The document outlines a project from Sana'a University aimed at addressing affordable housing crises in Yemen, emphasizing innovative architectural approaches for low-income communities. It includes various chapters covering topics like housing density, case studies, and standards, while highlighting the historical context and current challenges of poverty and displacement in Yemen. The project promotes self-sufficient housing models that utilize local materials and community participation to create sustainable solutions for housing issues.

1. 1
AFFORDABLE HOUSING

2. ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMING PROJECT
Sana’a University-faculty of Engineering
Done by. Ghassan alhammadi
Supervision by
D/Saif Alqubati
D/Smaira Alshawsh
Arch. Ashraf alabbasi
Arch. Amna Alazani

3. CONTENT
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
1.1 WAY AFFARDOBALE HOUSING,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ASPIRATION 1.2
1.2 ASPIRATION,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1.3 HISTORY…………………………………………………………………..
1.4 HOUSING DENSITY………………………………………………….
1.5 PURPOSES…………………………………………………………………….
1.6 OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………..
1.7 SWOT………………………………………………………………………..
1.8 THESIS………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 2: CASE STUDY
2.1 HABITAT 67…………………………………………………………….
2.2 WOLDEN 7………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………..
2.3 SILODAMAN …………………………………………………………….
2.4 THE FUTURE TOWERS …………………………………………………………….
2.5 MORI HASUS …………………………………………………………….
2.6 CONOCLUSION …………………………………………………………….
2.6.2 SIZE OF THE PROJECT …………………………………………………………….
2.6.3 DATA COMPARISION …………………………………………………………….
2.6.4 SOCIAL COMPARISION …………………………………………………………….
2.6.5 ECONOMIC COMPARISION …………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 3: FACITLITES
3.1 ACTIVTES …………………………………………………………….
3.2 FACITLITIES …………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 4: SEARCHED STANDARDS
4.1 DEVELOPMENT TYPES …………………………………………………………….
4.2 HOUSING TAPOLOGEY …………………………………………………………….
4.3 OCCUPANTS …………………………………………………………….
4.4 STURCTURE …………………………………………………………….
4.5 SUSTANABLE DEVLOPMENT …………………………………………………………….
4.6 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE …………………………………………………………….
4.7 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION …………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 5: SITE ANALYSIS
5.1 PRMISSION …………………………………………………………….
5.2 LOCATION …………………………………………………………….
5.3 SITE ANALYSIS …………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 6: PROGRAMMING
6.1 FACITLITES& ACTIVTES …………………………………………………………….
6.2 UNITS& MOUDLES …………………………………………………………….

4. ‫نبذه‬
Introduction
4
4
4
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1

5. INTRODUCTION
AFFORDABLE
AFFOARDABLE HOUSING
Building models 18 in Mexico are buildings in which engineers try to choose and
configure building forms to be built without the intervention of engineers, in
which prices come before everything
A project to solve housing problems for third world countries. The project
is considered the ideal solution to be established in the event of an
increase in the demand for the commodity in housing for low-income
people. It depends on changing architectural ideas and the concept of
beauty. It relies on innovations in construction, self-construction, and the
use of local materials, which contributes to reducing the construction
price
SELF SUFFACANT HOUSING
SELF SUFFACANT HOUSING
SYNONYMS
SOCIAL HOUSING
LOW-INCOME HOUSING
GREEN HOUSING
COLLECTIVE HOUSING
ECONIMAIC HOUSING
Use of local materials in construction India
A prototype model in Mexico 18 buildings
in which engineers try to choose and
configure building forms to be built without
the intervention of engineers, in which
prices come before everything
A self-constructed residential
model that relies on community
participation in solving problems
and suggestions, and building on
its own without the intervention
of the architect. The model is
subject to change based on
different living requirements and
construction budget
Introduction
5
CHAPTER 1
PROTOTYBE
5

6. AFFORDABLE
Issues Result
Low-income
Poverty in Yemen holds one of the
highest rates in the Arab world. Half of
the population lives on less than two
dollars per day. The main reason for
poverty in Yemen is a lack of basic
resources, such as water, healthcare
and education.
Introduction
Housing crisis
low cost and ease of construction
ensurethe development of the country,
this would be by using the right
architectural style and philosophical
approach to architectural design.
Sustainable low-cost social housing
philosophical fit to us.
internally displacement
4.3 million Yemenis are internally
displaced. More than seven years of
conflict have resulted in Yemen
enduring one of the world's worst
humanitarian crises, in which 70 of
the population rely on aid for their
survival and millions have fled home
Housing bubble
a run-up in housing prices
fueled by demand, speculation,
and exuberant spending to the
point of collapse. Especially in
Sana’a city the capital of Yemen
Commercial shops under 25 square meters used for living
by occupation mostare internally displaced families end up
in this place cause no where also fit with their income.
Some of the shops do nothave bathrooms and most without
windows so no ventilation and natural light
WHY HOUSING
6
6
6
CHAPTER 1

7. ASPIRATION
In a country, most of the population lives below the poverty line, but
architectural awareness is no different from what is in rich industrialized
countries. In light of intellectual and educational weakness, architecture
becomes an attempt to form and declare to create fake beauty to stay instead of
meeting the basic needs of human. Creativity becomes just formed and tradition
of ancient architecture or aerobic architecture is not guaranteed, indifferent to
economic and residential crises. These prevailing architecture contributed to the
increase in housing prices and construction complexity of design to build people
to build without experiences, which require expertise, the result was housing
without the lowest humanitarian structure with an irreplaceable concrete
substances with the These problems came as a result of the low awareness of
architects and people with affordable housing simple and simple career beauty
created by accommodation with local climate, reasonable prices and self-
adrene. The awareness of the vulnerability of education and the poverty of Arab
content by raising global examples of Affordable Housing projects successful in
an environment similar to the local group in an Arab language and a conceptual
means of all. To change the thought and the concept of beauty and creativity to
become a solution to the problems is the beauty and real creativity instead of
the high attempts ... The first step to resolve the problem is to realize it,
cognition will work to change prevailing ideas and thus practices. The initiative
targets the influence on thought of exercises and academics and seeking the
desirability of these ideas in universities, architectural and working with official
bodies to establish this approach in line with the situation in which the country is
passing through and facilitating Knowledge-related means and overlook the
public at the local level of sustainability, given the complexity of cognitive
methods and their limitation on the upper-scale or articles with complex and
generous style, which is difficult to appeal to non-student. Based on the theories
of the social education imposed by Pandora that people learn from each other
by observation, tradition and a model, and the success of this initiative (model)
depends on the amount of attention and appreciation to be taken from people.
Introduction
7
CHAPTER 1

8. Q;S
The need for easy, fast and cheap
construction
HISTORY
THE WORLD WARS
The housing and economic crisis
MODRENISM
Announcement 1920C
After the First World War and the
beginning of the economic crisis, the
architect announced the principles
embodying the economic construction of
Villa Savoy‫ضهظ‬Q;S‫ا‬
Thesis how to construction with low cost
Changing the mind to be in line with the
current economic situation‫ضهظ‬
‫خلقت‬
Militancy in 1945C
After World War II, the height of the
housing crisis was accompanied by the
height of extremism in architectural ideas
WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR II AFTERMATH
Deconstruction 1960C
After the economic stability of Europe,
there is no need to return to art and art
ALTER EGO
Introduction
8
8
CHAPTER 1
ALTER EGO
ALTER EGO
PHASE I PHASE 2 PHASE 3

9. MVRDV OFFICE
‫خلقت‬
Current situation is the most important architectural figures in the field of
affordable housing and their work in solving the problem of slums in the developing
world
MVRDV
OFFICE
Alejandro Aravena
SOMDOON BIG Sanjay puri
Tatiana Bilbao
Introduction
9
9
CHAPTER 1
9
HISTORY

10. SELF SUFFACANT HOUSING
An architectural project in the first place, but considering the planning aspects as part of the
general site planning, the size of the scrapping project ranges from 22,000 to 30,000 according
to NAAB, in excess of 22,000 square meters, in addition to services
MIX 10000 OCUPTIONS
HOUSING DENSITY
The size of the project is according to the built-up area and the
site area
Introduction
10
CHAPTER 1
MIX 22000 SQM
MIN 1000 OCUPTIONS
MIN 6000 SQM

11. PURPOSE
‫خلقت‬
MAIN
PURPOSE
Presenting the concept of sustainability in a
simple way that goes with people's minds
away from the complexity and defining or
reformulating it as practices to solve local
problems and crises by presenting the best
sustainable practices in the world for example
SCAONDRAY
PURPOSES
▪ Instilling the spirit of initiative among
members of society in presenting ideas to
solve their problems and applying them in
society with awareness and true faith.
▪ Changing the concept of beauty among
people from costly complexity to simplicity
and redefining creativity as a solution to
problems.
▪ Spreading individual awareness of
engineers of responsibility towards ideas,
costs of implementing ideas.
Introduction
1
1
CHAPTER 1
11

12. ‫خلقت‬
OBJECTIVES
▪ Solving the housing crisis in Sana’a represented by the
high prices of buildings and land.
▪ Self-construction for the community.
▪ Local ideas and innovations to solve humanitarian
problems.
▪ Reducing rent and building prices by replacing concrete
building materials with local materials that are less
expensive or more beautiful.
▪ They are suitable as a construction and finishing material
at the same time.
▪ Creating an easy, fast and inexpensive building
method that contributes to urban advancement
followed by social advancement
▪ Finding a solution to slums and the cancerous
horizontal expansion of the city
▪ Home for all marginalized and incapable groups
in society Paying attention to reformulating the
concept of sustainability to suit the societies of
developing countries
Introduction
1
2
CHAPTER 1
12

13. THE WORLD
‫خلقت‬
More than 50 projects
The size about build to
neighboring residential
The inertance
Urko Sanchez Architects
SOS Children's Village in Djibouti
Tiny Apartment in Taipei Taipei, Taiwan
Urbanismo asequible en la Ciudad de
México: IntegrARA Lázaro Cárdenas de
a | 911
Mori haus residence/ somdoon
Architects
IntegrARA Lázaro Cárdenas
IntegrARA Iztacalco
Walden 7 / Ricardo Bofill
Silodam Housing Block in Amsterdam /
MVRDV
72 logements collectifs
Mountain Dwellings/BIG
amanora future towers
Residential towers with lush public
green
Urko Sanchez Architects
SOS Children's Village in Djibouti
Cenon / Habiter Autrement + Ateliers
Jean Nouvel
Lormont Housing / Habiter Autrement
+ Ateliers Jean Nouvel
Earth one vaulted house — Cal-Earth
Aranya Housing Project — B V Doshi
Chenkal Choola Housing — Laurie
Baker
S-House — Vo Trong Nghia Architects
Villa Verde — Alejandro Aravena
Parkview Terrace by Fougeron
Architecture, San Francisco
Dessau-Törten Housing Estate
Walter Gropius
Oscar Niemeyer apartment
building in Berlin captured by
Pedro Vannucchi
Interbau Apartment House
Through the Lens of Bahaa
Ghoussainy
Armagnac / Habiter
Autrement + Ateliers Jean
Nouvel
Iha Residence — Vinu Daniel
Post – Tsunami Housing —
Shingeru Ban
Casa Convento — Enrique
Mora Alvardo
Copan Building, Sao Paulo
Oscar Niemeyer
Concrete Waves: Exploring the
“Yard Typology”
Tetris Apartments,Ljubljana,
Slovenia
MVRDV Brings Minecraft to Life
with RED7 Housing in Moscow
Hagen Island MVRDV
pixel-based design of Rødovre
Sky Village
Mirador building
Parkrand
Salt
Mori haus residence/ somdoon
Architects
Brick Weave House / 4site
architects
Social housing in
Ciudad Acuña, Mexico,
by Tatiana Bilbao
Estudio
Experimental Mexican
community contains
social housing by
Tatiana Bilbao and
Frida Escobedo
Frida Escobedo Taller
de Arquitectura
firm Tatiana Bilbao
ESTUDIO affordable
ing fonciere housing
bordeaux France
Torre del Molino
Housing / Estudio &
Introduction
13
CHAPTER 1

