the
submission and review process of a manuscript for publishing in a
biomedical journal.
3. • The journals do provide information on the “scope of the journal,”
which specifies the scientific areas relevant for publication in the
journal, and “instructions to authors,” which need to be adhered to
while preparing a manuscript.
• The publication of scientific work has become mandatory for scientists
or specialists holding academic affiliations, and it is now desirable
even at an undergraduate level.
• Despite a plethora of forums for presenting the original research work,
very little of it ever gets published in a scientific journal, and even if it
does, the manuscripts are usually from the same few institutions.
4. Important considerations for writing a
manuscript
• Conceptualization of a clinically relevant scientific work.
• Choosing an appropriate journal and an alternative one.
• Familiarizing with instructions to authors.
• Coordination and well-defined task delegation within the team
and involvement of a biostatistician from the conception of the
study.
• Preparing a skeletal framework for writing the manuscript.
• Delegating time for thinking and writing at regular intervals.
5. Steps involved in Manuscript Preparation
• Choosing the appropriate journal for publication
• Title and authorship
• Abstract and Keywords
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Statistical analysis
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• References
• Acknowledgements
• Conflicts of Interest (COI)
6. Choosing the appropriate journal for publication
• The preferred choice of journal should be one of the first steps to
be considered, as mentioned earlier.
• The guidelines for authors may change with time and, hence,
should be referred to at regular intervals and conformed to.
• The choice of journal principally depends on the target readers,
and it may be necessary to have one or more journals in mind in
case of non-acceptance from the journal of first choice.
• A journal’s impact factor is to be considered while choosing an
appropriate journal
7. Title and authorship
• The title of a manuscript gives the first impression about the
manuscript.
• It is estimated that a reader dedicates less than 2 s to read the title.
• Most of the search engines use keywords to locate relevant articles,
and, consequently, the title needs to be well thought of.
• A comprehensive title may have the following three important
keywords: general, indicating the area or specialty the article
belongs to; intermediate, referring to a specific disease or condition;
and specific, referring to particular tests or interventions
8. • Majority of the biomedical journals with good impact factor have
specific authorship criteria.
• This prevents problems related to ghost authorship and honorary
authorship.
• Ghost authorship refers to a scenario wherein an author’s name is
omitted to hide financial relationships with private companies;
honorary authorship is naming someone who has not made
substantial contribution to the work, either due to pressure from
colleagues or to improve the chances of publication
• Most of the journals conform to the authorship criteria defined by the
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
• They are listed as the following:
9. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or
the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work
Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual
content; Final approval of the version to be published
Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring
that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the
work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Some journals require authors to declare their contributions to the
research work and manuscript preparation.
This helps to prevent honorary and ghost authorship and encourages
authors to be more honest and accountable
10. Abstract
• An abstract is a stand-alone part of the manuscript giving a brief
overview of the contents; it may influence the editors, peer
reviewers, and readers regarding the quality of the manuscript.
• It can be free styled or structured as per the journals’ norm.
• A structured abstract has sections pertaining to Background, Aim,
Materials and Methods, Results, and Conclusion. There is a word
limit of 250 words for abstracts in majority of the journals.
• The abstract should be revised every time the manuscript is revised
or changed.
11. Keywords
• Are mentioned at the bottom of the Abstract section.
• These words denote the important aspects of the manuscript and
help identify the manuscripts by electronic search engines.
• Most of the journals specify the number of keywords required,
usually between 4 and 8.
• They need to be simple and specific to the manuscript; a good title
contains majority of the keywords.
• The general flow of the manuscript follows an IMRaD
(Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion)
structure.
• Even though this has been recommended since the early 20
century, most of the authors started following it since the 1970s
12. Introduction
• The Introduction section sets the tone of the manuscript and, hence,
should be focused.
• It provides a relevant background for the study with appropriate
references and establishes the context of the work.
• Any word or name with standard abbreviation should be written in
its expanded form the first time, with the abbreviation in
parenthesis.
• Subsequently, only the abbreviation should be used throughout the
manuscript.
• The Introduction section is generally in the form of a funnel, with
the first paragraph highlighting the magnitude and importance of
the disease in question.
13. • Subsequent paragraphs summarize the relevant facts known and
the areas with uncertainty in the context of the study question; this
is followed by the relevance of the current study and ends with the
aim of the study
• A common error while writing an introduction is an attempt to
review the entire evidence available on the topic.
• This becomes confusing to the reader, and the purpose and
importance of the study in question gets submerged in the plethora
of information provided.
• Issues mentioned in the Introduction section will need to be
addressed in the Discussion section, and it is important to avoid
repetitions and overlapping.
• Some may prefer to write the Introduction section after preparing
the draft of the Materials and Methods and Results sections.
14. • The last paragraph in the Introduction section defines the aim of the
study or the study question using active verbs.
