(1) The document discusses housing problems, types, and policy in Bangladesh. It outlines challenges like unsatisfactory housing conditions, funding shortages, and squatter settlements. (2) It proposes strategies like prioritizing housing, encouraging self-help and cost recovery, discouraging encroachments, and applying low-cost technologies. It also discusses institutional arrangements and the government's role as a facilitator. (3) Key elements of housing policy are outlined, including land, infrastructure, building materials, finance, and legal frameworks. Goals are to deliver better homes, support independent living, and improve communities and services.

1. DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
BATCH-2015
HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
HSTU ,DINAJPUR, BANGLADESH

2. HOUSING PROBLEMS
• unsatisfaqtory conditions in terms of strttctural qualities.
• shortage of funds tor the development of settlements and infrastructure.
• Squatter settlement encroachments land use.
• 95% of housing which finance come from private borrowing & informal sources.
HOUSING
A house is a shelter for rest, safety, and comfort; and for protection from enemies and vagaries of climate. It
includes space for rest, sleeping, cooking, and bathing. Also it includes those qualities of comfort,
convenience and amenities, which are essential for emotional and social well being of families.
Housing means providing our dwelling place.it refers to the construction and assigned usage
of houses or buildings collectively, for the purpose of sheltering people — the planning or
provision delivered by an authority, with related meanings.

3. Housing Goals and Objectives
•delivering better homes
•supporting independent living
•building stronger communities
•delivering quality services.
•To promote the preservation, rehabilitation, and investment .
•To continue to provide appropriate infrastructure and services.
•To provide a variety of housing types, costs and locations in cities.
•Increase resource efficiency, improve public health, and reduce environmental impacts .

4. PROPOSED STRATEGY (In context of Bangladesh)
• Housing will be given due priority in the national development plans treating it as a separate sector by
itself.
• Government will works as a promoter or facilitator.
• Greater emphasis will be laid on affordability, personal savings, selfhelp and cost recovery.
• Encroachments on public land and forrmation of unauthorized constructions will be discouraged.
• wider application of low cost technology and optimum use of resources at the individual and national
levels both in public and private sectors.
• Regeneration of forest-based building materials considering environmental conservation
• Due attention to the shelter in disaster affected land and fire prone areas
• Special care would be taken for the preservation of cultural heritage & architecture in new housing
projects.
• The National Housing Policy will be co-ordinated with other development policies e.g. land, environment,
population, employment, social -welfare, fiscal and monetary policies at national and local levels.

5. Urban house types of Bangladesh
 Detached house.
 semi-detached house.
 row house.
 Duplex.
 triplex.
 apartments .
 tenement house.
 tenement houses can often be of row housing types
duplex type of units is often found in row houses or in apartment
buildings

6. Detached house
• independent of any
other structure.
• one or two storied
building
Semi-detached or semi-
attached house
• utilizing a common
wall between two
houses
• similar characteristics
as of detached house

7. • common walls are used
on both sides of the
structure.
• The shape tends to be
narrow and deep
• the number of units in a
row
Duplex house
• one unit is shared
between two floors
• an internal staircase
Row hose or town houses
Triplex house
• one house is shared
between three floors

8. Tenement house
• Maximum height is five or six storied.
• located in old parts of the city.
Apartment house
• Height is usually three to five stories
• both load bearing brick walls and concrete
frame
structures are used.

9. Rural house types of Bangladesh
• the housing processes are more vernacular in nature
• generally constructed of locally available indigenous materials
• rural houses are apparently temporary in nature
• The layering technique involves building with large earth blocks or
sun dried bricks
• another commonly used technique, which is plastering bamboo
mat walls with mud.
the following types of houses are usually found
• Bamboo walled houses
• Mud walled houses
• Timber houses
• Timber and brick built houses
• Corrugated iron (CI) /tin sheet houses

10. Bamboo walled houses
• curved roof built on
high plinths
• Shapes are
predominantly oblong
• A small verandah with
wood or bamboo
support is the common
design
• roof is separated to
that of the verandah
Housing having bamboo
walls and Golpata as
roofing materials
A rural house built of bamboo
Mud walled houses
Common mud house in rural Bangladesh

11. Timber houses
• houses are normally built on
wooden distinctive
architectural tradition
• The houses are usually built
on wooden platform above
the ground
Timber and brick built houses
• plinth are made of brick
• the rest of the wall is made
of reed or bamboo matting
• plastered with cement or
mud on both sides
Timber and brick built houses

12. HOUSING POLICY
Housing policy refers to the actions of government, including legislation and program delivery, which have a
direct or indirect impact on housing supply and availability, housing standards and urban planning. The policy
created by a government outlining the vision, aims and specific detail of how it will create and provide an affordable
variety of housing to meet the current and future need including financial support.
HOUSING POLICY: ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
• LAND
• INFRASTRUCTURES
• BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
• FINANCE
• LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

13. LAND
• Increase the supply of serviced land for housing for various income groups
• Access of the poorer sections and vulnerable groups to affordable serviced land with secure land tenure
.
• Encourage the involvement of the private sector in land developrnent, infrastructure developrnent and
construction.
• Special provisions for the handicapped, the destitute and the very poor .
• Initiate area development schemes to maximize the availability of housing per unit of land.
• Formation of Urban Land Bank and Rural Land Bank.
• khas lands for the landless and agriculture only . Restriction for housing, industries etc in khas land.
INFRASTRUCTURE
• balanced pattern of urbanization through a policy of decentralization of investments and incentives
• Stop unregulated conversion of agricultural and forest land for the purpose of housing
• integrated and planned development of the region and to reduce migration to the larger cities
• improve mobility of people through public transport and traffic network
• Infrastructure construction which are cost effective, incrementally upgradable, and environmentally appropriate
• Recognize peoples initiative in the design and involvement in the community

14. BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
• access of rural households to traditional materials considering environmental preservation as well as
forest conservation
• Stimulate the increased production and availability of conventional low cost technologies and
materials in the national standards (cement, steel and bricks and traditional materials like )
• Promotion of small scales industries as a industrial policy
• Promote low-cost environmentally-sound technology
• Use of indigeneous resources, including mud, wherever appropriate
• Development, manufacture and use of materials based on industrial and agricultural wastes
• Incorporate the low cost technologies and materials

15. FINANCE FOR HOUSING
• formal sector housing finance programmes, such as ,House Building Advance' from the Ministry of
Finance to Government employees
• evolve an elastic and widespread resource mobilization strategy to tap household savings in the
formal and informal sectors
• Bangladesh Bank as the apex agency charged with linking the housing finance system with the
financial sector
• National Home Lending programme accessible to the poorer segments of the households through
low income housing fund
• housing finance system as a whole self-financing
• Capable of meeting the needs of different income groups
• longer repayment periods ,graduated payments and simplified procedures,
• Bring down the cost of shelter for the pooor to affordable levels
• Co-operative housing movement
• Promotion of reliable housing finance companies
• Private housing banks
• Specialized and mixed institutions will be encouraged to operate in the field of housing finance

16. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK:
• provision of Land Reforms Act to ensure proper rehabilitation of those displaced by projects and to
preserye user rights over forest and common lands;
• Though governemnts is only a facilitator, it will act directly only in the emergency situation for poor
and landless people
• Slums and Squatter Settlements
• In-situ upgradation and confirment of occupancy right
• Water supply and sanitation
• Community involvement
Housing Needs of Women and Aged detached from the family
• Disaster Affected Housing Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
• revision of land use plans, planning and building regulation and infrastructure standards by the
Governrnent and local auihorities .

17. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND FISCAL POLICY
• A National Housing committee will be set up by the Honourable Minister for works as its chairman
• The National Housing committee will be constituted with
• Mayors of Municipal corporations,
• five Mermbers of Parliament from five administrative Divisions,
• Governor,
• Bangladesh Bank
• other government officials concerned, and
• the representations of the concerned professional associations, experts and private developers
• The Ministry of works will be renamed as the Ministry of Housing and Public works which will
provide policy supports and programme coordination
• The Housing and Settlement Directorate and the office of the Deputy commissioner of Settlement
would be transformed into a National Housing
• Authority (NHA) for boosting up and accelerating housing programmes

18. GOVERNMENT’S ROLE
• The Government will devise and implement strategies which will enable the various agencies
act as facilitator housing
• Its role as a provider will be limited to the poorest and vulnerable sections
• control speculation and profitering through appropriate tax and fiscal measures
• Encourage NGos and the voluntary and community based agencies
• Promote decentralized execution with active participation of beneficiaries
• Reorient the Government housing agencies to act more as promoters
• Make building materials available at a reasonable cost through necessary changes in fiscal and policies
• suitable locations/core areas of the urban centres at a market price
• Take steps to integrate housing activity, income generation and employment.
• Give priority to the preservation of buildings and monuments, structures of architectural varue, and the
preservation of speciai natural features

19. Disadvantaged Groups
• households below by the government to prornote access to inadequately housed and the
disadvantaged
the poverty line in all settlements.
• landless labour, artisans and construction workers.
• the households displaced by developnrent projects and the victims of natural calamities.
• widows, single women and women-heacled households below
the poverty line.
• the handicapped.

20. WHO WORKS ON HOUSING POLICY
• BANGLADESH HOUSING POLICY AUTHORITY
• CITY LEVEL AUTHORITY
• HBRI
• PWD
• NHA
• HBFC
• Training and reorientation of human settlement
• improvement of facilities in the universities, technical
institltions
• improvement of housing stock on a self-help basis through
publication of booklets, pamphlets, posters etc'
• HBRI
• DOA
• ARCHITECTS
• ENGINEERS
• MINISTRY OF WORKS
• MINISTRY OF LAND
• MINISTRY OF FINANCE
• NATIONAL ECONOMICAL COUNCIL (NEC)
Human Resource Development

21. HABITAT –III
The achievement of global housing goals will be possible through programmatic attention to five
dimensions: an integrated housing framework, inclusive housing, affordable housing, adequate
housing, and informal settlement upgrading.
1. Create an integrated housing framework: is a integrate housing programs into decision-making.
1. Adopt an inclusive approach: support participatory processes and fair housing policies, and address housing for vulnerable
and special needs groups.
2. Expand affordable housing: improve affordability of home ownership; subsidize low-income households to rent or own
adequate housing; expand and improve the affordable housing stock.
4. Improve housing conditions:
• improve habitability (protection from natural elements, hazards and diseases) in urban and rural locations,
• access to basic services (water, sanitation, lighting, electricity, and garbage disposal)
• legal right to secure tenure (including compliance with a continuum of land rights.
• promotion of gender‐equal land rights.
• prohibition of housing discrimination and forced eviction.
5. Upgrade informal settlements:

22. 1. vision and framework of the policy paper’s contribution to the new urban
agenda .
2. policy challenges .
3. prioritizing policy options – transformative actions for the new urban agenda.
4. key factors for action – enabling institutions .
5. policy design, implementation and monitoring.
To achieve goals from all these five agendas mentioned above they has to be
compaire and relate with five dimensions of housing and housing policy.
DIMENSIONS :-
1. Integrated Housing Framework
2. Inclusive Housing
3. Affordable Housing
4. Adequate Housing
5. Informal Settlement Upgrading
It can be achieved by followings agendas :-
How To Achieve Global Housing Goals ?????

23. ( 1 ) VISION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE POLICY PAPER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEW URBAN
AGENDA
Relationship between Housing Policy and the New Urban Agenda
a. Social Cohesion
The linkages between housing and social cohesion are critical for responding to the housing needs of low-income
residents, integrating refugees, and ensuring safety.
b. Urban Frameworks
Collaboration between levels of government, along with civil society and housing developers, will optimize affordable
housing production.
c. Spatial Development
land allocation practices, density thresholds, floor-area ratios, and plots sizes— have large implications on the supply
of affordable housing
d. Urban Economy
expand employment in the building sector and increase employment , live/work housing options and neighborhood
revitalization.
e. Urban Ecology
including enforcing building codes. Efforts to encourage medium and high-density housing will reduce transportation
costs and air pollution.