14. SWOT
‫خلقت‬
▪ The inability to
understand the
project by the
official authorities,
▪ The inability to
accept the renew
▪ Nostalgia
S O W T
▪ The end of the war and
the need for housing,
the presence of
internally displaced
persons,
▪ The increase in poverty
the increase in demand
for supply,
▪ The population increase
and demographic
growth rates
▪ The threat to historical
and agricultural areas
through urban sprawl.
▪ The cost of construction
is cheap and easy. There
is always an urgent
need for housing
projects.
▪ Opportunities for
population growth and
stability, and thus
demographic growth.
The need for social
housing.
▪ People accept living in
communal buildings
and apartments.
▪ Society's lack of
acceptance of
sustainable ideas
▪ Dissatisfaction with
projects that violate
customs and traditions
Introduction
1
4
CHAPTER 1
14

15. WHY
Thesis
introduction
Creativity is to solve problems
Francis Kéré uses Materials to Respond to
Local Climate Conditions and win the Pritzker
Architecture Prize.
1
5
15

16. WHY
Thesis
Aesthetic
Ugliness becomes beauty when it solves
economic and housing crisis aftermath
16
CHAPTER 1
introduction

17. 17
STUDYCASE
CHAPTER 2

18. Habitat 67
18
STUDYCASE

19. Habitat 67 comprises 354 identical, prefabricated concrete forms arranged in various combinations,
reaching up to 12 stories in height. Constructing total 158 residents, but several apartments have since been
joined to create larger units, reducing the total number. Together these units create 146 residences of
varying sizes and configurations, each formed from one to eight linked concrete units
SITE PLAN
CONCEPT DIAGRAM
CONCEPT
Montreal Canada
LOCATION
MOSHE SAFDIE
ARCHITECTS
1967
YEAR
-
COST
SCALE
1
7
17
156
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
22000 AREA sqm
first developed the concept as part of his thesis at McGill University in 1961,
entitled “A Case for City Living”. Inspired by Brutalism movement.
19
STUDYCASE
CHAPTER 2

20. Graduation project 1963
Moshe Safdie conceptualized Habitat 67
for his master-level academic thesis at
McGill University..
EXPO 1967
the habitat thesis 2018
Even with his icons
project Moshe Safdie
Discusses the unbuild
habitat is the best
project he did
20
STUDYCASE
Other projects
Only in China,” quips Safdie principal
architect Lorenzo Mattii, AIA, about one
of the most exuberant Habitat-inspired
projects
The government built his project abitat
67 plays with 365 identical,
prefabricated concrete masses,
exploring their permutations and
combinations to form 12-storied
structures.
Development of habitat 67
CHAPTER 2

21. 21
STUDYCASE
PLANS
Circulation
Circulation
3D ACCESS
80*80*61M
DIMANTION
1st floor as open horizontal
circulation level, single loaded
stairs locted in each circulation
core, elevators as main direct
access
ACCESS
Underground garage
PARKING
Communal spaces created by
carving out voids from residential
towers
OUTDOOR
3D VIEW
CHAPTER 2

22. UNITS PLAN
22
STUDYCASE

23. M
LAYOUT
23
STUDYCASE
VERTICAL MOVEMENT
CORADOORES

24. introduction
WOLDEN 7
STUDYCASE

25. The organization of spaces is of wide variety. The units consist of different combinations of 30sqm units
distributed over one or two floors. Dwellings range from single module studios to four module apartments.
Spain - Sant Just Desvern
LOCATION
Ricardo Bofill
ARCHITECTS
1975
YEAR
10M-50M
COST
The building consists of a fourteen story cluster of apartments
grouped around five courtyards, on top of which are two
swimming pools..
CONCEPT DIAGRAM
CONCEPT
SITE PLAN
SCALE
18
9
17
469
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
31000 AREA M^2
25

26. CORRADROS
Courtyard
Unit type AA
Unit type BB
Unit type CC
TYEPICAL FLOOR PLAN
3D VIEW
26
AREA
80*80*61M
DIMANTION
1st floor as open horizontal circulation level, single loaded stairs locted in each circulation core,
elevators as main direct access
ACCESS
Underground garage
PARKING
Communal spaces created by carving out voids from residential towers
OUTDOOR
DATA
MIAN CORE
CORRADROS
Courtyard
Cores
elevator
STUDYCASE

27. UNITS PLAN
DUPLEX UNIT
PLAN
LEVEL 1
PLAN
LEVEL 2
SECTION AA
27
STUDIO UNIT
PLAN
PLAN
CIRCULATION

28. LAYOUT
ELEVATION ELEVATION SECTION
SOILD AND VOID TOP LEVEL MIDDLE LEVEL BELOW LEVEL 28
STUDYCASE
CHAPTER 2

29. SILODAMAN
STUDYCASE
29

30. CITY MORPHLOGOY
CONCEPT DIAGRAM
CON CE PT
Amsterdam,
LOCATION
MVRDV
ARCHITECTS
2003
YEAR
16,800,000
COST
SCALE
1
10
12-8
157
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
19600 AREA M^2
SITE PLAN
Located on the Ij River in Amsterdam, the Silodam houses a mixed program of 157 apartments, shops,
offices, retail areas, and public spaces. The different uses are stacked in ten levels over the water with
a structural grid of piles and loadbearing walls, generating a compact block that evokes a huge
docked ship packed with containers.
30
SITE
STUDYCASE
CHAPTER 2

31. PLANS
31
STUDYCASE
WC
Cores
Ship anchorage
RESTROOM
CHAPTER 2
31

32. TYPE AA 104 sqm
UNITS 10
TYPE BB 100 sqm
UNITS 46
32
AXONOMETRIC
CHAPTER 2
STUDYCASE

33. LAYOUT 33
CHAPTER 2
STUDYCASE

34. Future Towers, Pune
STUDYCASE
34

35. CONCEPT
India- pune
LOCATION
MVRDV
ARCHITECTS
2018
YEAR
70$
BUDGET
SCALE
1
9
17
1067
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
26000 AREA M^2
CONCEPT (THE SCOOP)
SITE PLAN
35
STUDYCASE

36. VIRTACL MOVMENT
CORADOORES
OPEN SPACE
TARRACE
Circulation
98 m
BUILDING
DEPTH
1st floor as open horizontal circulation level, single loaded
stairs locted in each circulation core, elevators as main
direct access
ACCESS
Underground garage
PARKING
Communal spaces created by carving out voids from
residential towers
OUTDOOR
SPACES
Amanora temple- green park- amanora lake- restaurant and
cafes- outdoor courts- amanora sport arena
OUTDOOR
AMENITIES
36
PLAN
Plan Floor 9th
Detail Plan Floor 9th
FLOORPLAN
Mass strategy
STUDYCASE

37. UNITS PLAN
TYPE BB 84sqm
BHK
TYPE 2 130sqm
BHK
TYPE 4 205sqm
DUPLEX
TYPE 1.5 153sqm
DUBPLEX
TYPE 2 70sqm
BHK
TYPE 1 70sqm
BHK
37
UNITS FLOORPLAN
STUDYCASE

38. LAYOUT
VIRTACL MOVMENT
CORADOORES
OPEN SPACE
TARRACE
SECTION
FLOOR PLAN
TOP ROOF PLAN
LAYOUT
ELEVATION
38

39. introduction
MORI HAUS
39

40. In the middle of the crowded city, everyone needs a place that can relax and feel the atmosphere of nature.
Mori Haus tried to connect feelings and atmosphere of nature back to the urban city again.
“Mori Haus” is located in the growing fringe of Bangkok near a canal, grassland, and
residential area. It is a challenge of fitting high-density dwellings into the local
neighborhood and maintaining the peaceful atmosphere of its surrounding. The two
blocks of seven-story residential buildings are located along the site perimeter to
maximize the central garden. While the third building is a one-story facility building and
situated in the open space between the two residential blocks.
ZONING DIAGRAM
CONCEPT DIAGRAM
CONCEPT & SITE
Bangkok, Thailand
LOCATION
Somdoon
ARCHITECTS
2015-2017
YEAR
-
COST
SCALE
2
7
17
469
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
19600 AREA M^2
40

41. PLAN
41
SITE PLANS
1 LIFT LOBBY
2 ELECTRICAL
ROOM
3 BIN ROOM
VIRTACL
MOVMENT
CORADOORES
UNIT TYPE A/ 1
BEDROOMS
UNIT TYPE B/ 2
BENDROOMS

42. LAYOUT
DESGIN FACDE
OVERALL MASSING
ELEVATION
SECTION
ELEVATION
42

43. 43
CONCLUSION

44. HOW BIG?
44
CONCLUSION

45. Population
density
Unit average area sqm
No. type of
dwellings
No. dwellings
Budget $
Area Sqm
Name of the project
1200
40
3
262
10-50M
19600
MORI HASU
3500
62
4
468
7M back
than=32M
31000
Walden 7
5000
35
20
1068
50M
26000
Future tower
790
20-150
15
158
20M
13000
Habitat 67
2444
80-150
30
489
-
2600
SILODAMAN
45
CONCLUSION

46. 46
CONCLUSION
India- pune
LOCATION
MVRDV
ARCHITECTS
2018
YEAR
70$
BUDGET
SCALE
1
9
17
1067
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
26000 AREA M^2
Spain - Sant Just Desvern
LOCATION
Ricardo Bofill
ARCHITECTS
1975
YEAR
10M-50M
COST
SCALE
18
9
17
469
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
31000 AREA M^2
Montreal Canada
LOCATION
MOSHE SAFDIE
ARCHITECTS
1967
YEAR
-
COST
SCALE
1
7
17
156
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
22000 AREA sqm

47. 47
CONCLUSION
Bangkok, Thailand
LOCATION
Somdoon
ARCHITECTS
2015-2017
YEAR
-
COST
SCALE
2
7
17
469
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
19600 AREA M^2
Amsterdam,
LOCATION
MVRDV
ARCHITECTS
2003
YEAR
16,800,000
COST
SCALE
1
10
12-8
157
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
19600 AREA M^2
Yemen Sana’a
LOCATION
GHASSAN ALHAMMADI
ARCHITECTS
2023
YEAR
-
COST
SCALE
1
7
17
970
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
22000 AREA sqm

48. Social life
Culture/art/colors
Green area /walk
side
Private open space
size and price Range of unit types
Actives
Housing density
Circulation/
movement
Open space/social area
Corridors/cores
the use of bright colors to brighten
residents’ days
The artwork in the scoops the open
spaces and terraces
Ratio of the green area is
0.4
The walk side are more
than 500m
The slabs form a hexagonal grid unity
private exterior terrace balconies
Apartments ranging from 45 square
meters to 450 square meters are
mixed together, a diversity enabled by
the building’s mountainous shape and
the shifting floor plans that it
generates
Yugo
Play field kids
meeting room
Reading room
4 units/core
Around 55 units on floor
7000m^2
5,000 people in one
building.
15 minutes to reach the aim
large open public courtyards at
ground level
500-metre-long
play, and others for sport, garden
spaces, and more
500-metre-long
play, and others for sport, garden
spaces, and more
Ratio of the green area is 0.4
Long of corridors are around 80m
There are only 4 main stair and elevator cores more than
1000 apartment
Making ‘scoops’ at intervals along the corridors large
openings in the sides of the building hosting various activities
The future
Like other icons of large exhibitions
and fairs—such as The Crystal
Palace and the Eiffel Tower -
Habitat 67 has thrived despite its
intended shelf life and remains an
emblems of its era.
The streets are
continuous through the
project, and access to the
dwellings is directly off
them
The project incorporates both
covered parking for all tenants and
additional visitor parking.
Provide every unit a garden
Apartments ranging from square
meters to 238 square meters
Around 17 condos each
floor /19000 square
mater
Service and parking facilities
are separated from the
tenant’s circulation routes,
located on the ground floor.
each residence has its own roof
garden. Play areas for young children
are provided throughout the
building.
Three elevator cores direct vertical circulation throughout the
complex. Elevators stop at every fourth floor to serve
pedestrian streets
Habitat 67
The daylight
requirements caused
different amounts of
windows for these types
partments: apartments with a
panoramic view, with views on both
sides, double-height flats, apartments
with a patio, apartments with a view
to the harbor
sequence of semi-public
routes appeared: from
galleries on one side, one
can walk via slits and
corridors to galleries on the
other side and higher up
mixed program of 157 houses (for
rent or sale), offices, workspaces,
commercial spaces, and public
spaces
Spaces arranged in a 20 meter deep and 100m and ten-story-
high urban envelope.
Sioldman
48
CONCLUSION

49. economic
Sustainable and
affordable
Investment
Structure and
constructure
Materials
High quality elements
Luxury & amenities
Budget
The building follows a hexagonal
grid to provide views and natural
light to the apartments
This allows the 9 wings with
double loaded corridors to be
efficiently serviced by 4 cores
eight years
-The building follows a hexagonal
grid to provide views and natural
light to the apartments
This allows the 9 wings with
double loaded corridors to be
efficiently serviced by 4 cores
eight years
The first phase building is raised
by a basement and plinth which
contain parking and various public
facilities: A school, swimming
pool, retail, bars, cafes and a
cinema. At the tallest point of the
structure a sky lounge will be
established.
The facade will be
concrete, with metal
shutters, wooden
balconies and stone-clad
circulation spaces
use simple and economic
materials
The building follows a hexagonal grid to
provide views and natural light to the
apartments
This allows the 9 wings with double loaded
corridors to be efficiently serviced by 4
cores
eight years
the amenities we were able to include, such as the
50-metre pool.
The building follows a hexagonal grid to
provide views and natural light to the
apartments
This allows the 9 wings with double
loaded corridors to be efficiently
serviced by 4 cores
eight years
The future
The on-site prefabrication system
should have reduced the cost of
production, an integral part of
Safdie’s vision for creating an
affordable housing complex.
Unfortunately, due to the
reduction of the project’s mass
scale, costs were much higher
than expected. However, though
Habitat failed to strike a new wave
of prefabrication, it succeeded in
creating a new housing typology
that is both effective and site
adaptable.
-In Habitat ’67 all the parts of the
building, including the units, the
pedestrian streets, and the
elevator cores, participate as load-
carrying members.
The units are connected to each
other by post-tensioning, high-
tension rods, cables, and welding,
all of which combine to form a
continuous suspension system
the concrete box was transferred
to an assembly line for the
insertion of electrical and
mechanical systems, as well as
insulation and windows. To
finalize the production, modular
kitchens and bathrooms were
installed, and finally a crane lifted
each unit to its designated
position.
The basic modular shape
was molded in a
reinforced steel cage,
which measured 38 x 17
feet.
The interior components
were produced,
assembled and installed
into each box unit in the
factory, with single-unit
bathrooms of gel-coated
fibreglass, kitchens
manufactured by
Frigidaire, and window
frames made of Geon
plastic.
each apartment with a roof garden, a
constant flow of fresh air and a maximum
of natural light: qualities which were
unprecedented for a twelve story
apartment complex
prefabricated modular units to reduce housing
costs
CAD $17 million
Habitat '67 captures some of the most
desirable amenities of free-standing
homes, while also providing
opportunities for the economies and
amenities of high-density urban living.
Habitat 67
The clients asked us to make a
building for a lot of different
housing types and also a lot of
different financing models, so we
wanted to explore the differences
in financial categories
The financial obligations added
differentiation in facade material
and outside spaces
the required deep piling
foundation and the expensive
temporary drydock constructions
a stack of shipping
containers, with a variety
of different colours and
material finishes creating
stripes across the façade
Connecting all the houses with the hall,
the public balcony, the harbor, the
barbeque area and garden, the library,
fitness area, and toy exchange, a three-
dimensional neighborhood materializes
the public balcony, the harbor, the barbeque area
and garden, the library, fitness area, and toy
exchange, a three-dimensional neighborhood
materializes
low-income families with elderly
residents, office workers and artists.
Sioldman
Facilities
ECONOMIC
Facilities
49
49
CONCLUSION

50. FACITLITIES
ACTIVITES
COMMINTY
FACITLITIES
CHAPTER 5
50

51. ACTIVITES
residential social Service Health
athletic
Culture
entertainment Investment
Studio
2,3,4 rooms units
Duplex
Triplex
Down
Library
Precent pavilion
Plaza
Reading room
Supermarket
Small shops
Restaurant
Sidewalk
Parking
PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY
STREETS
Bikeways
Communal area
Public Garden
Seating area
Ladies corner
meeting room
Guest room
Swimming pool
Kid’s playing
Adults
Yoga area
Farms
Compost bin area
Shopping center
Safety
Security room
Gates
Adults fitness
station
football
playfield
Elderly center
care
Public amenities
School
Gas station
healthcare
Sport
Place of worship
BLUE GREEN YELLOW RED AFFARODABLE
=
FACITLITIES
CHAPTER 5
51

52. Affordable/expensive
Amenities/luxur
y
Noise/quietness
View
Public/private used
occupants
Outdoor/in
door
AREA
Facilities
Activi
ties
Affordable
luxury
Making noise
No need
private
Employers
indoor
420
Guard house
Residential
expensive
luxury
Need quietness
Need view
private
Generational Family8-12
indoor
250
Unit, duplex triplex
Affordable
Amenities
Need quietness
Need view
private
Couple Students/elderly
indoor
80
Studio
Affordable
Amenities
Need quietness
Need view
Private
Family
Indoor
90
Single family unit 5
Affordable
Amenities
Need quietness
No need
private
1-3 adults
Indoor
14
Bedroom
Affordable
Amenities
Need quietness
Need view
private
1-5 occupants
indoor
15
Living room
Affordable
Amenities
Making noise
No need
private
Single
indoor
19
Bathroom
Affordable
Amenities
Making noise
Need view
private
Single woman
indoor
9
Kitchen
Affordable
Amenities
Need quietness
Need view
private
1-5 occupants
indoor
16
Dining room
expensive
luxury
Need quietness
Need view
public
1-5 men
indoor
17
Guest room
expensive
Luxury
Making noise
Need view
public
1-5 women
outdoor
12-25
Terraces
Affordable
Amenities
Making noise
Need view
public
1-2 men
outdoor
2-5
Balconies
Affordable
Luxury
Making noise
Need view
public
1-20- elderly
outdoor
16-25
Communal area
social
expensive
Luxury
Making noise
Source
public
1-30
outdoor
16-30
Public Garden
Affordable
Amenities
Need quietness
Need view
Semi-public
1-9
outdoor
17-50
Seating area
Affordable
Luxury
Need quietness
Need view
private
1-7 women
outdoor
17-9
Ladies room
Affordable
Amenities
Need quietness
Need view
Semi-public
1-4- elderly
outdoor
18-45
Meeting room
expensive
Luxury
Making noise
Source
Semi-public
1-45- adults
outdoor
50-150
Party pool area
entertainment
expensive
Luxury
Making noise
No need
public
1-10- children
outdoor
90-150
Play zone
expensive
Luxury
Making noise
Source
public
1-26- adults
outdoor
12-90
Forest walk
Affordable
Luxury
Need quietness
No need
public
1-5- adults
Out-door
Chess deck
Facilities
FACITLITIES
FACILI TIES
52

53. Facilit
ies
FACITLITIES
Affordable/expensive
Amenities/luxur
y
View
Public/private
used
occupants
Outdoor/indoor
area
Facilities
Activiti
es
Affordable
luxury
No need
public
Residentials
indoor
420
Supermarket
Service
expensive
luxury
Need view
250
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
public
Residentials
In-out
80
Restaurant
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
public
Residentials /visitors
Covered
90
Parking lot
Affordable
Amenities
No need
public
Residentials
Indoor
14
Small shops
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
Semi-public
Adults-families
outdoor
15
Sidewalk/bikeways/
Affordable
Amenities
No need
Private
Residentials
outdoor
19
Farm/farmstead/farmhouse
Investment
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
Private
Residentials
9
barns
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
Semi-public
Residentials
outdoor
16
Compost bin area
expensive
luxury
Need view
visitors
visitors
Indoor
17
retail
expensive
Luxury
Need view
Semi-public
Families
outdoor
12-25
Art garden
Culture
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
public
1-40 Residentials
Indoor
2-5
Pray hall
Affordable
Luxury
Need view
public
1-5 Residentials
Indoor
16-25
Library
expensive
Luxury
Source
public
Residentials
outdoor
16-30
Precent pavilion
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
public
Residentials1-6
outdoor
17-50
Plaza
Affordable
Luxury
Need view
public
1-15
Students
Indoor
17-9
Reading room
Affordable
Amenities
Need view
public
Adults
outdoor
18-45
Yoga area
expensive
Luxury
Source
public
Adults
outdoor
50-150
Swimming pool
Health
expensive
Luxury
No need
public
Adults
Indoor
90-150
Spa (steam/sauna)
expensive
Luxury
Source
public
Adults
Indoor
12-90
GYM
Affordable
Luxury
No need
public
Adults
Indoor
Fitness area
FACILI TIES
53

54. Facilities
STANDARDS 54

55. DEVELOPMENT TYPES
MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT
Mixed-use developments create
vibrant urban environments that bring
compatible land uses, public
amenities, and utilities together at
various scales. These developments
seek to create pedestrianfriendly
environments, higher-density
development, and a variety of uses
that enable people to live, work, play,
and shop in one place, which can
become a destination
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
Transit-oriented development (TOD) is
generally defined as development that is
located within a 10- minute walk, or
approximately .5 mile, from a light rail,
heavy rail, or commuter rail station. It also
includes development along heavily used
bus and bus rapid transit corridors. In
some communities, waterborne transit
supports TOD.
BENEFITS OF TRANSIT-ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT Certain benefits of TOD make
it distinct from conventional development
approaches. These benefits are numerous and
include quality of life, public health, economic
development, community character,
environmental quality, and transit use.
Quality of Life
Transit-oriented development can result in
many quality-of-life benefits, including
reducing automobile dependency; increasing
the range of housing options, both the types
of housing and the range of affordability
available to a community
Public Health
Because transit-oriented
development reduces automobile
dependency, residents can take
advantage of a more walkable
environment
Economic Development
Transit-oriented development provides
affordable access to jobs for people
without automobiles or with fewer
automobiles per household
Mix Uses
Along with higher densities,
transit-oriented
development can also be
characterized by the
emphasis on a mixed-use
environment.
CONSERVATION
DEVELOPMENT
Because transit-oriented
development reduces
automobile dependency,
residents can take advantage
of a more walkable
environment
INFILL DEVLOPMENT
Because transit-oriented
development reduces
automobile dependency,
residents can take advantage
of a more walkable
environment
TRANSIT-ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT
Transit-oriented development
(TOD) is generally defined as
development that is located
within a 10- minute walk,
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
55

56. Residential types
can be classified into five basic categories:
Single-family detached.
dwelling units are physically separated from the units immediately adjacent to them.
Single-family attached.
Single-family attached dwelling units share common walls with units laterally adjacent to
them.
Multifamily low-rise.
Multifamily low-rise developments have dwelling units that share common walls with the
units that are laterally
Multifamily mid-rise
. Multifamily mid-rise dwelling units share common walls with the units that are laterally
and vertically adjacent. They are generally 5 to 12 levels in height, with a common core.
They sometimes include structured parking. Multifamily high-rise. Multifamily
high-rise dwelling
units share common walls with the units that are laterally and vertically adjacent. They
are generally 12 to 50 or more levels in height, with a common core, and often include
structured parking.
Facilities
HOUSING TAPOLOGEY
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
56

57. Project Size
Project size refers to the land area of the project. This can range from a
single-lot, 2,000-square-foot urban infill project to a 3,000-acre new
community
RESIDENTIAL-TYPES TYPES
LOW-DENSITY MEDIUM-DENSITY HIGH-DENSITY
PROJECT SIZE
Lot sizes typicallyvary
from 1/8-acre (0.5-
hectare) lots (approx.
5,500 square feet) to 2-
acre (0.81-hectare)or
larger lots.
ASPECT RATIO
Typical single-familylots will have a
width-to-depth ratio of 1:2. Lot widths
are typicallymultiples of 10 feet (3.1
meters), and can range from 30 feet (9.3
meters) to 100 feet (30.48 meters).
PROJECT SIZE
Multiunitbuildings typicallyoccupy one
lot, collectivelycontrolled through
condominium ownership or by a single
property owner. The number of units
and zoning regulations determinethe
overall building size
ASPECT RATIO
Due to the presence of a building core,
and thus a relativelylarge footprint, this
type requires fairly regularizedparcels
with an aspect ratio ranging from 1:1 to
1:2.
PROJECT SIZE
Multiunitbuildings typicallyoccupy one
lot, collectivelycontrolled through
condominium ownership or by a single
property owner. The number of units and
zoning regulations determinethe overall
building size.
ASPECT RATIO
Due to the presence of a building core,
and thus a relativelylarge footprint, this
type requires fairly regularizedparcels
with an aspect ratio ranging from 1:1 to
1:2.
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
57

58. Potential forms of co-habitation
Facilities
OCCUPANTS Occupants
STUDNETS/WORKERS ELDERLY FAMILY
Community visioning
offers local communities new ways to think about and plan for the long-term
future
1000 Dwelling
5000 habitation
10 minutes cities
22000-30000 M2
22000 M2
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
58

59. LOW RISE MID RISE
SINGLE-FAMILY DETACHED SINGLE-FAMILY ATTACHED MULTIFAMILY LOW-RISE
PROJECT SIZE
Lot sizes typically
vary from 1/8-acre
(0.5-hectare) lots
(approx. 5,500
square feet) to 2-
acre (0.81-hectare)
or larger lots.
ASPECT RATIO
Typical single-family lots will have
a width-to-depth ratio of 1:2. Lot
widths are typically multiples of
10 feet (3.1 meters), and can
range from 30 feet (9.3 meters)
to 100 feet (30.48 meters).
PROJECT SIZE
Multiunit buildings typically
occupy one lot, collectively
controlled through condominium
ownership or by a single property
owner. The number of units and
zoning regulations determine the
overall building size
ASPECT RATIO
Due to the presence of a building
core, and thus a relatively large
footprint, this type requires fairly
regularized parcels with an aspect
ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:2.
PROJECT SIZE
Multiunit buildings typically
occupy one lot, collectively
controlled through condominium
ownership or by a single property
owner. The number of units and
zoning regulations determine the
overall building size.
ASPECT RATIO
Due to the presence of a building
core, and thus a relatively large
footprint, this type requires fairly
regularized parcels with an aspect
ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:2.
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
59

60. MID-RISE & HIGH RISE MID RISE
SINGLE-FAMILY DETACHED SINGLE-FAMILY ATTACHED MULTIFAMILY LOW-RISE
PROJECT SIZE
Lot sizes typically
vary from 1/8-acre
(0.5-hectare) lots
(approx. 5,500
square feet) to 2-
acre (0.81-hectare)
or larger lots.
ASPECT RATIO
Typical single-family lots will have
a width-to-depth ratio of 1:2. Lot
widths are typically multiples of
10 feet (3.1 meters), and can
range from 30 feet (9.3 meters)
to 100 feet (30.48 meters).
PROJECT SIZE
Multiunit buildings typically
occupy one lot, collectively
controlled through condominium
ownership or by a single property
owner. The number of units and
zoning regulations determine the
overall building size
ASPECT RATIO
Due to the presence of a building
core, and thus a relatively large
footprint, this type requires fairly
regularized parcels with an aspect
ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:2.
PROJECT SIZE
Multiunit buildings typically
occupy one lot, collectively
controlled through condominium
ownership or by a single property
owner. The number of units and
zoning regulations determine the
overall building size.
ASPECT RATIO
Due to the presence of a building
core, and thus a relatively large
footprint, this type requires fairly
regularized parcels with an aspect
ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:2.
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
60

61. Deck access
means that the individual storeys of a block of flats
are accessed along horizontal passages, which are connected to
each other and to the entrance by one or more internal, projecting
or free-standing fixed vertical structures (stair shafts, lifts). The
flats are organised along the passages singly, on two sides or on
three sides (with an internal function zone).
(with corresponding detailing) the appearance of a
semi-public street
. The route of this 'street' directly in
front of a (for internal passages unlit) wall of the flat produces a
tendency to a one-sided orientation of the flat.
The variety of possibilities with this access type therefore results
from the layering of multi-storey and mezzanine residential units,
which offer the possibility, by building over the access passages,
of double-aspect living on two sides of the flat.
Facilities
CIRCULATION
Internal passage
If the access passage is inside the building,
this is called an
internal passage block
External passage
In an external passage building, the horizontal
access is along one
long side of the structure
Lifts
are required for residential buildings of more
than five full
floors-
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
61

