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References and
Citations
HARVARD STYLE OF REFERENCES
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Objectives
At the end of this lesson you will:
Understand the importance of Citation and Referencing
Understand different formats of citation
Understand how to reference different types of academic sources
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
The Importance of Citation and Referencing
While writing your assignment, you will come across many academic sources that will help you to
develop your argument and logic.
The academic sources (such as books and journals) serve as evidence to support your claims.
Therefore, it is important to cite and reference the sources you used in your writing for several
reasons:
To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas.
To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors.
To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in your paper
by way of a bibliography or reference list.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Citation and References
Citation is to mention the Surname name(s) of the author(s) of the material
in the text and the year, which the material was publish in the body of
your work (in-text).
Reference list is a list of all materials you used for producing your work
and is placed at the bottom of your work. Reference contains full
information of the author(s), the date, the title of the material, the
publication and others.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Citing in the Text
Citing – a means of
referring, within your text,
to the sources from which
you have obtained
information.
You cite by mentioning the
author(s) and year of
publication in the text at
the point where you refer
to a particular
document/information.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Different Formats of Citations
One author:
Jackson (2018)
(Jackson, 2018)
Two authors:
Jackson and John (2018)
(Jackson and John, 2018)
More than two authors:
Jackson et al. (2018)
(Jackson et al., 2018)
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Citing in the Text
Examples for citing one author:
1. Rowley (2018) ascertain that the ethos of the student environment does have an
impact on student achievement.
2. It is reported that the ethos of the student environment does have an impact on
student achievement (Rowley, 2018)
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Citing in the Text Continues
Examples for citing two authors:
1. Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being
published is increasing (Errami & Garner, 2008).
2. The recent research of Errami and Garner (2008) indicates that the number
of duplicate papers being published is increasing.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Citing in The Text Continues
Example for citing more than two authors:
1. Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as practical
laboratory experience enhances the learning process (Barros et al., 2008).
2. Barros et al. (2018) shows evidence that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well
as practical laboratory experience enhances the learning process
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Citing Quotations
It is essential to acknowledge the source of all quotations.
If you record a particular quotation, then you also need to identify the page numbers.
These appear within the brackets after the date. Use p. for page and pp. for pages.
Brief quotations should be set in single inverted commas
E.g. ‘These testing times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things
to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition’ (Jones, 1995 pp. 122-123)
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing
How to Reference Books
Include the following details in this order:
1. Author(s) Surname and Initial(s) of the first name(s),
2. Year of publication in brackets. This is always the year of the edition. Ignore any reprint
dates. If in doubt use the ‘copyright’ year.
3. Title and sub-title (if any) separated by a colon
4. Edition if not the first E.g. ed.
5. Place of publication, if known.
6. Publisher
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Examples of referencing Books
1. Berry, R. (2000) The Research Project: how to write it. 4th ed. London:
Routledge
2. Berry, R. and Mark, L. (2000) The Research Project: how to write it. 4th ed.
London: Routledge
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Journal Articles
When referencing journals, you need to include the following information in this order:
1. Author(s) Surname and Initial(s) of the first name(s),
2. Year of publication in brackets.
3. Title of the article.
4. Title of the journal,
5. Volume and part number, month or season of the year for a journal
6. Page number(s) of article.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Examples for referencing journal articles:
1. Hamlyn, P. (1994) Textile resources on the Internet, Textiles, vol. 24 (4) pp. 6-11
1. Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) Developing SME managers under fire:
negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine, Journal of Management
Development, 23 (5), pp. 479-495,
2. In the case of more than two authors, you will need to list all the authors following the
above structure and include other elements as the above
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Website:
Include the following details in this order:
1. The Surname(s) and Initial(s) of the author(s) of the article or the name of the
website/organisation that owns the website
2. Year of publication of (in round brackets) or the date the website was last updated
3. Title of the article
4. Online (in square brackets)
5. Available at: URL
6. Accessed date (in square parentheses [])
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Example for referencing a website:
Shea, D. & Holzschlag, M. E. (2005) The zen of CSS design: visual enlightenment for the
web, [Online]. Available at:
http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/0321303474/ch01lev2sec4 [Accessed: 18
April 2007].
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
E-book
Include the following details in this order:
1. Author(s) Surname and Initial(s) of the first name(s).
2. Year of publication
3. Title of the e-book
4. Edition of the e-book.
5. eBook [in square brackets]
6. Place/city of publication
7. Publisher
8. Available at: URL
9. Accessed Date Accessed [in square brackets]
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Example for referencing E-book
Black, C. (2014) Case Management Background and Context. 2nd ed. [eBook] Available
at:
http://www.vincentcare.org.au/home/search_results/?f_product_line_search=all&orderb
y=rank&rpp=10&rst=All&str=case+management&type=and&xcid=1351 [Accessed 29
Sep. 2014].