• If there is more than one aim for the study, specify the primary aim
and address the secondary aims in a separate sentence.
• It is recommended that the Introduction section should not occupy
more than 10–15% of the entire text.
15. Materials and Methods
• The Materials and Methods section is the link between the
Introduction and Results sections.
• The entire section is described in past tense.
• It describes the methods and means used to conduct the study in
such a way that other researchers should be able to perform a
similar study with the given information.
• The type of the study (prospective/ retrospective; interventional/
observational; and cohort/randomized controlled/case–control
study) should be clearly documented.
• It is then important to describe the place where it was conducted,
the time duration taken and to specify whether ethical approval had
been sought and granted.
16. • The subsequent paragraph describes the study participants with
selection and exclusion criteria, and provides information
regarding the informed consent
• This is followed by a detailed description of the study protocol.
• At times, some of the methods used may be very elaborate and not
very relevant to majority of the readers, for example, if polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) is used for diagnosis, the type of PCR
performed should be mentioned in this section, but the entire
procedure need not be elaborated in the “methods” section.
• Either a relevant reference can be provided or the procedural
details can be given online as supplemental data.
17. • It is important to mention both the generic and brand names of all the
drugs used along with the name of the manufacturer and the place of
manufacturing.
• Similarly, all the hematological, biochemical, hormonal assays, and
radiological investigations performed should provide the
specifications of the equipment used and its manufacturer’s details.
• For many biochemical and endocrine parameters, it is preferred that
the intra- and inter assay coefficients of variation are provided.
• In addition, the standard units of measurements and the
internationally accepted abbreviations should be used.
18. • There are online guidelines available to maintain uniformity in
reporting the different types of studies such as
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) for
randomized controlled trials
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in
Epidemiology (STROBE) for observational studies
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-
Analyses (PRISMA) for systematic reviews.
• Adherence to these guidelines improves the clarity and completeness
of reporting.
19. Statistical analysis
• One of the most important deterrents for publishing clinical research
is the inability to choose and perform appropriate statistical analysis.
• With the availability of various user friendly software systems, an
increasing number of the researchers are comfortable performing
complex analyses without additional assistance.
• However, it is still a common practice to involve biostatisticians for
this purpose.
• Coordination between the clinicians and biostatisticians is very
important for sample size calculation, creation of a proper data set,
and its subsequent analysis.
• It is important to use the appropriate statistical methodologies for a
more complete representation of the data to improve the quality of a
manuscript
20. • It may be helpful to refer to a recent review of the most widely used
statistical analyses and their application in clinical research for a
better data presentation.
• There is some evidence that structured training involving data
analysis, manuscript writing, and submission to indexed journals
improves the quality of submitted manuscripts even in a low-
resource setting.
• Short, online certificate courses on biostatistics are available free of
cost from many universities across the globe.
21. Results
• The Results section mirrors the Materials and Methods section and,
for every step/intervention performed, there would be a result.
• It is a useful practice to put together the results in an orderly manner
at the beginning of the manuscript preparation so that the message
to be given becomes clear.
• It starts with the sample size, inclusion and exclusion details, which
may be shown effectively as a flow chart, and followed by the basic
characteristics of the study sample, usually represented in the form
of a table.
• The results of the study are summarized in the form of tables and
figures.
• Journals may have limitations on the number of figures and tables,
as well as the rows and columns in tables
22. • When comparing two groups, it is a good practice to mention the data
pertaining to the study group followed by that of the control group and
to maintain the same order throughout the section.
• No adjectives should be used while comparing, except for the statistical
significance of the findings.
• The Results section is written in the past tense, and the numerical
values should be presented with a maximum of one decimal place
• Statistical significance as shown by P-value, if accompanied by odds
ratio and 95% confidence interval gives important information of
direction and size of treatment effect.
• The measures of central tendencies should be followed by the
appropriate measures of variability (mean and standard deviation;
median and interquartile range)
23. Discussion
• The Discussion section provides the interpretation of results and describes
them in the context of available evidence.
• The first paragraph summarizes the main results in 2–3 sentences.
• The subsequent paragraphs should review the results in the context of
available body of literature elaborating the similarities and differences.
• Any result not conforming to expectations or previous evidence should be
analyzed, and any unexpected result should be highlighted as such.
• The strengths and weaknesses of the study should be discussed in a
separate paragraph.
• This makes way for implications for clinical practice and future research.
• The section ends with a conclusion of not more than one to two sentences.
• The Conclusion section summarizes the study findings in the context of
evidence in the field.
24. References
• A referencing tool such as End Note may be used to store and
organize the references.
• The references at the end of the manuscript need to be listed in a
manner specified by the journal.
• The common styles used are Vancouver, Harvard, American
Psychological Association (APA).
• Despite continued efforts, standardization to one global format
has not yet become a reality.
• It is important to understand the evidence in the referenced
articles to write meaningful Introduction and Discussion sections.
