What are heterotrophs
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Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming organic carbon compounds from other sources. They obtain energy by breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and other organic molecules through cellular respiration. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many bacteria and protists.
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Autotroph & heterotroph bacteria
The document discusses two types of bacteria: autotroph and heterotroph bacteria. Autotroph bacteria can produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules using light or chemical energy. They include photoautotrophs, which use light energy, and chemoautotrophs, which use chemical energy. Heterotroph bacteria require organic substrates for energy and are divided into parasites, saprophytes, pathogens, and non-pathogens. Common examples of different bacteria types are provided.
Heterotroph Isolation Presentaion
Seven heterotrophic contaminants were isolated from three nitrifying bioreactors. The contaminants were identified via PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal subunit. From a Nitrobacter hamburgensis bioreactor that crashed, two contaminants were isolated and identified as Gordonia terrae and Microbacterium oxydans. From a stable N. hamburgensis bioreactor, one contaminant was isolated and identified as Bacillus horikoshii. From a Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi consortium bioreactor, four contaminants were isolated - Shinella zoogloeoides, Flavobacterium lindanitol
N- CYCLE
The nitrogen cycle involves the conversion of nitrogen between its various chemical forms through both biological and physical processes. Nitrogen enters the soil through the decomposition of organic matter by microbes, and is then converted to nitrates which can be absorbed by plant roots. Plants incorporate nitrates into proteins. Herbivores obtain nitrogen by eating plants, and carnivores by eating herbivores. Microbes in the soil also convert nitrogen back into gaseous forms through nitrification and denitrification, returning it to the atmosphere to be re-used by organisms. Human activities like industrial nitrogen fixation, fossil fuel combustion, and fertilizer use have significantly impacted global nitrogen flows.
Bacterial nitrogen cycling
The document summarizes three papers about bacteria involved in nitrogen cycling. Hagopian & Riley (1998) looked at the bacteria responsible for nitrification, including ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Ruiz et al. (2003) studied conditions for high nitrite accumulation during wastewater treatment. They found up to 98% ammonia conversion and 65% nitrite accumulation at low dissolved oxygen levels. Fdz-Polanco et al. (2000) examined spatial distributions of heterotrophs and nitrifiers in a submerged biofilter, finding microbial segregation depending on organic carbon concentrations entering the filter.
Types Of Nutrients
This document discusses the main types of nutrients important for health: proteins help build and repair cells and are found in meat and eggs; carbohydrates provide the main energy source and are in grains and potatoes; fats include saturated fats from dairy and meat and unsaturated fats from fish and plants; vitamins control chemical processes and include vitamins D for calcium absorption and C for immunity; minerals are involved in many body activities like iron for blood and muscle; and water regulates temperature, eliminates waste, and helps cells function with the recommendation of at least 8 glasses daily.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 - NUTRITION PART 1
1. A balanced diet consists of water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, mineral salts, vitamins, and dietary fiber. Each nutrient has specific functions and sources.
2. Carbohydrates provide energy and are stored as glycogen or starch. Lipids also provide energy and are stored as fat. Proteins are needed for growth, repair, and making enzymes and antibodies.
3. Mineral salts like calcium, iron, and phosphorus help cells function properly and are obtained from foods like milk, meat, and grains. Vitamins aid chemical reactions in the body and are obtained from various food sources.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist in three basic shapes - rods (called bacilli), spheres (called cocci), or spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and consume nutrients in various ways. Bacteria are classified based on several factors including their shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, environment, and cell wall composition. Some key groups of bacteria include phototrophic bacteria, gliding bacteria, sheathed bacteria, and spirochetes.
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Autotroph & heterotroph bacteria
The document discusses two types of bacteria: autotroph and heterotroph bacteria. Autotroph bacteria can produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules using light or chemical energy. They include photoautotrophs, which use light energy, and chemoautotrophs, which use chemical energy. Heterotroph bacteria require organic substrates for energy and are divided into parasites, saprophytes, pathogens, and non-pathogens. Common examples of different bacteria types are provided.
Heterotroph Isolation Presentaion
Seven heterotrophic contaminants were isolated from three nitrifying bioreactors. The contaminants were identified via PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal subunit. From a Nitrobacter hamburgensis bioreactor that crashed, two contaminants were isolated and identified as Gordonia terrae and Microbacterium oxydans. From a stable N. hamburgensis bioreactor, one contaminant was isolated and identified as Bacillus horikoshii. From a Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi consortium bioreactor, four contaminants were isolated - Shinella zoogloeoides, Flavobacterium lindanitol
N- CYCLE
The nitrogen cycle involves the conversion of nitrogen between its various chemical forms through both biological and physical processes. Nitrogen enters the soil through the decomposition of organic matter by microbes, and is then converted to nitrates which can be absorbed by plant roots. Plants incorporate nitrates into proteins. Herbivores obtain nitrogen by eating plants, and carnivores by eating herbivores. Microbes in the soil also convert nitrogen back into gaseous forms through nitrification and denitrification, returning it to the atmosphere to be re-used by organisms. Human activities like industrial nitrogen fixation, fossil fuel combustion, and fertilizer use have significantly impacted global nitrogen flows.
