This document provides guidelines for bibliographic form and style according to different bibliographic style manuals such as Chicago, MLA, APA, AMA and others. It discusses the components of a reference, such as author, date, title and publication details. It also provides examples of references formatted according to different styles for various document types such as books, articles, websites and more. Ordering of references and special cases are also covered.

1. Bibliographic Form
Standards
Daryl L. Superio
SEAFDEC/AQD Library

2.  Bibliography
• a systematic list or enumeration of written works
• a list of references to sources cited in the text of an article
or book
 Reference
• a set of bibliographic elements that refers to a work
 Bibliographic Element
• a defined unit of information or data within a reference
 In-Text Reference
• a brief designator that appears in the body of a work, is
used to direct the user to a specific end-of-work reference,
footnote, or other reference

3.  In general a reference should contain:
 author/editor
 date of publication
 title of the work (article/chapter title)
 publication data (place of publication and name of
publisher)
Example:
Primavera, J. H. & Sadaba, R. B. (2012). Beach forest
species and mangrove associates in the Philippines.
Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Dept.,
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.

5.  The Chicago Manual of Style
 16th ed., 2010- the latest edition
 first used by the students of University of Chicago
 used with all subjects in the real world: by books, magazines
newspapers and other non-scholarly publications
 known as the most simplistic and concise means of citation
 focuses on citing information about the author rather than the date of a
research source
 NB (Notes and Bibliography) system
Example: Book
Encena, Vincent C.II, & Nestor C. Bayona. Farming of the tropical
abalone Haliotis asinina. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture
Dept., Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2010.

6.  The MLA Style Manual
 defined by Modern Language Association
 latest editions are:
 Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed., 2009)
 MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed., 2008)
 most commonly used in the liberal arts and humanities
 gives emphasis on the author name and page in the original text
 referencing sources through parenthetical citation and Works Cited
pages
Example: Book
de la Peña, Leobert D. Prevention and control measures against viral
nervous necrosis (VNN) in marine fish hatcheries. Tigbauan, Iloilo,
Philippines: Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center, 2010. Print.

7.  The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association
 6th ed., 2009-latest edition
 most commonly used in social sciences
 gives emphasis on the date and the title of the resource
rather than the author.
 referencing sources in In-text Citations and Reference
List
Example: Book
Primavera, J. H. & Sadaba, R. B. (2012). Beach forest species
and mangrove associates in the Philippines. Tigbauan,
Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center.

8. Other Bibliographic Form Standards
 AMA Manual of Style
 a style guide by the editors of JAMA (Journal of the American Medical
Association) and the Archives Journals
 most commonly used in medicine, health, and biological sciences
 specifies the writing and citation styles for use in scholarly publications in
medicine internationally
 ACS Style Guide
 developed by the American Chemical Society
 used for research papers in the field of chemistry
 Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers,
Theses, and Dissertations
 also known as Turabian Style
 based on Chicago Manual of Style
 designed for college students

10.  double spaced
 hanging indention
 provide only references that document
the article and provide recoverable
data

11.  entries usually contain the following elements:
 author,
 year of publication,
 title of the work and publishing data
 ensure that information is accurate and complete
 give special attention to:
 spelling of proper names and of words in foreign languages,
including accents or other special marks
 completeness of journal titles, years, volume and issue
numbers, page numbers, and electronic retrieval data.

12.  give in parenthesis the year the work was published
 (for unpublished or informally published work, give the
year the work was produced)
 for magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, give the
year and the exact date of publication (month or month
and day), separated by comma and enclosed in
parentheses
 if given in season, give the year and the season,
separated by comma and enclosed in parentheses.
 if no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses
 finish the element with a period after the closing
parenthesis.

14.  Alphabetizing names- arrange entries in
alphabetical order by the surname of the first
author followed by initials of the author's given
name, and use the following rules for special
cases:
• alphabetize by the author's surname
• alphabetize letter by letter
• alphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc and Mac literally, not as if
they were all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe:
MacArthur precedes McAllister, and MacNeil precedes
M'Cmihy.
• alphabetize entries with numerals chronologically (e.g.
Macomber, J., II, precedes Macomber, J., III)

15.  Order of several works by the same first author- when ordering
several works by the same first author, give the author's name in the first
and all subsequent references, and use the following rules to arrange the
entries:
 one-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the
earliest first
 one-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same
surname (even if the multiple author work was published earlier)
 references with the same first author and different second or third authors are
arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second
author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on
 references with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of
publication, the earliest first
 references by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the
same order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by title
(excluding A or The).