• Online search engines such as Pubmed, Medline, and Scopus are
some of the sources that provide abstracts from indexed journals.
25. Acknowledgements
• This section follows the Conclusion section.
• People who have helped in various aspects of the concerned
research work, statistical analysis, or manuscript preparation, but
do not qualify to be authors for the study, are acknowledged,
preferably with their academic affiliations.
26. Conflicts of Interest (COI)
• It is important for authors to declare any COI relevant to the
manuscript.
• The COI may be personal, commercial, political, academic, or
financial.
• These may have negligible to very significant impact on the quality
of the manuscript.
• Holding a post in a pharmaceutical company or being a beneficiary
of grants from pharmaceutical industry may have COI with the
quality of research.
• Even reviewers and the editorial board members need to declare
COI before accepting to review an article.
27. • The aforementioned section provides the general guidelines for
preparing a good manuscript.
• However, an exhaustive list of available guidelines and other
resources to facilitate good research reporting are provided by the
Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research network
28. Additional features influencing the
manuscript quality
• Language
• Plagiarism
• Professional medical writing support
Language
• One of the important limitations to publication is the problem of writing
in English.
• This can be minimized by seeking help from colleagues or using the
language editing service provided by many of the journals
29. Plagiarism
• Plagiarism is a serious threat to scientific publications and is described by
the office of Research Integrity as “theft or misappropriation of
intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of
another’s work and the representation of them as one’s own original
work.”
• The primary responsibility of preventing plagiarism lies with the authors.
• It is important to develop the skill of writing any manuscript in one’s own
words and when quoting available evidence, substantiate with
appropriate references.
• However, the use of plagiarism detection tools and a critical analysis by
the editorial team prior to submitting an article for peer review are also
equally important to prevent this menace.
• The consequences of plagiarism could range from disciplinary charges
such as retraction of the article to criminal charges.
30. Professional Medical Writing Support
• In recent years, it is acknowledged that the lack of time and
linguistic constraints prevent some of the good work from being
published.
• Hence, the role of professional medical writing support is being
critically evaluated.
• Declared professional medical writing support is found to be
associated with more complete reporting of clinical trial results and
higher quality of written English.
• Medical writing support may play an important role in raising the
quality of clinical trial reporting.
• The role of professional medical writers should be acknowledged
in the Acknowledgements section
31. Submission to journal and review process
• The submission of manuscripts is now exclusively an online exercise.
• The basic model of submission in any journal comprises the
following: the title file or first page file, article file, image files, videos,
charts, tables, figures, and copyright/consent forms.
• It is important to keep all the files ready in a folder before starting the
submission process.
• When submitting images, it is important to have good quality, well-
focused images with good resolution.
• Some journals may offer the choice of selecting preferred reviewers to
the authors and hence, one must be prepared for this.
• Once the manuscript is submitted, the status can be periodically
checked
32.
33. Predatory Journals
• Some of the well-known journals provide an “open access” option to
the authors, wherein if the manuscript is published, it is accessible to
all the readers online free of cost.
• However, the authors need to pay a certain fee to make their
manuscript an open access article.
• In addition, some of the well-known journals published by reputed
publishers such as BioMed Central (BMC) and Public Library of
Science (PLoS) have online “open access” journals, where the
manuscripts are published for a fee but are subjected to the
conventional scrutiny process, and the readers can access the full-text
article.
34. • The Directory of Open Access Journals, http://doaj.org, is an online
directory that indexes and provides access to high-quality, open access,
peer-reviewed journals.
• However, many online open access journals are mushrooming, which
provide a legitimate face for an illegitimate publication process lacking
basic industry standards, sound peer review practices, and solid basis in
publication ethics. Such journals are known as “predatory journals.”
• The pressure of needing to have scientific publications and the lack of
knowledge regarding predatory journals may encourage authors to
submit their articles to such journals.
• Currently, it is not easy to identify predatory journals, and authors
should seek such information proactively from mentors, journal
websites, and recent and relevant published literature.
35. • In addition, editorial oversights (editors and editorial board members),
peer review practices, the quality of published articles, indexing, access,
citations and ethical practices are important aspects to be considered
while choosing an appropriate journal.
36. • A relevant research hypothesis and research conducted within the
ethical framework are of utmost importance for clinical research.
• The natural progression from here is the manuscript preparation, a
daunting process for most of the clinicians involved in clinical research.
• Choosing a journal that provides an appropriate platform for the
manuscript, conforming to the instructions specific for the journal, and
following higher quality of written English.
• Medical writing support may play an important role in raising the
quality of clinical trial reporting.
37. • The role of professional medical writers should be acknowledged in
the Acknowledgements section.
• Certain simple guidelines can result in successful preparation and
publishing of scientific work.
• Allocating certain time at regular intervals for writing and
maintaining discipline and perseverance in this regard are very
important prerequisites to achieve the goal of successful
publication.