24. The achievement of global housing goals will be possible through programmatic
attention to five dimensions:
 Integrated housing framework
• the embedding of housing into urban plans and both citywide and national sectoral investment strategies (as
they relate to urban services, land use, transportation and environmental sustainability)
 Inclusive Housing
• housing for special needs groups;
• Fair housing policy
 Affordable Housing
• the adoption of policies and measures to improve affordability
 Adequate Housing
• measures that provide for habitability (protection from natural elements, hazards, and disease), access to
basic services (including to water, sanitation, lighting, electricity, and garbage disposal), legal right to secure
tenure (including compliance with a continuum of land rights, promotion of gender‐equal land rights, and
prohibition of housing discrimination and forced eviction)
 Informal settlement upgrading
• support of neighborhood upgrading programs and protection of incremental housing.

25. (2)POLICY CHALLENGES
• Progress in the monitoring of global housing needs
• Reinforcement of local governments and their role in housing provision
• most governments reduced their role in direct provision of housing supply, without providing compensatory
incentives
• Less government intervention in the majority of cases resulted in fewer or no housing opportunities for the
poorest and the most vulnerable.
to serve member states better, given the vast interconnections that bind these geographies together
1. Integrated Housing Framework
• transportation, infrastructure, and land use – that fail to consider housing in their plans.
• The lack of an integrated housing framework has worked against density and has, instead, contributed to urban
sprawl and segregation.
• When slum areas are physically isolated and disconnected from the main urban fabric, residents endure longer
commuting times and higher transportation costs than they would if their neighborhoods were more integrated
into city systems
(a) severe job restrictions;
(b) high rates of gender disparities;
(c) deteriorated living conditions;
(d) social exclusion and marginalization;
(e) lack of social interaction; and high incidence of crime

26. 2. Inclusive Housing
• Sustainable Housing, poor, disadvantaged, and vulnerable populations often lack affordable and adequate
housing as well as other public services such as water and sanitation.
• increase in housing costs undermines access to adequate and affordable housing
• for example :- in Africa, incremental self-build housing is becoming increasingly difficult due to high cost
and/or lack of land, putting increasing strain on already vulnerable groups.
• welfare and housing regimes –e.g. safety net issues, legal and institutional frameworks – as countries
struggle with significant income differentials.
• Exclusionary zoning is another factor that significantly affects the supply of adequate, affordable housing.
• Lack of mixed use zoning regulations equally contributes to segregation
• Indigenous people and women particularly face housing discrimination.
3. Affordable Housing
• Most low-income households face barriers in accessing funding (including subsidized
mortgage) from formal financial institutions, including:
(1) minimum deposit requirements in savings accounts;
(2) high fees;
(3) collateral security (titles);
(4) income stability

27. 4. Adequate Housing
a) Access to improved water – unsafe and unaffordable water supply,
b) Access to improved sanitation facilities- only 63% aground the globe gets proper water supply (2010 data )
c) Sufficient living area
d) Structural quality/durability of dwellings
e) Security of tenure
5. Informal Settlement Upgrading
Around one quarter of the world’s urban population continue to live in slums and informal
settlements. Although the global proportion of urban slum dwellers in developing countries has
declined since 2000 , the number of slum dwellers around the world continues to grow at around
10 percent every year, intensifying the problem worldwide. The proportion of the urban slum
dwellers is most acute in
• Africa (61.7 percent)
• Asia (30 percent)
• Latin America .
• the Caribbean (24 percent)
• Arab States (13.3 percent)

28. 3. prioritizing policy options – transformative actions for the new urban
agenda
To assist policy- and other decision-makers implement the proposed policy framework, experts
appointed for Policy Unit 10 hereby put forth practical guidelines and a menu of prioritized actions.
Housing at the Center of the New Urban Agenda Principles
• Housing is inseparable from urbanization
• Housing is a socioeconomic development imperative
• Systemic reforms, strong states and long-term policy and finance are needed to
enable access to adequate housing for all
• Housing and slum upgrading policies should be accompanied by national strategies
• Human rights principles and standards are of extraordinary relevance for urban
development, to create socially sustainable and inclusive cities

29. Intregated housing frame work
• Adoptation of regional as well as municipal policies to expand infrastructure
networks(land, water supply , transport etc) and facilities
Inclusive housing
• fair and inclusive housing policies at all levels that prevent discrimination and which
address housing for special needs groups
• Government funding to the exceptional groups
Affordable housing
• housing policies that expand and improve the affordable housing stock
• policies that support green infrastructure , forest conservation and use of agricultural waste in
construction

30. Adequate housing
• housing polices that ensure the health, safety and security of the zone
• Energy efficiency practices and policy to improve the global warming
• policies that improve access to lighting, electricity and garbage disposal in urban and
developed rural areas.
• Adopt policies that support a land registration and cadastral system.

31. 5. policy design, implementation and monitoring
• Housing Policy Framing
• Housing Policy Design
• Implementation and Analysis of Financial Resources Required
• Monitoring and Evaluation of Housing Policies
4. key actors for action – enabling institutions
The sections below provide several models to encourage key actors to collaborate in
monitoring and implementing housing policies.
• National, Regional, State, and Local Government
• Civil society organizations
• Private Sector
• Donors

32. HOUSING POLICY CASE STUDIES
Integrated Housing Framework: the embedding of housing into urban plans and sectorial
investment strategies—urban services, land use, transportation and environmental sustainability—
to improve livability and accessibility within urban areas
Project Title : Integrated Housing Development Program
(IHDP)
Project Goal and Objectives : #1 Integrated Housing
Framework
Location: Ethiopia
Period of Performance :‘ Proposed in 2004, started in 2005
Ongoing
Project Description: Deliver affordable housing to low-and
middle-income groups. Objective of creating 400,000
units. Once the property is handed over, residents become fully
responsible for the costs of electricity, water and maintenance.

33. Figure 1: Housing development and implemented strategies
to reduce urban poverty
Integrated
Housing
Development
Program
 Job Creation through organizing
MSEs
 Regularizing and Supporting the
Informal Sector
 Improving Slum Areas
 Facilitating easy access to
mortgage and afordable
Payment Modalities
 Promoting Saving Culture
 Introducing Targeted Subsidy
 Providing Basic Infrastructure
 Promoting New Construction
Techniques
 Avoiding Eviction
 Assure Tenure Security
Reduced
Urban
Poverty
ACTIVITY
IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGIES
RESULT
Pic 1: Pictures of some of the appartments
completed and transfered to residents

34. Project Title : Affordable Housing for Sub-Saharan
Africa
Project Goal and Objectives: #1 Integrated Housing Framework
Location: Burkina Faso
Period of Performance: Started in 1998 – ongoing
Project Description:
Improve housing conditions through an appropriate construction
technique. Association La Voute Nubienne (AVN) promotes the development
of a selfsustaining market in Nubian Vaults construction for rural families and
poor communities of Sub-Saharan Africa
Characteristics of the housing
challenge
• Rapid urbanisation
• Sustained poverty
• Effects of displacement
• Most housing is informal housing
Source: World Urbanisation Prospects: 2011
revision. United Nations

35. Housing finance
“Adequate shelter which is built formally is unaffordable,
informally built housing is affordable but inadequate”
(UNHabitat, 2005) in SSA less than 15% of people are eligible
for mortgage financing (Rust, 2007).
 Gap between what is built and financed by state and
what is built and financed by people
 Increasingly filled by micro-finance (non regulated vs
regulated), although constrained by housing delivery
environment
Opportunities
 Recognizing ‘invisible’ housing investments at
different stages
 however, value creation also creates barriers and
opportunities for rent-seeking
Instruments for value capture and re-distribution:
 appropriate transfer of value to households
 The use of land value captured from middle to high
income Middle Income Housing- Nairobi, Kenya

36. 2. Inclusive Housing: the commitment to support participatory processes, fair
housing policies, and address housing for special needs groups.
Project Title:
Urban Community Development Office (UCDO), Community
Organizations Development Institute (CODI) and Baan
Mankong
Project Goal and Objectives: #2 Inclusive Housing
Location : Thailand
Period of Performance : 1992
‘With the Baan Mankong housing programme,
the role of the communitywas transformed,
becoming the key actor in the development
process’ – Government offiial, housing sector

37. What are the challenges?
1. Preventing new slum formation
2. Reaching the poorest
3. The scale and speed of change
4. Sustainability of Baan Mankong
Lessons learned
1. Progress in the living conditions of slum dwellers is
rooted in putting communities at the centre of slum
upgrading
2. Facilitating cooperation among different actors is key to the
success of
slum-upgrading programmes.
3. In addition to slum upgrading, there is a need for preventive
policies to minimize the establishment of slum settlements.

38. PROJECT TITLE: Quayside Village,
Location: Canada
Short Description: Quayside Village provides 19 residential units, five of which
are affordable housing, with the ambition of reducing social inequity. The units
comprise of 1-3 bedroom apartments and townhouses, all of which are wheelchair
accessible.
Courtesy of CDC
The complex is based on a 1000 m2 compact site. This reduces
energy consumption and resource usage.
It is within walking distance from a public market and a sea-bus
distance from restaurants, parks, schools and other services. This
keeps the residents engaged with city life.
The housing has several communal facilities such as a 232-square-
meter common house
60-square-meter commercial space.
Awesome features which made it successful:

39.  It also has a
communal kitchen,
laundry, crafts area,
and a dining room
where an interesting
movie is occasionally
played.
 All houses are built from reused materials
found at the site such as stained-glass
windows, wooden doors, and oak floors.
 Townhouses at the base are allotted to
families with children where a courtyard
provides a safe play area for children.
 Apartments on the upper floors provide
marvelous views of the skyline of downtown
Vancouver and surrounding mountains.
 Nearly all unit doors open towards the
common courtyard filled with flowerbeds
where the residents also grow their own
food.

40. • Amid these group activities, you still get to enjoy your
privacy in the coziness of your own home, don’t worry.
• There is no real garbage at Quayside! It has recycling bins for
items like clothes, bottles, Styrofoam, plastics, metals,
papers and cardboard (such as pizza boxes and milk packs).
• Labels are present above the bins to let the residents know
what goes where.
Courtesy of CDC
 It has a fancy gray
water reuse system
which takes water
from sinks, showers,
bathtubs, and
laundry to flush the
toilets.

41.  HOUSING POLICY ALL AROUND THE GLOBE
• land - Ensuring availability of land and conferring homestead rights
• Infrastructure - Providing the necessary back up to support the construction of new and
additional units and upgradation of the existing ones, Minimizing displacement of rural households
by developmental projects . Providing basic infrastructure
• Finance - Capital investment programs and subsidies focusing on rural areas had strained government
finances, and the direct provision of affordable public housing for ownership was proving to be
expensive
• Building materials -. Promoting the use of locally available materials and construction practices;
Reorganizing the then existing system of distribution of essential building materials, such as steel,
cement, coal, etc., and taking steps to reduce the high prices of these materials which are all subject
to price controls, and, for this purpose, conducting necessary investigations..
• Legal and regulatory frame work - Undertaking adequate rehabilitation measures for people affected
by natural calamities; Offering protective discrimination to the weaker sections of society ( lower and
lower middle class ).
1 . INDIA ( with elements of housing and housing policy )

42. 1 . SINGAPORE ( with elements of housing and housing policy )
• land - 90% of Land owned by the Government , Land Cost is not factored into the sale price of public
housing for buyers , Nearly half of the available land in Singapore is already built up, while a considerable
proportion consists of land designated as water catchment areas, forest reserves and for military
establishments, which can never be put to economic use.
• Infrastructure – According to HDB , adequate supply to meet the needs of construction industry at
reasonable cost should be ensured.
• Finance – Both employers and employes contribute a certain percentage of the employee’s monthly
salary to the fund , CPF funds are also used to purchase government bonds that are partly used to finance
loans and subsidies to the HDB to draw from the savings of the public to finance public housing.
• Building materials - The HDB helps local and foreign materials manufactures develop suitable new
materials.
• Legal and regulatory frame work -It is also in line with the policy of providing squatter and slum
dwellers with a better standard of housing and living. 2. Resettlement policies aim at providing equitable
compensation, resulting in minimum adjustment and making a real improvement in the housing conditions
of the squatters, small-scale farmers and slum dwellers
• Ownership - Home Ownership for the People’ Scheme was introduced to provide and assist people to
purchase low-cost flats.

43. THANKS
TO ALL