16.  Order of several works by different first authors with the
same surname
 arrange works by different authors with the same surname
alphabetically by first initial.
 Order of works with group authors or with no authors-
 alphabetize group authors, such as associations or government
agencies, by the first significant word of the name. Full official
names should be used.
 if, and only if, the work is signed "Anonymous" begin the entry with
the word Anonymous spelled out, and alphabetize the entry as if
Anonymous were a true name.
 if there is no author, move the title to the author position, and
alphabetize the entry by the first significant word of the title.
 treat legal references like references with no author; that is,
alphabetize legal references by the first significant item in the entry
(word or abbreviation).

17.  Reference List: Author/Authors
 Single authors- last name first, followed by author initials.
Bagarinao, T. U. (2011). The sea turtles captured by coastal
fisheries in the NorthEastern Sulu Sea, Philippines:
Documentation, care and release. Herpetological
Conservation and Biology, 6(3), 353-363.
 Two Authors- List by their last names and initials. Use the
ampersand instead of "and."
Catacutan, M. R, & Coloso, R. M. (1997). Growth of juvenile
Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer, fed varying carbohydrates
and lipid levels. Aquaculture, 149, 137-144.

18.  Three to Seven Authors- List by last names and initials;
commas separate author names, while the last author name
is preceded again by ampersand.
Bagarinao, T. U., Doyola-Solis, E. F., & Fernando-Teves, J. E. (2010). The
pawikan album: The sea turtles captured around Panay and Guimaras
Islands, Philippines. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Dept.,
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
 More than Seven Authors-List by last names and initials;
commas separate author names. After the sixth author's
name, use an ellipses in place of the author names. Then
provide the final author name. There should be no more
than seven names.
Naylor, R. L., Goldburg, R. J., Primavera, J. H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge,
M. C. M., Clay, J. ... Troell, M. (2000, 29 June). Effect of aquaculture
on world fish supplies. Nature, 405, 1017-1024.

19.  Reference List: Books
• Basic Format for Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also
for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
• Edition Other Than the First
Quinitio, E. T. & Parado-Estepa, F. D. (2008). Biology and
hatchery of mud crabs Scylla spp. (2nd ed.). Tigbauan,
Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center.
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Salayo, N. D. (2010). Milkfish marketing in the Philippines. In I.
C. Liao & E. M. Leaño (Eds.). Milkfish aquaculture in Asia (pp.
105-127). Keelung, Taiwan: National Taiwan University.

20.  Edited Book, No Author
Lio-Po, G. D. & Inui, Y. (Eds). (2010). Health management in
aquaculture. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Dept.,
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
 Edited Book with an Author or Authors
Purcell, S. W. (2010). Managing sea cucumber fisheries with an
ecosystem approach. A. Lovatelli, M. Vasconcellos, & Y. Ye (Eds).
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
 A Translation
Primavera, J. H. & Apud, F. D. (1976). Tulun-an sa pagpabuad sing
lukon. (T. P. Saracho, Tran.). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines:
Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center. (Original work published 1976)
 Multivolume Work
Poppe, G. T. (2008). Philippine marine mollusks (Vols. 1-4).
Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks.

21.  Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
 Basic Form
 authors are named last name followed by initials;
 publication year goes between parentheses,
followed by a period.
 title of the article is in sentence-case
 periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by
the volume number which, with the title, is also
italicized or underlined.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year).Title of article.
Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.

22.  Article in Journal Paginated by Volume- begin with page one in
issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one
ended, etc.
Ayson, F. G. & Takemura, A. (2006). Daily expression patterns for
mRNAs of GH, PRL, SL, IGF-I and IGF-II in juvenile rabbitfish,
Siganus guttatus, during 24-h light and dark cycles. General and
Comparative Endocrinology,149 (3), 261-268.
 Article in Journal Paginated by Issue- begin with page one
every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in
parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number
are not italicized or underlined.
Surtida, A. P. (2000). Realizing green aquaculture. SEAFDEC Asian
Aquaculture, 22(2), 26-27, 34.