Bacterial nitrogen cycling
The document summarizes three papers about bacteria involved in nitrogen cycling. Hagopian & Riley (1998) looked at the bacteria responsible for nitrification, including ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Ruiz et al. (2003) studied conditions for high nitrite accumulation during wastewater treatment. They found up to 98% ammonia conversion and 65% nitrite accumulation at low dissolved oxygen levels. Fdz-Polanco et al. (2000) examined spatial distributions of heterotrophs and nitrifiers in a submerged biofilter, finding microbial segregation depending on organic carbon concentrations entering the filter.
Types Of Nutrients
This document discusses the main types of nutrients important for health: proteins help build and repair cells and are found in meat and eggs; carbohydrates provide the main energy source and are in grains and potatoes; fats include saturated fats from dairy and meat and unsaturated fats from fish and plants; vitamins control chemical processes and include vitamins D for calcium absorption and C for immunity; minerals are involved in many body activities like iron for blood and muscle; and water regulates temperature, eliminates waste, and helps cells function with the recommendation of at least 8 glasses daily.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 - NUTRITION PART 1
1. A balanced diet consists of water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, mineral salts, vitamins, and dietary fiber. Each nutrient has specific functions and sources.
2. Carbohydrates provide energy and are stored as glycogen or starch. Lipids also provide energy and are stored as fat. Proteins are needed for growth, repair, and making enzymes and antibodies.
3. Mineral salts like calcium, iron, and phosphorus help cells function properly and are obtained from foods like milk, meat, and grains. Vitamins aid chemical reactions in the body and are obtained from various food sources.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist in three basic shapes - rods (called bacilli), spheres (called cocci), or spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and consume nutrients in various ways. Bacteria are classified based on several factors including their shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, environment, and cell wall composition. Some key groups of bacteria include phototrophic bacteria, gliding bacteria, sheathed bacteria, and spirochetes.
Mechanics of expiration
During expiration, the muscles of the ribs and diaphragm relax, causing the ribs to move downward and inward and the diaphragm to become more dome-like in shape. This reduction in the chest cavity size exerts pressure on the lungs, causing the air to move out of the lungs in a process called expiration.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and a tube-like structure running through the body to process and transport food, utilizing different organs like the liver along the way. In contrast, a digestive cavity only has a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus, using a pouch-like structure to ingest and eliminate food without complex processing or nutrient extraction abilities.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to fully digest nutrients.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1. Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important processes like cell walls, enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and opening/closing stomata.
2. Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and get nitrogen from insects.
3. Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4. Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs in the gastrovascular cavity.
5. Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to efficiently digest food.
How to avoid food poisoning
To avoid food poisoning, follow general food safety recommendations like washing produce, cooking foods thoroughly, and refrigerating foods promptly. Additional recommendations for pregnant women and those with weak immune systems include avoiding raw milk, soft cheeses, and deli meats unless reheated. Proper hygiene and food handling can help prevent the spread of infection from food poisoning.
Functions of human liver
The human liver has many essential functions:
- It detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs and nutrients. The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.
- The liver produces bile which aids in fat digestion, as well as proteins involved in blood clotting. It also stores vitamins and minerals.
- Being responsible for these critical functions, the liver is essential for survival, as its functions cannot be compensated for in the long term if liver function is lost.
Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
Herbivores have longer digestive tracts than carnivores to break down plant material. Their teeth are flat for grinding plants, saliva contains enzymes to digest carbs, and stomachs are smaller as they process less food. In contrast, carnivores have shorter tracts to quickly absorb meat nutrients. They have sharp teeth for tearing flesh, lack digestive enzymes in saliva, and enlarged stomachs occupying most of the tract. Their liver also eliminates more uric acid from their meat-based diet.
What specialised feature of small intestine account for
The specialized features of the small intestine that enable efficient absorption of digested food include villi and microvilli. The villi are finger-like projections lining the ileum that are richly supplied with blood capillaries and lacteals. The microvilli further increase the absorptive surface area. Sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream or lacteals by diffusion or active transport. Fats are recombined into lipoproteins within the villi and transported to the bloodstream.
How is gastric juice production regulated
Gastric juice production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system and hormone gastrin stimulate parietal cells to produce gastric acid, acting directly on the cells and indirectly by stimulating the secretion of histamine from ECL cells. Gastric acid production is tightly regulated by positive regulators like histamine release and negative feedback mechanisms. Four cell types are involved: parietal cells, G cells that secrete gastrin, D cells that secrete somatostatin, and ECL cells.