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Newspapers:
Include the following details in this order:
1. Author(s) of the article.
2. Year of publication in brackets.
3. Title of the article.
4. Title of the newspaper,
5. Date of publication of the newspaper.
6. Page number(s) of article.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Example for newspaper articles:
Baty, P. (1998) Learners are born, says report. Times Higher Education Supplement, 16th
January, p.5.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
YouTube Video
As with other sources, YouTube videos cited in your work should be added to a reference
list at the end of your document following the format below:
1. Username of the person/organisation that posted the video
2. Year the video was posted (in round brackets)
3. Title of video
4. Series title (only if the video is from a series)
5. Online video (in square parentheses [])
6. Available at: URL
7. Accessed: date (in square parentheses [])
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Example for YouTube video reference:
Madjarov42 (2017) Jordan Peterson: Entrepreneurship, Creativity and the Pareto
Distribution. [Online video] Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGax4DsAadk [Accessed 12/11/2018]
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Conference Paper
Include the following details in this order:
1. Author of the paper.
2. Year of publication (in round brackets).
3. Title of paper (in single quotation marks).
4. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics).
5. Location and date of conference.
6. Place of publication: publisher.
7. Page references for the paper.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Referencing Continues
Example for referencing a conference paper
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference.
University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses.
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
Reference List
List Alphabetically
• All your references should be included at the end of your work in alphabetical order by
surname.
• Students are expected to use this method of referencing for ALL of their work so it is
important that you get this right.
Talent &
Skills HuB
T&S-HuB is an enabling environment that supports people
in the development of their talents and skills and in the
actualisation of their personal passions and ambitions.
We help learners and individuals sharpen and exhibit their
talents and skills while exploring relevant and life
changing opportunities that suit their passions.
You can be supported by our instructors, counsellors, and
mentors on employability skills and other personal and
professional development.
Book an appointment for one-to-one or group tutoring
through our website; ts-hub.com
You can also contact us via email: contactus@ts-hub.com
Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB

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Understanding References and Citations

  • 1. References and Citations HARVARD STYLE OF REFERENCES Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 2. Objectives At the end of this lesson you will: Understand the importance of Citation and Referencing Understand different formats of citation Understand how to reference different types of academic sources Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 3. The Importance of Citation and Referencing While writing your assignment, you will come across many academic sources that will help you to develop your argument and logic. The academic sources (such as books and journals) serve as evidence to support your claims. Therefore, it is important to cite and reference the sources you used in your writing for several reasons: To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas. To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors. To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in your paper by way of a bibliography or reference list. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 4. Citation and References Citation is to mention the Surname name(s) of the author(s) of the material in the text and the year, which the material was publish in the body of your work (in-text). Reference list is a list of all materials you used for producing your work and is placed at the bottom of your work. Reference contains full information of the author(s), the date, the title of the material, the publication and others. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 5. Citing in the Text Citing – a means of referring, within your text, to the sources from which you have obtained information. You cite by mentioning the author(s) and year of publication in the text at the point where you refer to a particular document/information. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 6. Different Formats of Citations One author: Jackson (2018) (Jackson, 2018) Two authors: Jackson and John (2018) (Jackson and John, 2018) More than two authors: Jackson et al. (2018) (Jackson et al., 2018) Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 7. Citing in the Text Examples for citing one author: 1. Rowley (2018) ascertain that the ethos of the student environment does have an impact on student achievement. 2. It is reported that the ethos of the student environment does have an impact on student achievement (Rowley, 2018) Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 8. Citing in the Text Continues Examples for citing two authors: 1. Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing (Errami & Garner, 2008). 2. The recent research of Errami and Garner (2008) indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 9. Citing in The Text Continues Example for citing more than two authors: 1. Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as practical laboratory experience enhances the learning process (Barros et al., 2008). 2. Barros et al. (2018) shows evidence that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as practical laboratory experience enhances the learning process Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 10. Citing Quotations It is essential to acknowledge the source of all quotations. If you record a particular quotation, then you also need to identify the page numbers. These appear within the brackets after the date. Use p. for page and pp. for pages. Brief quotations should be set in single inverted commas E.g. ‘These testing times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition’ (Jones, 1995 pp. 122-123) Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 11. Referencing How to Reference Books Include the following details in this order: 1. Author(s) Surname and Initial(s) of the first name(s), 2. Year of publication in brackets. This is always the year of the edition. Ignore any reprint dates. If in doubt use the ‘copyright’ year. 3. Title and sub-title (if any) separated by a colon 4. Edition if not the first E.g. ed. 5. Place of publication, if known. 6. Publisher Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 12. Referencing Continues Examples of referencing Books 1. Berry, R. (2000) The Research Project: how to write it. 4th ed. London: Routledge 2. Berry, R. and Mark, L. (2000) The Research Project: how to write it. 4th ed. London: Routledge Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 13. Referencing Continues Journal Articles When referencing journals, you need to include the following information in this order: 1. Author(s) Surname and Initial(s) of the first name(s), 2. Year of publication in brackets. 3. Title of the article. 4. Title of the journal, 5. Volume and part number, month or season of the year for a journal 6. Page number(s) of article. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 14. Referencing Continues Examples for referencing journal articles: 1. Hamlyn, P. (1994) Textile resources on the Internet, Textiles, vol. 24 (4) pp. 6-11 1. Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine, Journal of Management Development, 23 (5), pp. 479-495, 2. In the case of more than two authors, you will need to list all the authors following the above structure and include other elements as the above Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 15. Referencing Continues Website: Include the following details in this order: 1. The Surname(s) and Initial(s) of the author(s) of the article or the name of the website/organisation that owns the website 2. Year of publication of (in round brackets) or the date the website was last updated 3. Title of the article 4. Online (in square brackets) 5. Available at: URL 6. Accessed date (in square parentheses []) Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 16. Referencing Continues Example for referencing a website: Shea, D. & Holzschlag, M. E. (2005) The zen of CSS design: visual enlightenment for the web, [Online]. Available at: http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/0321303474/ch01lev2sec4 [Accessed: 18 April 2007]. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 17. Referencing Continues E-book Include the following details in this order: 1. Author(s) Surname and Initial(s) of the first name(s). 2. Year of publication 3. Title of the e-book 4. Edition of the e-book. 5. eBook [in square brackets] 6. Place/city of publication 7. Publisher 8. Available at: URL 9. Accessed Date Accessed [in square brackets] Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 18. Referencing Continues Example for referencing E-book Black, C. (2014) Case Management Background and Context. 2nd ed. [eBook] Available at: http://www.vincentcare.org.au/home/search_results/?f_product_line_search=all&orderb y=rank&rpp=10&rst=All&str=case+management&type=and&xcid=1351 [Accessed 29 Sep. 2014]. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 19. Referencing Continues Newspapers: Include the following details in this order: 1. Author(s) of the article. 2. Year of publication in brackets. 3. Title of the article. 4. Title of the newspaper, 5. Date of publication of the newspaper. 6. Page number(s) of article. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 20. Referencing Continues Example for newspaper articles: Baty, P. (1998) Learners are born, says report. Times Higher Education Supplement, 16th January, p.5. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 21. Referencing Continues YouTube Video As with other sources, YouTube videos cited in your work should be added to a reference list at the end of your document following the format below: 1. Username of the person/organisation that posted the video 2. Year the video was posted (in round brackets) 3. Title of video 4. Series title (only if the video is from a series) 5. Online video (in square parentheses []) 6. Available at: URL 7. Accessed: date (in square parentheses []) Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 22. Referencing Continues Example for YouTube video reference: Madjarov42 (2017) Jordan Peterson: Entrepreneurship, Creativity and the Pareto Distribution. [Online video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGax4DsAadk [Accessed 12/11/2018] Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 23. Referencing Continues Conference Paper Include the following details in this order: 1. Author of the paper. 2. Year of publication (in round brackets). 3. Title of paper (in single quotation marks). 4. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics). 5. Location and date of conference. 6. Place of publication: publisher. 7. Page references for the paper. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 24. Referencing Continues Example for referencing a conference paper Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB
  • 25. Reference List List Alphabetically • All your references should be included at the end of your work in alphabetical order by surname. • Students are expected to use this method of referencing for ALL of their work so it is important that you get this right.
  • 26. Talent & Skills HuB T&S-HuB is an enabling environment that supports people in the development of their talents and skills and in the actualisation of their personal passions and ambitions. We help learners and individuals sharpen and exhibit their talents and skills while exploring relevant and life changing opportunities that suit their passions. You can be supported by our instructors, counsellors, and mentors on employability skills and other personal and professional development. Book an appointment for one-to-one or group tutoring through our website; ts-hub.com You can also contact us via email: contactus@ts-hub.com Copyright © 2021 Talent & Skills HuB