23. • Article in Magazine
Eguia, M. R. & Taniguchi, N. (July/August, 2006). DNA markers
help manage Nile tilapia stocks. Global Aquaculture Advocate,
9(4), 48-50 .
• Article in Newspaper- Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp.
precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.
Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp.
B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.
Ayson, F. G. (2012, December 19). Seafdec research advances
‘rabbitfish technology’. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. A12.

24.  Reference List: Other Print Sources
 An Entry in an Encyclopedia
Szumiec, M. A. (2005). Pond aquaculture—modeling and
decision support systems. In Water Encyclopedia (Vol. 3, pp.
375-379). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
 Dissertation Abstract
Sugiura, S. H. (1999). Development of low-pollution feeds for
sustainable aquaculture. Dissertation Abstracts International –
Part B. Science and Engineering,59(10), 5180.

25. • Dissertation Published
Alapide-Tendencia, E. V. (2012). The relation between
farming practices, ecosystem, and white spot syndrome
virus (WSSV) disease outbreaks in Penaeus monodon
farms in the Philippines. (Doctoral dissertation).
Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University.
• Dissertation Unpublished
Santos, M. M. (2011). Genetic characterization of freshwater prawns
(Macrobrachium spp.) in Cairawan River, Laua-an, Antique.
(Unpublished master thesis). University of the Philippines in the
Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo.

26. • Government Document
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development. (2012). Induced
spawning and larval rearing of ayungin (Leiotherapon
plumbeus Kner) (PCAARRD Information Bulletin No.
20/2012). Los Baños, Laguna: Author.
• Conference Proceedings
Acosta, B. O., Coloso, R. M., de Jesus-Ayson, E. G. T., &
Toledo, J. D. (Eds). Proceedings from Sustainable
aquaculture development for food security in
Southeast Asia towards 2020. Tigbauan, Iloilo,
Philippines: Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center.

27. • Organization as Author
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture
Department. (2009). Research and development for
sustainable aquaculture in Southeast Asia: SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department strategic plans 2009-2012.
Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Dept., Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center.
• Unknown Author
The Southeast Asian state of fisheries and aquaculture 2012.
(2012). Bangkok, Thailand: Secretariat, Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center.
OR
Anonymous. (2012). The Southeast Asian state of fisheries and
aquaculture 2012. (2012). Bangkok, Thailand: Secretariat,
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.

28.  Reference List: Electronic Sources (Web
Publications)- online articles follow the same
guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the
online host makes available, including an issue number
in parentheses.
AquaTT. (2011, August). SEAFDEC/AQD Institutional Repository
(SAIR). AquaTT Training News. Retrieved from
http://www.aquatt.ie/index.php/153/137/aquatt-training- news-
august-2011/#O1

29. • Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing Dols-
because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA
recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOl), when it is
available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide
stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their
documents and consist of along alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-
publishers will provide an article's DOl on the first page of the
document.
• Article from an Online Periodical with DOl
assigned
Lebata, M. J. H., Walton, M. E., Biñas, J. B., Primavera, J. H., & Vay,
L. L. (2012). Identifying mangrove areas for fisheries
enhancement; population assessment in a patchy habitat.
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 22(5),
652– 664. doi:10.1002/aqc.2235

30. • Article from an Online Periodical with no DOl
Assigned
Online scholarly journal articles without a DOl require the URL of
the journalhome page. Remember that one goal of citations is to
provide your readers with enough information to find the article;
providing thejournal home page aids readers in this process.
Watanabe, S., Kodama, M., Sumbing, J. G. & Lebata-Ramos, M.
J. H. (2012). Diet-tissue stable isotopic fractionation of tropical
sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra. Japan Agricultural Research
Quarterly, 47(1), 127-134. Retrieved from
http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/english/publication/jarq/47- 1/47-
01-15.pdf

31. Reference List:
Bibliography. (2010). In ODLIS: Online dictionary of library and information
science. Retrieved from http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlisb.aspx
Guidelines for the preparation of a bibliography. (2011). Retrieved from
http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/rusa/resources/guidelines/guidelinespreparation.cfi
n
Johns, J.(Ed.). (2004). Citation guide. Retrieved from
http://www.sourceaid.com/reference/pdf/citation-guide.pdf
Purdue OWL. (2013). APA formatting and style guide. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2009).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.