How can we control obesity
Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
How can we control obesity
Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach
The document describes the digestive system of a cockroach. It has a tubular digestive system divided into three parts - the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut includes the mouth, pharynx, crop, and gizzard. Salivary glands in the thorax secrete saliva into the mouth. The midgut is a short, narrow tube called the mesenteron stomach where hepatic caecae secrete enzymes. The hindgut is a long, coiled tube where the rectum temporarily stores indigestible waste before it is expelled through the anus. This tubular system allows for more specialized and efficient digestion compared to a sac-like system
How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways:
1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion.
3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways:
1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion.
3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
Why is digestion necessary
Digestion is necessary to break down food molecules like proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. In the stomach, food is churned by muscles and mixed with gastric juices containing acid and enzymes. The acid and enzyme pepsin break down proteins into peptides and polypeptides, while carbs continue to be broken into simpler sugars. The resulting semi-liquid mass of food particles and gastric juices is called chyme.
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Mechanics of expiration
During expiration, the muscles of the ribs and diaphragm relax, causing the ribs to move downward and inward and the diaphragm to become more dome-like in shape. This reduction in the chest cavity size exerts pressure on the lungs, causing the air to move out of the lungs in a process called expiration.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and a tube-like structure running through the body to process and transport food, utilizing different organs like the liver along the way. In contrast, a digestive cavity only has a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus, using a pouch-like structure to ingest and eliminate food without complex processing or nutrient extraction abilities.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to fully digest nutrients.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1. Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important processes like cell walls, enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and opening/closing stomata.
2. Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and get nitrogen from insects.
3. Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4. Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs in the gastrovascular cavity.
5. Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to efficiently digest food.
How to avoid food poisoning
To avoid food poisoning, follow general food safety recommendations like washing produce, cooking foods thoroughly, and refrigerating foods promptly. Additional recommendations for pregnant women and those with weak immune systems include avoiding raw milk, soft cheeses, and deli meats unless reheated. Proper hygiene and food handling can help prevent the spread of infection from food poisoning.
Functions of human liver
The human liver has many essential functions:
- It detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs and nutrients. The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.
- The liver produces bile which aids in fat digestion, as well as proteins involved in blood clotting. It also stores vitamins and minerals.
- Being responsible for these critical functions, the liver is essential for survival, as its functions cannot be compensated for in the long term if liver function is lost.
Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
Herbivores have longer digestive tracts than carnivores to break down plant material. Their teeth are flat for grinding plants, saliva contains enzymes to digest carbs, and stomachs are smaller as they process less food. In contrast, carnivores have shorter tracts to quickly absorb meat nutrients. They have sharp teeth for tearing flesh, lack digestive enzymes in saliva, and enlarged stomachs occupying most of the tract. Their liver also eliminates more uric acid from their meat-based diet.
What specialised feature of small intestine account for
The specialized features of the small intestine that enable efficient absorption of digested food include villi and microvilli. The villi are finger-like projections lining the ileum that are richly supplied with blood capillaries and lacteals. The microvilli further increase the absorptive surface area. Sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream or lacteals by diffusion or active transport. Fats are recombined into lipoproteins within the villi and transported to the bloodstream.
How is gastric juice production regulated
Gastric juice production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system and hormone gastrin stimulate parietal cells to produce gastric acid, acting directly on the cells and indirectly by stimulating the secretion of histamine from ECL cells. Gastric acid production is tightly regulated by positive regulators like histamine release and negative feedback mechanisms. Four cell types are involved: parietal cells, G cells that secrete gastrin, D cells that secrete somatostatin, and ECL cells.
How can we control obesity
Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
How can we control obesity
Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach
The document describes the digestive system of a cockroach. It has a tubular digestive system divided into three parts - the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut includes the mouth, pharynx, crop, and gizzard. Salivary glands in the thorax secrete saliva into the mouth. The midgut is a short, narrow tube called the mesenteron stomach where hepatic caecae secrete enzymes. The hindgut is a long, coiled tube where the rectum temporarily stores indigestible waste before it is expelled through the anus. This tubular system allows for more specialized and efficient digestion compared to a sac-like system
How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways:
1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion.
3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways:
1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion.
3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
Why is digestion necessary
Digestion is necessary to break down food molecules like proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. In the stomach, food is churned by muscles and mixed with gastric juices containing acid and enzymes. The acid and enzyme pepsin break down proteins into peptides and polypeptides, while carbs continue to be broken into simpler sugars. The resulting semi-liquid mass of food particles and gastric juices is called chyme.
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Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
What specialised feature of small intestine account for
What specialised feature of small intestine account for
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach