Mechanics of expiration
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During expiration, the muscles of the ribs and diaphragm relax, causing the ribs to move downward and inward and the diaphragm to become more dome-like in shape. This reduction in the chest cavity size exerts pressure on the lungs, causing the air to move out of the lungs in a process called expiration.
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As mechanics of breathing
During inspiration, contraction of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm causes the rib cage to move upwards and outwards, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure inside. This lower pressure allows oxygen to move from the higher pressure atmosphere into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process where relaxation of these muscles causes the rib cage and diaphragm to move back to their original positions, decreasing thoracic cavity size, increasing pressure, and allowing gases to move out of the lungs into the lower pressure atmosphere.
How air enters the lungs
The document discusses the process of inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves down while muscles attached to the ribs pull the ribs outward. This increases the chest cavity size and allows the lungs to expand and inhale oxygen-rich air. During exhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, decreasing the chest cavity size and causing the lungs to contract and exhale carbon dioxide-rich air out of the body.
Mechanics of ventilation
The document summarizes the mechanics of ventilation and breathing. It describes how inspiration and expiration occurs due to the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the thoracic cavity volume and causing air to flow into the lungs due to decreasing pressure. During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume and increasing pressure, causing air to flow out. Boyle's law relates gas pressure and volume, where an increase in one causes a decrease in the other.
Deep breathing and coughing exercises
Deep breathing exercises help expand the lungs and force air into all sections by taking deep breaths while sitting upright. Coughing exercises involve making short grunting noises or coughs while inhaling deeply through the nose and exhaling in short puffs to loosen mucus, doing so repeatedly from an upright seated position.
Ardha shalabhasana(half locust pose)
This document provides instructions for the half locust pose (Ardha Shalabhasana). To perform it, lie flat on your stomach and place your palms under your inner thighs. Engage your lower body and inhale as you raise one leg off the floor, supported by your palms. Hold for 30 seconds, then lower and relax before repeating on the other side. This pose benefits the back and pelvic organs by releasing tension in the pelvic area.
PUA respiration
The respiratory system aims for gas exchange, transporting oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide out of the body. It includes external respiration in the lungs, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. The document describes the mechanics of respiration including the roles of the diaphragm and ribs in inhalation. It discusses lung volumes, capacities, compliance, surface tension, and the factors affecting gas exchange between the alveoli and blood by diffusion.
Mrs Abrey Lesson 9 alveoli and ventilation
1. Oxygen enters the lungs through inhalation, passes through thin-walled alveoli and into capillaries, while carbon dioxide passes out of the capillaries into the alveoli and exits through exhalation.
2. Alveoli have several adaptations for efficient gas exchange including being thin, covered by a network of capillaries, and having a moist surface and large surface area.
3. During inhalation, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity and decrease pressure, drawing air in. During exhalation, they relax, reducing cavity size and increasing pressure to push air out.
Acbt
The active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) uses three phases to loosen and clear airway secretions: breathing control to relax airways, thoracic expansion exercises to get air behind mucus, and huffing or forced expiratory techniques to force mucus out. It is effective for various respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. The technique involves deep breathing, held breaths, and controlled coughing or huffing in set cycles while maintaining proper posture. ACBT sessions typically last 10 minutes and are usually performed once or twice weekly but can be done more often if needed.
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As mechanics of breathing
During inspiration, contraction of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm causes the rib cage to move upwards and outwards, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure inside. This lower pressure allows oxygen to move from the higher pressure atmosphere into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process where relaxation of these muscles causes the rib cage and diaphragm to move back to their original positions, decreasing thoracic cavity size, increasing pressure, and allowing gases to move out of the lungs into the lower pressure atmosphere.
How air enters the lungs
The document discusses the process of inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves down while muscles attached to the ribs pull the ribs outward. This increases the chest cavity size and allows the lungs to expand and inhale oxygen-rich air. During exhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, decreasing the chest cavity size and causing the lungs to contract and exhale carbon dioxide-rich air out of the body.
Mechanics of ventilation
The document summarizes the mechanics of ventilation and breathing. It describes how inspiration and expiration occurs due to the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the thoracic cavity volume and causing air to flow into the lungs due to decreasing pressure. During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume and increasing pressure, causing air to flow out. Boyle's law relates gas pressure and volume, where an increase in one causes a decrease in the other.
Deep breathing and coughing exercises
Deep breathing exercises help expand the lungs and force air into all sections by taking deep breaths while sitting upright. Coughing exercises involve making short grunting noises or coughs while inhaling deeply through the nose and exhaling in short puffs to loosen mucus, doing so repeatedly from an upright seated position.
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This document provides instructions for the half locust pose (Ardha Shalabhasana). To perform it, lie flat on your stomach and place your palms under your inner thighs. Engage your lower body and inhale as you raise one leg off the floor, supported by your palms. Hold for 30 seconds, then lower and relax before repeating on the other side. This pose benefits the back and pelvic organs by releasing tension in the pelvic area.
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The respiratory system aims for gas exchange, transporting oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide out of the body. It includes external respiration in the lungs, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. The document describes the mechanics of respiration including the roles of the diaphragm and ribs in inhalation. It discusses lung volumes, capacities, compliance, surface tension, and the factors affecting gas exchange between the alveoli and blood by diffusion.
Mrs Abrey Lesson 9 alveoli and ventilation
1. Oxygen enters the lungs through inhalation, passes through thin-walled alveoli and into capillaries, while carbon dioxide passes out of the capillaries into the alveoli and exits through exhalation.
2. Alveoli have several adaptations for efficient gas exchange including being thin, covered by a network of capillaries, and having a moist surface and large surface area.
3. During inhalation, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity and decrease pressure, drawing air in. During exhalation, they relax, reducing cavity size and increasing pressure to push air out.
Acbt
The active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) uses three phases to loosen and clear airway secretions: breathing control to relax airways, thoracic expansion exercises to get air behind mucus, and huffing or forced expiratory techniques to force mucus out. It is effective for various respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. The technique involves deep breathing, held breaths, and controlled coughing or huffing in set cycles while maintaining proper posture. ACBT sessions typically last 10 minutes and are usually performed once or twice weekly but can be done more often if needed.
Human breathing mechanism
The document summarizes respiration in the human body. It describes how:
During inhalation, the internal intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract, expanding the rib cage and increasing the thoracic cavity volume. The diaphragm also contracts, lowering pressure in the alveoli and causing air to move in. During exhalation, the actions reverse, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and raising alveolar pressure to push air out.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli due to higher partial pressure, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli due to lower partial pressure. Oxygen is transported through the blood bound to hemoglobin
COPD
The patient presented with shortness of breath during exertion. On physical examination, the patient appeared pale with a raised temperature and productive cough with green sputum. Lung examination found wheezing, extended expiration, and reduced breath sounds. Pulmonary function tests showed decreased FVC and FEV1 with increased TLC, FRC, and RV. The most probable diagnosis is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to long-term cigarette smoking. COPD causes obstruction of the airways and overinflation of the lungs, decreasing oxygenation and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Human breathing mechanism 1 ppt
Human breathing involves two processes - inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand. This decreases air pressure in the lungs, allowing outside air to rush in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and expands, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume, compressing the lungs, and increasing air pressure to allow the exhaling of air from the lungs.
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This presentation covers three section: Anatomy, physiology and the pathology. Anatomy covers the structure and the specialized tissues. Physiology section covers the process of breathing(inspiration and expiration) and the process of gas exchange(alveoli and diffusion).The last section pathology covers Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis and Cystic fibrosis and their symptoms and treatment in detail.
Lung mechanics
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are the primary muscles of inspiration. Expiration is normally passive due to lung elasticity.
2. Lung compliance depends on factors like lung volume, blood volume, and disease processes. Surface tension forces from pulmonary surfactant reduce alveolar collapse.
3. Airway resistance arises from both laminar and turbulent gas flow. Increased resistance occurs from bronchospasm, secretions, and airway collapse related to low lung volume or forced exhalation.
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Paediatric breathing systems
- Dr. Phillip Ayre developed the T piece breathing system for children in 1937 after losing his own child to high gas pressures during anesthesia.
- Breathing systems for pediatric use have since undergone many modifications to suit different patients and situations. They aim to minimize resistance, dead space, and work of breathing while allowing for controlled or spontaneous ventilation.
- Common pediatric breathing systems include the T piece, Jackson Rees, Mapleson D and Bain circuits, and pediatric-modified circle systems. Low fresh gas flows can be used with these systems to decrease costs and heat/fluid loss while maintaining normocarbia. Proper selection and setup of the breathing system is important for safe anesthesia in children.
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Percussions
Percussion is a clinical examination technique that involves tapping on the surface of the body to assess the condition of internal structures like the lungs and abdomen. Different percussion sounds provide information - a more resonant sound indicates air-filled hollow structures. Key positions to compare percussion notes on the chest include the anterior chest wall over the clavicle, infraclavicular region and ribs, the lateral chest wall from the 4th to 7th ribs, and the posterior chest wall above and below the spine of the scapula.
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The document discusses pulmonary ventilation and the steps of respiration. It describes how pulmonary ventilation occurs through the alternating contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles that create pressure differences, causing air to flow into and out of the lungs. The key muscles involved in inhalation are the diaphragm and external intercostals, while exhalation occurs passively through elastic recoil. Factors like surface tension, lung compliance, and airway resistance also affect pulmonary ventilation.
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This document summarizes the mechanics of breathing. It describes normal breathing rates and types of abnormal breathing. It discusses the boundaries of the thoracic cage and the two pleura layers. Breathing involves both positive pressure from inspiration and negative pressure from expiration. Inspiration is an active process using the diaphragm and intercostal muscles while expiration is usually passive. Gas exchange occurs through pressure gradients in the lungs. The document outlines the muscles, pressures, and mechanics involved in inspiration and expiration.
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The document discusses normal and abnormal breath sounds in the lungs. It describes normal breath sounds as vesicular, broncho-vesicular, and bronchial. Abnormal or adventitious breath sounds include crackles, gurgles, friction rubs, and wheezes. Crackles are fine, short, interrupted sounds heard on inspiration. Gurgles are low-pitched, gurgling sounds heard on expiration. Friction rubs are superficial grating sounds heard during both inspiration and expiration. Wheezes are high-pitched, squeaky musical sounds heard on expiration.
1 human respiratory system
Breathing involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. During inhalation, air travels through the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and into the alveoli where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaves. Exhalation follows the reverse path as the alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, and nasal cavity expel carbon dioxide to the outside air.
Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation, also known as breathing, is the process of air flowing into and out of the lungs. During inspiration, air enters the respiratory system through the mouth and nose, then travels through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles before reaching the alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Expiration is the opposite process where air is exhaled from the lungs out through the mouth and nose. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles control inspiration and expiration by fluctuating the pressure and volume of the chest cavity.
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The document discusses the mechanism of respiration, which involves breathing and the exchange of gases through diffusion in the alveoli. Inspiration is an active process where inhaling decreases pressure and draws air into the lungs. Expiration is passive as exhaling increases pressure and expels air. Oxygen diffuses into blood and tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried by hemoglobin, plasma, and bicarbonate ions to the lungs.
F:\Compaq 2010\P&P Form 3 10\1 Respiration\Slaid\2 Breathing Mechanism 2
The document discusses the process of breathing, which involves inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and ribs move upward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure to draw air into the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm and ribs relax, decreasing volume and increasing pressure to expel air from the lungs. A model is described that demonstrates how pulling down on a rubber membrane simulates inhalation by increasing volume and lowering pressure.
Mechanism of breathing
The document describes the mechanisms and structures involved in human respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the intercostal muscles raise the rib cage, both actions serving to expand the thoracic cavity and decrease internal pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles relax and the thoracic cavity size decreases, raising pressure and forcing air out of the lungs. Key gas laws including Boyle's law and Charles' law are also discussed in relation to lung volume and pressure changes during breathing.
Resp system
This document discusses pulmonary ventilation, which includes the mechanics and processes of breathing. It covers:
1) How breathing is accomplished by the diaphragm and rib cage moving to expand the lungs.
2) How air moves into and out of the lungs due to pressure differences between the alveoli and pleural space.
3) The role of surfactant in reducing surface tension and improving lung compliance.
4) Measurements of lung volumes and capacities using spirometry to assess pulmonary function.
Pulmonary Ventilation and Lung Capacity
Here comes the detailed discussion of Lung Capacity and Pulmonary Ventilation.
Hope this ppt will help you...
Respiratory system pulmonary ventilation.sofian awamleh.pptx مختصر
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the major parts including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains how breathing works through the contraction of the diaphragm and movement of the ribs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli through diffusion. Various pressures and volumes related to breathing are also defined. Pulmonary ventilation involves the inflow and outflow of air and is regulated by the nervous system and local factors.
Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
Herbivores have longer digestive tracts than carnivores to break down plant material. Their teeth are flat for grinding plants, saliva contains enzymes to digest carbs, and stomachs are smaller as they process less food. In contrast, carnivores have shorter tracts to quickly absorb meat nutrients. They have sharp teeth for tearing flesh, lack digestive enzymes in saliva, and enlarged stomachs occupying most of the tract. Their liver also eliminates more uric acid from their meat-based diet.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to fully digest nutrients.
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Human breathing mechanism
The document summarizes respiration in the human body. It describes how:
During inhalation, the internal intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract, expanding the rib cage and increasing the thoracic cavity volume. The diaphragm also contracts, lowering pressure in the alveoli and causing air to move in. During exhalation, the actions reverse, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and raising alveolar pressure to push air out.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli due to higher partial pressure, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli due to lower partial pressure. Oxygen is transported through the blood bound to hemoglobin
COPD
The patient presented with shortness of breath during exertion. On physical examination, the patient appeared pale with a raised temperature and productive cough with green sputum. Lung examination found wheezing, extended expiration, and reduced breath sounds. Pulmonary function tests showed decreased FVC and FEV1 with increased TLC, FRC, and RV. The most probable diagnosis is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to long-term cigarette smoking. COPD causes obstruction of the airways and overinflation of the lungs, decreasing oxygenation and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Human breathing mechanism 1 ppt
Human breathing involves two processes - inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand. This decreases air pressure in the lungs, allowing outside air to rush in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and expands, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume, compressing the lungs, and increasing air pressure to allow the exhaling of air from the lungs.
Respiration
Respiratory system
This presentation covers three section: Anatomy, physiology and the pathology. Anatomy covers the structure and the specialized tissues. Physiology section covers the process of breathing(inspiration and expiration) and the process of gas exchange(alveoli and diffusion).The last section pathology covers Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis and Cystic fibrosis and their symptoms and treatment in detail.
Lung mechanics
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are the primary muscles of inspiration. Expiration is normally passive due to lung elasticity.
2. Lung compliance depends on factors like lung volume, blood volume, and disease processes. Surface tension forces from pulmonary surfactant reduce alveolar collapse.
3. Airway resistance arises from both laminar and turbulent gas flow. Increased resistance occurs from bronchospasm, secretions, and airway collapse related to low lung volume or forced exhalation.
Spirometry : To record static and dynamic lung volumes and capacities
Physiology practical Spirometry. Aim is to record the static and dynamic lung volumes. Video description of the spirometry also included
Paediatric breathing systems
- Dr. Phillip Ayre developed the T piece breathing system for children in 1937 after losing his own child to high gas pressures during anesthesia.
- Breathing systems for pediatric use have since undergone many modifications to suit different patients and situations. They aim to minimize resistance, dead space, and work of breathing while allowing for controlled or spontaneous ventilation.
