How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
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The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways: 1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. 2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion. 3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
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Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Bile juice
Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver , it is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. .
The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile.
Physical properties;
Hepatic bile: pH 7.4, colour is golden yellow ,
Bladder bile: pH 6.8, color is green dark to yellow (darker)
Volume of bile produced reaches to one liter of bile per day (depending on body size).
Properties of gastric juice, composition of gastric juice and functions of ga...
This document contains summaries from three student seminar presentations on the topic of gastric juice:
1. Anuj Prabhank Mishra's presentation discussed the properties and composition of gastric juice, including its volume, acidic pH due to hydrochloric acid, and specific gravity.
2. Ashish Mali's presentation covered the composition of gastric juice, which is 99.5% water and 0.5% organic and inorganic solids.
3. Mahir Khan's presentation addressed the functions of gastric juice, including digestive functions of enzymes like pepsin and gastric lipase, its protective role through mucus secretion, and hemopoietic functions of intrinsic factor.
Digestive system ppt
The digestive system breaks food down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It involves five phases: ingestion, movement, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown through chewing, tearing, and grinding. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The main organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also play important roles in digestion.
gastric juice
About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by the stomach and consists of water, minerals, mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and inactive enzyme precursors. The gastric juice helps further liquefy food, acidifies the food to stop salivary amylase, kills microbes, and provides an environment for pepsins to break down proteins. Secretion reaches its maximum about an hour after eating and declines to fasting levels around 4 hours later, occurring in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The functions of the stomach include temporary storage, chemical and mechanical digestion, limited absorption, defense against microbes, and regulating passage to the small intestine.
Digestion & absorption
- Digestion breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken into monosaccharides, proteins into dipeptides/tripeptides/amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
- Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine through active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Nutrients pass from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes and cross the basolateral membrane into blood. The villi and microvilli increase absorptive surface area.
- Unabsorbed materials pass to the large intestine where further water and electrolyte absorption occurs before elimination as feces
Excretion
Excretion is the removal of waste products from an organism. These waste products include the byproducts of metabolism like urea and ammonia, as well as toxic materials and substances in excess. Egestion refers specifically to the passing out of undigested food through the anus, whereas excretion removes metabolic waste products. In mammals, excess protein is broken down into urea in the liver through a process called deamination and then transported to the kidneys for excretion in urine. The liver plays an important role in metabolizing nutrients and filtering waste from the bloodstream.
Digestive System Ppt
The document summarizes the key components and processes of the human digestive system. It describes how the digestive system breaks down the three main macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) through both physical and chemical digestion using mechanical and enzymatic actions. Various organs and glands secrete enzymes and acids that break down nutrients into smaller components as food moves through the alimentary canal, culminating in the absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste.
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Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Bile juice
Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver , it is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. .
The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile.
Physical properties;
Hepatic bile: pH 7.4, colour is golden yellow ,
Bladder bile: pH 6.8, color is green dark to yellow (darker)
Volume of bile produced reaches to one liter of bile per day (depending on body size).
Properties of gastric juice, composition of gastric juice and functions of ga...
This document contains summaries from three student seminar presentations on the topic of gastric juice:
1. Anuj Prabhank Mishra's presentation discussed the properties and composition of gastric juice, including its volume, acidic pH due to hydrochloric acid, and specific gravity.
2. Ashish Mali's presentation covered the composition of gastric juice, which is 99.5% water and 0.5% organic and inorganic solids.
3. Mahir Khan's presentation addressed the functions of gastric juice, including digestive functions of enzymes like pepsin and gastric lipase, its protective role through mucus secretion, and hemopoietic functions of intrinsic factor.
Digestive system ppt
The digestive system breaks food down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It involves five phases: ingestion, movement, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown through chewing, tearing, and grinding. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The main organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also play important roles in digestion.
gastric juice
About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by the stomach and consists of water, minerals, mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and inactive enzyme precursors. The gastric juice helps further liquefy food, acidifies the food to stop salivary amylase, kills microbes, and provides an environment for pepsins to break down proteins. Secretion reaches its maximum about an hour after eating and declines to fasting levels around 4 hours later, occurring in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The functions of the stomach include temporary storage, chemical and mechanical digestion, limited absorption, defense against microbes, and regulating passage to the small intestine.
Digestion & absorption
- Digestion breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken into monosaccharides, proteins into dipeptides/tripeptides/amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
- Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine through active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Nutrients pass from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes and cross the basolateral membrane into blood. The villi and microvilli increase absorptive surface area.
- Unabsorbed materials pass to the large intestine where further water and electrolyte absorption occurs before elimination as feces
Excretion
Excretion is the removal of waste products from an organism. These waste products include the byproducts of metabolism like urea and ammonia, as well as toxic materials and substances in excess. Egestion refers specifically to the passing out of undigested food through the anus, whereas excretion removes metabolic waste products. In mammals, excess protein is broken down into urea in the liver through a process called deamination and then transported to the kidneys for excretion in urine. The liver plays an important role in metabolizing nutrients and filtering waste from the bloodstream.
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Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. The human digestive system consists of the digestive tract and several organs that help break down food. As food moves through the mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines, it is broken into smaller pieces and has nutrients extracted. Enzymes produced by glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas help break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats into molecules small enough to be absorbed and used by cells throughout the body.
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Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
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4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
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The digestive system functions to ingest, mechanically and chemically break down, propel, absorb, and eliminate food and waste. It consists of the alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder). The alimentary canal breaks food into smaller particles through mechanical and chemical digestion to absorb nutrients, while accessory organs produce enzymes and chemicals to aid digestion. The liver plays a key role by producing bile, storing nutrients, and removing toxins from the bloodstream.
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The document describes the processes of digestion, absorption, and metabolism. It defines digestion as the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed. Digestion occurs through mechanical and chemical processes in the digestive system, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The small intestine and accessory organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder play key roles in chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients. Absorption is when nutrients in their simplest forms pass into the bloodstream. Metabolism is when absorbed nutrients are transformed into energy within cells.
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Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. The human digestive system consists of the digestive tract and several organs that help break down food. As food moves through the mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines, it is broken into smaller pieces and has nutrients extracted. Enzymes produced by glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas help break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats into molecules small enough to be absorbed and used by cells throughout the body.
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Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Nutrition
Nutrition involves the processes by which organisms take in and utilize elements to support growth, repair, and maintenance. Plants require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and potassium for synthesizing organic molecules. Deficiencies of these elements can cause diseases with clear symptoms, such as stunted growth from nitrogen or phosphorus deficiency, or yellowing leaf margins from potassium deficiency.
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Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
Why is digestion necessary
Digestion is necessary to break down food molecules like proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. In the stomach, food is churned by muscles and mixed with gastric juices containing acid and enzymes. The acid and enzyme pepsin break down proteins into peptides and polypeptides, while carbs continue to be broken into simpler sugars. The resulting semi-liquid mass of food particles and gastric juices is called chyme.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
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The document summarizes the key stages in mammalian digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It describes the roles of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, and large intestine. It explains that food is broken down mechanically and chemically by enzymes. Carbohydrates are broken into sugars, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells to be used or stored. Excess amino acids are broken down by the liver into urea to be removed from the body.
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The chemistry of digestion is simple because, in the case of all three major types of food (carbohydrates, proteins and fats), the same basic process of hydrolysis is involved. The only difference lies in the types of enzymes required to promote the hydrolysis reactions for each type of food.
Digestive system
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. ... The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
digestive system.pptx
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The mouth chews food, the stomach acids break it down and the small intestine further breaks it down and absorbs nutrients using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The large intestine absorbs water and passes waste to the rectum to be eliminated. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder produce enzymes and bile to aid digestion.
Digestion, absorption and transport of food
General Idea about absorption and digestion of various food nutrients. overview of digestion and absorption
Digestive system physiology.pptx
The document describes the main organs and functions of the human digestive system. It begins with an overview of the gastrointestinal tract and lists the major organs as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It then provides more detail on the roles and structures of each organ, including how they contribute to ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination. The key functions of digestion include mechanical and chemical breakdown of food as well as nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
associated organs in mammalian digestive system
complete assignment on the topic of associated organs in mammalian digestive system
GIT. Nursing.pptx mniu nkjiuss nanc kaska
The digestive system is divided into the alimentary tube and accessory organs. The alimentary tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes produced in various organs help break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. As we age, the digestive system becomes less effective at digestion and absorption of nutrients.
LIPIDS-Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptx
The digestion of lipids begins in the oral cavity through exposure to lingual lipases, which are secreted by glands in the tongue to begin the process of digesting triglycerides.
Mammalian Digestive system-1.pptx
The document discusses the digestive system of mammals. It describes the organs of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It explains their functions and enzymes involved in digesting food. Accessory organs like liver, pancreas and gallbladder are also discussed. Feeding mechanisms like teeth and tongue are described along with their roles in ingestion and digestion. Herbivorous and carnivorous mammals are compared in terms of their digestive features suited to their diets.
HUMAN NUTRITION.pptx IGCSE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM & DIGESTIVE GLANDS
A balanced diet consists of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water consumed in proper proportions. Scurvy results from a severe lack of vitamin C over 3 months and was common in sailors, causing bleeding gums and limb pain. Rickets, caused by vitamin D deficiency, leads to poor bone development and deformities in children. The digestive system breaks food down through mechanical and chemical digestion before nutrients are absorbed and waste is excreted. Mechanical digestion involves chewing and stomach churning, while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break molecules into absorbable components.
The Human Digestive Organs and its function making it a System.pptx
This is a comprehensive powerpoit presentation on the parts and functions of digestive system.Human digestive system, system used in the human body for the process of digestion. The human digestive system consists primarily of the digestive tract, or the series of structures and organs through which food and liquids pass during their processing into forms that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The system also consists of the structures through which wastes pass in the process of elimination and of organs that contribute juices necessary for the digestive process.
In order to function properly, the human body requires nutrients. Some such nutrients serve as raw materials for the synthesis of cellular materials, while others help regulate chemical reactions or, upon oxidation, yield energy. Many nutrients, however, are in a form that is unsuitable for immediate use by the body; to be useful, they must undergo physical and chemical changes, which are facilitated by digestion.
Accessory organs & glands
Both the liver and the pancreas are considered digestive helpers.
Other than their roles in digestion, they also have other functions.
Accessory digestive organ: An organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract. The accessory digestive organs are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
Digestion and absorption.pptx
The document summarizes digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It discusses:
- Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth by amylase and continues in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and intestinal enzymes, breaking starches down into monosaccharides like glucose that are then absorbed.
- Protein digestion occurs through proteases in the stomach and pancreas that break proteins into peptides and amino acids, which are then absorbed actively or through secondary transport.
- Lipid digestion requires emulsification by bile and lipolysis by pancreatic lipase to break triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed via micelles. Conditions like lactose intolerance and malabsorption syndrome can
Digestion absorptiondigestive secretions
Digestion and absorption, digestive secretions, their characteristic features: Digestion is the breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross the cellular barrier of the gastrointestinal (GI) system and be carried around the body in the circulation.
This occurs by both mechanical and chemical processes that begin in the mouth and generally end in the small intestine, where 90% of absorption takes place.
The other 10% takes place in the stomach and large intestine and often involves the help of the gut microbiota.
A small amount of absorption is also thought to take place in the mouth.
Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and continues with segmental muscle contractions in the stomach and intestines.
Chemical digestion is primarily mediated by enzymes present in the secretions of the salivary glands, stomach and pancreas, and on the epithelial lining of the small intestine
Mechanical digestion is physical process in which food is broken into smaller pieces without chemically.
It begins with our first bite of food and continues as we chew food with our teeth into smaller pieces.
The process of mechanical digestion continues in the stomach. This muscular organ churns and mixes the food it contains, an action that breaks any solid food into still smaller pieces.
Chemical digestion is the biochemical process in which macromolecules in food are changed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into body fluids and transported to cells throughout the body.
Substances in food that must be chemically digested include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates must be broken down into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, and nucleic acids into nitrogen bases and sugars.
Some chemical digestion takes place in the mouth and stomach, but most of it occurs in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Chemical digestion could not occur without the help of many different digestive enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up biochemical reactions.
Digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine glands or by the mucosal layer of the epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract.
In the mouth, digestive enzymes are secreted by salivary glands.
The lining of the stomach secretes enzymes, as does the lining of the small intestine.
Many more digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine cells in the pancreas and carried by ducts to the small intestine
About 80 percent of digestible carbohydrates in a typical Western diet are in the form of the plant polysaccharide amylose, which consists mainly of long chains of glucose and is one of two major components of starch.
Additional dietary carbohydrates include the animal polysaccharide glycogen, along with some sugars, which are mainly disaccharides.
To chemically digest amylose and glycogen, the enzyme amylase is required. The chemical digestion of these polysaccharides begins in the mou
digestive system of Poultry
The document summarizes the digestive system of poultry. It describes the different parts of the digestive tract including the mouth, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, and cloaca. It also discusses accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas that secrete enzymes to aid digestion. The digestive system breaks down feed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
THE DIGESTIVE ENZYME - BSN1N - GROUP 6.pptx
The document discusses the human digestive system and digestive enzymes. It describes the stages of digestion beginning in the mouth where amylase breaks down carbohydrates. Proteins are broken down in the stomach by pepsin and in the small intestine by trypsin, lipases break down fats with the help of bile which emulsifies lipids. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine through the villi and remaining waste is eliminated in the large intestine and rectum. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Similar to How do saliva, pancreas and liver help (20)
HUMAN NUTRITION.pptx IGCSE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM & DIGESTIVE GLANDS
HUMAN NUTRITION.pptx IGCSE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM & DIGESTIVE GLANDS
The Human Digestive Organs and its function making it a System.pptx
The Human Digestive Organs and its function making it a System.pptx
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Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and a tube-like structure running through the body to process and transport food, utilizing different organs like the liver along the way. In contrast, a digestive cavity only has a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus, using a pouch-like structure to ingest and eliminate food without complex processing or nutrient extraction abilities.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to fully digest nutrients.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1. Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important processes like cell walls, enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and opening/closing stomata.
2. Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and get nitrogen from insects.
3. Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4. Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs in the gastrovascular cavity.
5. Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to efficiently digest food.
How to avoid food poisoning
To avoid food poisoning, follow general food safety recommendations like washing produce, cooking foods thoroughly, and refrigerating foods promptly. Additional recommendations for pregnant women and those with weak immune systems include avoiding raw milk, soft cheeses, and deli meats unless reheated. Proper hygiene and food handling can help prevent the spread of infection from food poisoning.
Functions of human liver
The human liver has many essential functions:
- It detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs and nutrients. The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.
- The liver produces bile which aids in fat digestion, as well as proteins involved in blood clotting. It also stores vitamins and minerals.
- Being responsible for these critical functions, the liver is essential for survival, as its functions cannot be compensated for in the long term if liver function is lost.
Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
Herbivores have longer digestive tracts than carnivores to break down plant material. Their teeth are flat for grinding plants, saliva contains enzymes to digest carbs, and stomachs are smaller as they process less food. In contrast, carnivores have shorter tracts to quickly absorb meat nutrients. They have sharp teeth for tearing flesh, lack digestive enzymes in saliva, and enlarged stomachs occupying most of the tract. Their liver also eliminates more uric acid from their meat-based diet.
What specialised feature of small intestine account for
The specialized features of the small intestine that enable efficient absorption of digested food include villi and microvilli. The villi are finger-like projections lining the ileum that are richly supplied with blood capillaries and lacteals. The microvilli further increase the absorptive surface area. Sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream or lacteals by diffusion or active transport. Fats are recombined into lipoproteins within the villi and transported to the bloodstream.
How is gastric juice production regulated
Gastric juice production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system and hormone gastrin stimulate parietal cells to produce gastric acid, acting directly on the cells and indirectly by stimulating the secretion of histamine from ECL cells. Gastric acid production is tightly regulated by positive regulators like histamine release and negative feedback mechanisms. Four cell types are involved: parietal cells, G cells that secrete gastrin, D cells that secrete somatostatin, and ECL cells.
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach
The document describes the digestive system of a cockroach. It has a tubular digestive system divided into three parts - the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut includes the mouth, pharynx, crop, and gizzard. Salivary glands in the thorax secrete saliva into the mouth. The midgut is a short, narrow tube called the mesenteron stomach where hepatic caecae secrete enzymes. The hindgut is a long, coiled tube where the rectum temporarily stores indigestible waste before it is expelled through the anus. This tubular system allows for more specialized and efficient digestion compared to a sac-like system
What are heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming organic carbon compounds from other sources. They obtain energy by breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and other organic molecules through cellular respiration. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many bacteria and protists.
How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways:
1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion.
3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
What are heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming organic carbon compounds from other sources. They obtain energy by breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and other organic molecules through cellular respiration. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many bacteria and protists.
What is holozoic nutrition
Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation of liquid or solid organic material by single-celled organisms like amoeba. It follows 5 steps - ingestion through a mouth-like opening, digestion of food particles within a food vacuole using lysosomal enzymes, absorption of digested materials through fine canals, assimilation of nutrients into the cell, and egestion of undigested waste. Amoeba proteus exhibits intracellular digestion, engulfing food through pseudopodia and breaking it down within a food vacuole before absorbing usable materials.
What is holozoic nutrition
Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation of liquid or solid organic material by single-celled organisms like amoeba. It follows 5 steps - ingestion through a mouth-like opening, digestion of food particles within a food vacuole using lysosomal enzymes, absorption of digested materials through fine canals, assimilation of nutrients into the cell, and egestion of undigested waste. Amoeba proteus exhibits intracellular digestion, engulfing food through pseudopodia and breaking it down within a food vacuole.
Saprophytic and parasitic modes of life
Saprophytic organisms feed on decaying organic matter in the environment, obtaining nutrients without harming other organisms. Parasitic organisms feed by living in or on a host organism, belonging to a different species, and obtaining nutrients at the host's expense. Examples of saprophytes include bacteria, fungi, and yeasts that feed on decaying vegetation. Examples of parasites include the fungi Puccinia and the plant dodder, which attaches to and derives nutrients from host plants through specialized structures.
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How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
- 1. How do saliva, pancreas and liver help in the digestion of food in man. Draw a diagram of digestive system to show the position of pancreas and liver.
- 2. Saliva • Saliva is produced by glands. • These are called salivary glands • There are of 3 kinds and are in 3 pairs
- 3. Sublingual gland • They are found below the tongue
- 4. Ingredients in saliva • 1/ water and mucous • 2/ NaHCO3 and salts • 3/amylase (ptyalin) which digests CHO
- 5. 1/ water and mucous • Together they form slimy liquid which moistens and lubricates the food. • This is how food can be chewed efficiently and can pass down food pipe easily.
- 7. 2/ NaHCO3 and salts • They are slightly antiseptic but theirmain function is to stabilize pH of food.
- 8. 3/amylase (ptyalin) which digests CHO • It digests starch and glycogen to maltose.
- 9. pancreas • It is a large gland. • Its exocrine tissue secretes a juice.
- 11. Glands • Glands in the human body are classified as exocrine or endocrine. The secretions of exocrine glands are released through ducts onto an organ's surface, while those of endocrine glands are released directly into the blood. •
- 12. Pancreatic enzymes and other ingredients • Amylase • Lipase • Trypsin other ingredients NaHCO3
- 13. • Pancreatic juice flows from pancreatic duct into duodenum. • Enzymes in pancreatic juice digest CHO,f ats and proteins.
- 14. Amylase • Also called amylopsin . • It digests starch in to maltose.
- 15. starch • It is the most common carbohydrate in the human diet and is contained in large amounts in such staple foods as potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice.
- 16. Lipase • It digests fat. • It hydrolyses a small percentage of fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
- 17. Glycerol • It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides. Glycerol is sweet-tasting and of low toxicity.
- 18. Trypsin • IT is secreted as inactive form called trypsinogen. • It is activated by enterokinase. • IT splits proteins in to peptones and polypeptides.
- 19. Enterokinase. • Is secreted by lining of duodenum
- 20. NaHCO3 • It partly neutralizes chyme coming from stomach. • It is necessary because enzymes of pancreas do not work well in acid conditions.
- 21. Liver • It secretes bile. • Bile is temporarily stored in gallbladder. • Bile is released in to duodenum through bile duct. • Bile is green in colour and is a watery fluid. • It has no enzymes. • Bile’s green colour is due to bile pigments. • Bile also has bile salts.
- 23. How are bile pigments formed • They are formed by breakdown of Haemoglobin in the liver. • If bile pigments cant leave digestive tract they get accumulated in blood and cause jaundice. Gallstones can stop bile pigments from leaving the digestive tract / block release of bile.
- 24. Bile salts • They act on fats and emulsify them. • Emulsification means break them up in to small globules which are then easily digested by lipase.
- 25. Gallstones • When cholesterol precipitates in gall bladder , it forms gall stones. • Cholesterol is produced by liver.
- 26. Functions of liver • Liver converts toxic (dangerous to human health)substances to less toxic compounds. • Ammonia is converted to urea. • Urea leaves body through kidneys.
Editor's Notes
- Fresh saliva is alkaline with pH 8.
- This light pick structure no 3 is sublingual gland2: sub mandibular3:parotid