How to do Academic Referencing - Harvard Style of Referencing

Academic Referencing
Harvard Style of Referencing
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB

Aim
To introduce learners to the principles of the Harvard style
of referencing, and its significance in writing assignments
for higher education (college and university) studies

Objectives
At the end of this session learners will be able to:
Define academic words like citation and references
Describe the importance of referencing in academic writing
Cite and reference the different types of academic sources

What is Referencing?
Referencing means acknowledging your source: in the body of
your work (in-text reference or citation) AND linking your
citations to your list of works cited (reference list) or
bibliography.
(Neville, 2012).

Citation and References
Citation is the mention of the source’s author(s) in the text or body
of the assignment.
It comprises of the author’s surname and year of publication
References are a list of all sources you used for writing your
assignment and is placed after the conclusion of your assignment.
References contains the full information of their source.

Why do Referencing?
It demonstrates that you have undertaken
research to find out what other authors
have done in the similar topic areas.
Referencing makes your work more
convincing to the readers as it allows
them to track down the sources you used
to get more information.

Why do Referencing Cont.?
Referencing is a good academic
practice as it allows you to give credit
to other researchers and acknowledge
their ideas.
To avoid being accused of plagiarism

When do You Need Referencing?
When you take any information from
other sources, you must acknowledge
them.
What do you need to do if it is your
own idea?

Answer…
If it is your own idea, then you are not expected to put any
reference for your original idea.
However, if you are making a critique of other authors'
ideas, then you must include a reference for those particular
ideas.

Academic Referencing Styles
There are many referencing styles such as:
American Psychological Association (APA),
Modern Language Association (MLA),
American Medical Association (AMA),
The Harvard referencing style etc.
You have to follow the referencing style recommended by your institution

What are Academic Sources?
While writing your assignment, you will
come across many academic sources that
will help you to develop your argument
and logic.
 Academic sources (such as books and
journals) serve as evidence to support
your claims.

Finding Suitable Academic Sources
Library resources (library catalogue)
Online resources (reliable)
Google scholar
Oxford Press
Business Source Premier
ProQuest
EBSCO host

Acknowledging Sources
There are two ways to do that:
 Paraphrase and citation
Adams (2017) claims that academic integrity has both
individual and institutional perspectives
 Quotation and citation
According to Adams: “The point is that emphasis is
often laid on individual level plagiarism but
institutional dimension is largely overlooked…”
(Adams, 2017: 91)

How Many Sources do You
Need for Your Assignment?
There is no specific limit to the amount of sources you need
to include in your assignment.
However, it is always better to support your claim by using
the correct references

Online Referencing Generator
You can use Microsoft (MS) Word referencing function, or
downloadable softwares like Mendeley, Endnote etc.
Also Google scholar, Ebsco, Business source premier,
ProQuest, Regional Business Premier etc. are useful tools for
generating bibliographies or references.
However, you should endeavour to know how to manually
do referencing without using any of the online reference
generators

Formats of Citing in the Text
Citing – a means of referring, within your text, to the sources from
which you have obtained information.
One author:
Johnson (2019)
(Johnson, 2019).
More than two authors:
Jacky et al. (2018)
(Jacky et al., 2018).
Two authors:
Jimmy and John (2017)
(Jimmy and John, 2017).

Example of Citation in a Text
Examples for citing one author:
1. Robert (2019) ascertains that the ethos of the student
environment does have an impact on student achievement.
2. It is reported that the ethos of the student environment does
have an impact on student achievement (Robert 2019).

Example of Citation in aText
Cont.
Examples for citing two authors:
1. Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers
being published is increasing (Javi and Gary, 2017).
2. The recent research of Javi and Gary (2017) indicates that the
number of duplicate papers being published is increasing.

Example of Citation in a Text
Cont.
Example for citing more than two authors:
1. Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises, as well
as practical laboratory experience, enhances the learning process
(Smith et al., 2016).
2. Smith et al. (2016) shows evidence that providing virtual
laboratory exercises, as well as practical laboratory experience
enhances, the learning process

Citing Quotations
If you record a particular quotation then you also need to identify the
page numbers.
These appear after the date within the brackets.
Use p. for page and pp. for pages.
Brief quotations should be set in single inverted commas.
E.g. ‘These testing times provide periods for reflection and permit time
for new things to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition.’ (Don,
2015, pp. 122-123).

Referencing a Book
Include the following details in this order:
1. Author(s),
2. Date of publication in brackets: This is always the year of the
edition; Ignore any reprint dates; If in doubt use the ‘copyright’ date.
3. Title and sub-title (if any) separated by a colon
4. Edition if not the first E.g. ed.
5. Place of publication, if known.
6. Publisher

Examples of Referencing Books
1. Jerry, R. (2015) The Research Project: how to write it. 4th
ed. London: Routledge
2. Jerry, R. and Marcus, L. (2015) The Research Project: how
to write it. 4th ed. London: Routledge

Referencing Journal Articles
When referencing journals, you need to include the following information in
this order:
1. Author(s) of the article.
2. Year of publication in brackets.
3. Title of the article.
4. Title of the journal,
5. Volume and part number, month or season of the year for a journal
6. Page number(s) of article.

Examples of Referencing Journal
Articles
1. Evelyn, P. (2017) Textile resources on the Internet, Textiles,
vol. 24 (4) pp. 6-11
2. Khan, M. & Anan, F. (2014) Developing SME managers under
fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine, Journal
of Management Development, 23 (5), pp. 479-495,
3. In cases where there are more than two authors, you will need
to list all the authors following the structure described above
and to include other elements, following the same structure.

Referencing a Website
Website:
1. The author(s) of the article or the name of the website
2. Year of publication of (in round brackets) or the date the website was
last updated
3. Title of the article
4. Online [in square brackets]
5. Available at: URL
6. (Accessed: date)

Example of Referencing a
Website
Shella, D. and Holza, M. E. (2015) The zen of CSS design:
visual enlightenment for the web, [Online]. Available at:
http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/0321303474/ch01
lev2sec4 (Accessed: 18 April 2019).

Referencing a Newspaper
1. Author(s) of the article.
2. Year of publication in brackets.
3. Title of the article.
4. Title of the newspaper,
5 Date of publication of the newspaper.
6. Page number(s) of article.

Example of Referencing Newspaper
Articles
Katy, P. (2018) Learners are born, says report. Times Higher
Education Supplement, 16th January, p.5

List Your References
Alphabetically
All your references should be included at the end of your
work in alphabetical order, by surname.
Students are expected to use this method of referencing for
ALL of their work, so it is important that you get this right.

Recommended Reading
Bailey, S. (2015). The essentials of academic writing for
international students. Routledge.
Neville, C. (2012). Referencing: principles, practice and
problems. RGUHS J Pharm Sci, 2(2), pp.1-8.
Cottrell, S. (2019). The study skills handbook. Macmillan
International Higher Education.

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How to do Academic Referencing - Harvard Style of Referencing

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