- Common pediatric breathing systems include the T piece, Jackson Rees, Mapleson D and Bain circuits, and pediatric-modified circle systems. Low fresh gas flows can be used with these systems to decrease costs and heat/fluid loss while maintaining normocarbia. Proper selection and setup of the breathing system is important for safe anesthesia in children.
CHEST TUBE DRAINAGE
This document discusses chest tube drainage, including indications, equipment, placement, and nursing considerations. Chest tubes are inserted to drain air or fluid from the pleural space when negative pressure is disrupted, to help re-establish normal pressure. Tube size depends on patient age and location. Placement sites are described for pneumothorax, hemothorax, and cardiac surgery. Traditional systems use water seals while newer dry systems regulate suction. Nurses must monitor drainage, tube placement and connections, and device settings and function.
Percussions
Percussion is a clinical examination technique that involves tapping on the surface of the body to assess the condition of internal structures like the lungs and abdomen. Different percussion sounds provide information - a more resonant sound indicates air-filled hollow structures. Key positions to compare percussion notes on the chest include the anterior chest wall over the clavicle, infraclavicular region and ribs, the lateral chest wall from the 4th to 7th ribs, and the posterior chest wall above and below the spine of the scapula.
Pulmonary ventilation
The document discusses pulmonary ventilation and the steps of respiration. It describes how pulmonary ventilation occurs through the alternating contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles that create pressure differences, causing air to flow into and out of the lungs. The key muscles involved in inhalation are the diaphragm and external intercostals, while exhalation occurs passively through elastic recoil. Factors like surface tension, lung compliance, and airway resistance also affect pulmonary ventilation.
Mechanics of breathing
This document summarizes the mechanics of breathing. It describes normal breathing rates and types of abnormal breathing. It discusses the boundaries of the thoracic cage and the two pleura layers. Breathing involves both positive pressure from inspiration and negative pressure from expiration. Inspiration is an active process using the diaphragm and intercostal muscles while expiration is usually passive. Gas exchange occurs through pressure gradients in the lungs. The document outlines the muscles, pressures, and mechanics involved in inspiration and expiration.
Lung assessment part 2 (Lung Sounds)
The document discusses normal and abnormal breath sounds in the lungs. It describes normal breath sounds as vesicular, broncho-vesicular, and bronchial. Abnormal or adventitious breath sounds include crackles, gurgles, friction rubs, and wheezes. Crackles are fine, short, interrupted sounds heard on inspiration. Gurgles are low-pitched, gurgling sounds heard on expiration. Friction rubs are superficial grating sounds heard during both inspiration and expiration. Wheezes are high-pitched, squeaky musical sounds heard on expiration.
1 human respiratory system
Breathing involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. During inhalation, air travels through the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and into the alveoli where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaves. Exhalation follows the reverse path as the alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, and nasal cavity expel carbon dioxide to the outside air.
Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation, also known as breathing, is the process of air flowing into and out of the lungs. During inspiration, air enters the respiratory system through the mouth and nose, then travels through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles before reaching the alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Expiration is the opposite process where air is exhaled from the lungs out through the mouth and nose. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles control inspiration and expiration by fluctuating the pressure and volume of the chest cavity.
Mechanism of respiration
The document discusses the mechanism of respiration, which involves breathing and the exchange of gases through diffusion in the alveoli. Inspiration is an active process where inhaling decreases pressure and draws air into the lungs. Expiration is passive as exhaling increases pressure and expels air. Oxygen diffuses into blood and tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried by hemoglobin, plasma, and bicarbonate ions to the lungs.
F:\Compaq 2010\P&P Form 3 10\1 Respiration\Slaid\2 Breathing Mechanism 2
The document discusses the process of breathing, which involves inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and ribs move upward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure to draw air into the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm and ribs relax, decreasing volume and increasing pressure to expel air from the lungs. A model is described that demonstrates how pulling down on a rubber membrane simulates inhalation by increasing volume and lowering pressure.
Mechanism of breathing
The document describes the mechanisms and structures involved in human respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the intercostal muscles raise the rib cage, both actions serving to expand the thoracic cavity and decrease internal pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles relax and the thoracic cavity size decreases, raising pressure and forcing air out of the lungs. Key gas laws including Boyle's law and Charles' law are also discussed in relation to lung volume and pressure changes during breathing.
Resp system
This document discusses pulmonary ventilation, which includes the mechanics and processes of breathing. It covers:
1) How breathing is accomplished by the diaphragm and rib cage moving to expand the lungs.
2) How air moves into and out of the lungs due to pressure differences between the alveoli and pleural space.
3) The role of surfactant in reducing surface tension and improving lung compliance.
4) Measurements of lung volumes and capacities using spirometry to assess pulmonary function.
Pulmonary Ventilation and Lung Capacity
Here comes the detailed discussion of Lung Capacity and Pulmonary Ventilation.
Hope this ppt will help you...
Respiratory system pulmonary ventilation.sofian awamleh.pptx مختصر
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the major parts including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains how breathing works through the contraction of the diaphragm and movement of the ribs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli through diffusion. Various pressures and volumes related to breathing are also defined. Pulmonary ventilation involves the inflow and outflow of air and is regulated by the nervous system and local factors.
What's hot (20)
Spirometry : To record static and dynamic lung volumes and capacities
Spirometry : To record static and dynamic lung volumes and capacities
F:\Compaq 2010\P&P Form 3 10\1 Respiration\Slaid\2 Breathing Mechanism 2
F:\Compaq 2010\P&P Form 3 10\1 Respiration\Slaid\2 Breathing Mechanism 2
Respiratory system pulmonary ventilation.sofian awamleh.pptx مختصر
Respiratory system pulmonary ventilation.sofian awamleh.pptx مختصر
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Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
Herbivores have longer digestive tracts than carnivores to break down plant material. Their teeth are flat for grinding plants, saliva contains enzymes to digest carbs, and stomachs are smaller as they process less food. In contrast, carnivores have shorter tracts to quickly absorb meat nutrients. They have sharp teeth for tearing flesh, lack digestive enzymes in saliva, and enlarged stomachs occupying most of the tract. Their liver also eliminates more uric acid from their meat-based diet.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to fully digest nutrients.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and a tube-like structure running through the body to process and transport food, utilizing different organs like the liver along the way. In contrast, a digestive cavity only has a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus, using a pouch-like structure to ingest and eliminate food without complex processing or nutrient extraction abilities.
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This document summarizes the key points from a course on animal nutrition:
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2. Chemical digestion of food through enzymes in saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic juice.
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Difference between digestive tract of herbovores vs carnivores
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The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Mcq
The document discusses several topics in biology:
1) Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important cellular processes like enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and stomata regulation.
2) Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and obtain nitrogen from insect prey.
3) Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4) Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs inside their gastrovascular cavity.
5) Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
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The document discusses several topics in biology:
1. Plants require nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium for important processes like cell walls, enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis, and opening/closing stomata.
2. Carnivorous plants live in nitrogen-deficient soils and get nitrogen from insects.
3. Most vitamins function as catalysts in the body.
4. Digestion in hydra and planaria occurs in the gastrovascular cavity.
5. Mucus in saliva contains glycoproteins that provide water-holding capacity and resistance to digestion.
Difference between digestive tract and cavity
A digestive tract has two openings and food is processed through a tube-like structure containing multiple organs from mouth to anus, as seen in humans, insects, and animals. In contrast, a digestive cavity has a single opening where food enters and leaves through the same opening, and digestion occurs in a pouch-like structure without different organs, as observed in hydra and flatworms. The key differences are the number of openings, structure, organ involvement, and ability to efficiently digest food.
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Functions of human liver
The human liver has many essential functions:
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What specialised feature of small intestine account for
The specialized features of the small intestine that enable efficient absorption of digested food include villi and microvilli. The villi are finger-like projections lining the ileum that are richly supplied with blood capillaries and lacteals. The microvilli further increase the absorptive surface area. Sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream or lacteals by diffusion or active transport. Fats are recombined into lipoproteins within the villi and transported to the bloodstream.
How is gastric juice production regulated
Gastric juice production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system and hormone gastrin stimulate parietal cells to produce gastric acid, acting directly on the cells and indirectly by stimulating the secretion of histamine from ECL cells. Gastric acid production is tightly regulated by positive regulators like histamine release and negative feedback mechanisms. Four cell types are involved: parietal cells, G cells that secrete gastrin, D cells that secrete somatostatin, and ECL cells.
How can we control obesity
Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
How can we control obesity
Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Clinical interventions should focus on modifying behavioral and environmental factors during childhood. When discussing weight with families, providers should avoid blame and acknowledge genetic influences. They should encourage a diet with vegetables and fruits, limit sugar-sweetened drinks and fast food, and aim for daily physical activity while limiting screen time. Education alone is not enough to change behaviors - nutrition and activity need to be thought of as habits.
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach
The document describes the digestive system of a cockroach. It has a tubular digestive system divided into three parts - the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut includes the mouth, pharynx, crop, and gizzard. Salivary glands in the thorax secrete saliva into the mouth. The midgut is a short, narrow tube called the mesenteron stomach where hepatic caecae secrete enzymes. The hindgut is a long, coiled tube where the rectum temporarily stores indigestible waste before it is expelled through the anus. This tubular system allows for more specialized and efficient digestion compared to a sac-like system
What are heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming organic carbon compounds from other sources. They obtain energy by breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and other organic molecules through cellular respiration. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many bacteria and protists.
How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways:
1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion.
3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
How do saliva, pancreas and liver help
The saliva, pancreas, and liver help digest food in the following ways:
1) Saliva contains amylase which begins digesting carbohydrates. The pancreas secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin to further break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid and provide optimal conditions for digestion.
3) The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to allow for more efficient lipase breakdown and aids in fat absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion.
Why is digestion necessary
Digestion is necessary to break down food molecules like proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. In the stomach, food is churned by muscles and mixed with gastric juices containing acid and enzymes. The acid and enzyme pepsin break down proteins into peptides and polypeptides, while carbs continue to be broken into simpler sugars. The resulting semi-liquid mass of food particles and gastric juices is called chyme.
What are heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming organic carbon compounds from other sources. They obtain energy by breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and other organic molecules through cellular respiration. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many bacteria and protists.
What is holozoic nutrition
Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation of liquid or solid organic material by single-celled organisms like amoeba. It follows 5 steps - ingestion through a mouth-like opening, digestion of food particles within a food vacuole using lysosomal enzymes, absorption of digested materials through fine canals, assimilation of nutrients into the cell, and egestion of undigested waste. Amoeba proteus exhibits intracellular digestion, engulfing food through pseudopodia and breaking it down within a food vacuole before absorbing usable materials.
What is holozoic nutrition
Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation of liquid or solid organic material by single-celled organisms like amoeba. It follows 5 steps - ingestion through a mouth-like opening, digestion of food particles within a food vacuole using lysosomal enzymes, absorption of digested materials through fine canals, assimilation of nutrients into the cell, and egestion of undigested waste. Amoeba proteus exhibits intracellular digestion, engulfing food through pseudopodia and breaking it down within a food vacuole.
More from Bubly Atif (20)
What specialised feature of small intestine account for
What specialised feature of small intestine account for
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach
Diagram of alimentary and digestive glands in cockroach
Mechanics of expiration
- 1. Mechanics of expiration During expiration muscles of ribs are relaxed and ribs move downward and inward.
- 2. You know what relaxed mean
- 4. Chest cavity becoming small in size • When ribs are relaxed, space of chest gets less.
- 5. What happens to diaphragm • Muscles of diaphragm also relax and they become more domelike in shape, so chest cavity is also reduced from floor.
- 6. Check the width of chest cavity
- 7. • This reduction in space of chest cavity exert pressure on lungs.
- 9. Air moves out of lung • When the lungs are pressed ,the air moves out of lungs and this process is called expiration.
Editor's Notes
- So muscles of ribs are relaxing.