62. STURCTURE
AFOARD
BUILDING
LOW-COST
COST EFFICIENTCY
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
62

63. LOW-COST
25 % of all new single-family housing starts are
manufactured homes.
Manufactured housing can cost from 10 -35% less than
traditional site-built housing. Affordability is a key
factor in the growth of manufactured housing.
MANUFACTURED HOUSING
Factory-built housing describes any structure designed as a
residential dwelling that is built primarily off-site from the
building site.
MANUFACTURED HOUSING
TYPE OF MANUFACTURED
SINGLE SECTION MULTI-SECTION MULTIUNIT CONFIGURATIONS
MOBILE HOME Term used for manufactured homes built prior to 1976
passage of the HUD Code. Homes built to
voluntary industry standards.
MANUFACTURED HOMES Structures built entirely in a factory to
federal performance standards established by the HUD Code.
MODULAR HOMES Modules are transported to site and installed.
Structures must meet local, state, or regional codes.
PANELIZED HOMES codes Building materials are factory-cut to design
specifications, transported to the site and assembled.
Examples include kit, log, and dome homes. Structures must meet local,
state, or regional building codes.
PRECUT HOMES Whole wall panels (including windows, doors, wiring,
etc.) are transported to the site and assembled. Structures must meet state
or local building
homes are structurally
complete once they leave a
manufacturing facility. They
can be oneor two-story
structures.
Multisection homes consist of two or
more sections that are assembled or
completed at the building site.
Multisection homes are used in two-story
designs
In addition to multistory configurations,
manufactured homes can also be used
in multiunit configurations. These units
consist of a number of different
manufactured sections that are then
assembled on-site as duplexes,
fourplexes, or townhomes.
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
63

64. Quality Cost-effective Time-saving Low construction waste
Flexibility
MODULAR
A modular shared home is a residential tower that is designed
based on the principles of shared living and modular construction.
approaching affordable housing system with high-quality
performance
STURCTURE
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
64

65. PREFABIRCATED HOUSING
STURCTURE
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
65

66. SUSTANABLE
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
66

67. British Embassy
In Yemen
Cost efficiency Solve problems No Poverty
SUSTAINABLE
SUSTAINABLE TO US
Diebedo
Francis
kere
PRITZKER
2022
LAUREATE
67

68. GREEN BUILDING
Industry Country Developing Country
Meeting the need of
the present
Reduce CO2
Emission
CLIMETE CHANGE
Suffering
Couse
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
68

69. SHARED SPACE
Shared spaces
is principle based on the idea of shared living 12.6 square meter shared
space is considered for each household the social infrastructure
between residents by sharing time, spaces, and resources34
THE FARMHOUSE
THE TORONTO TREE TOWER
THE TORONTO TREE TOWER
THE TORONTO TREE TOWER
SAN SHAN
69

70. SUSTANABLE
My definition of
SUSTANABLE
Industry Country Developing Country
Meeting the need of
the present
Reduce CO2
Emission
Self Sufficient
requires builders seek to better alternatives to toxic, costly
materials. The subsequent materials are often easier to handle,
healthier for living beings, and cost-effective. Recycled metal
and reclaimed wood are two such materials
Cost efficiency
CLIMETE CHANGE
Suffering
ENERGY SAVINGS
Energy savings have been a huge selling point for landlords in
switching to the green initiative. Efficient HVAC systems,
increased natural lighting, and insulated windows mean lower
energy bills for everyone. U.S. landowners can save $ 2 billion
in energy costs through 20 0 by following green building codes.
EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION
Currently, commercial and residential buildings consume about one-
third of the world’s energy. Yet the IEA reports these buildings could
actually account for % of global energy savings by 2035
— if
construction practices become more energy-efficient. Fortunately, a
new type of housing has sprung into the market.
RECYCLE
in architecture : The self-contained building is a building designed
to be an independent operator in terms of infrastructure in
providing services such as electrical energy, etc., as well as
sewage treatment, the communication network and in some
cases public roads and
The Impact of Sustainable Building on the Housing Affordability Crisis
Couse
Solve problems No Poverty
SUSTAINABLE TO US
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
70

71. Brutalist Nostalgic
Post modernism Logical
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SHCOOL OF ARCHUITUTURE
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
71

72. Vernacular Green buildings Global style
{{{{{{
Protype-stereotype
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SHCOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
72

73. COMMUNITY VISIONING
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Community visioning offers local communities new ways
to think about and plan for the long-term future.
WHAT’S VOSIONING
visioning is a planning process through which a community
creates a shared vision for its future and begins to make it
a reality
ROLE OF PARTICIPATION
Community participation is the involvement of people in
the creation and management of their built and natural
environments. Its strength is that it cuts across traditional
professional boundaries and cultures. The activity of
community participation is based on the principle that the
built and natural environments work better if citizens are
active and involved in its creation and management
instead of being treated as passive consumers
IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation. Many community-based
planning processes stop with awareness,
perception, and decision making. This can
have significant detrimental effects on a
project because it ends people’s
responsibilities when the “how-to, where-to,
whento, and who-will-do-it” must be added
to what people want and how it will look.
People must stay involved throughout the
processes and take responsibility with their
professionals to see that there are results
Questionnaire hypothetical stakeholders
STANDARDS
CHAPTER 5
73

74. SITE ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 5
74

75. PRMISSION
THE PRMISSION THE LAND USE FOR THE AREA THE NEW TOWN MAP
SITE ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 5
75

76. LOCATION
‫مميزات‬
SITE ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 5
76

77. Facilities
SITE ANALYSIS 77

78. SELF SUFFACANT HOUSING
Services
Farming area
The project focuses on housing design
Housing
NABORHOOD
BLOCK
COMPLEX
7
8
7
8
78
SITE ANALYSISI
CHAPTER 5

79. Facilities
PROGRAMING
PROGRAM
CHAPTER 6

80. FACITLITIES
CHAPTER 6
PRO GRAM
CHAPTER 6
80

81. UNITS: 970
MOUDLES:14500
PRO GRAM
CHAPTER 6
81

82. PROGRAM
LAYOUT
AREA
SCALE
1
7
180
970
BUILDINGS
STORY
DWELLING/FLOOR
UNITS
16000 AREA sqm
PRO GRAM
CHAPTER 6
82

83. PRO GRAM
CHAPTER 6
83

84. THE
END
84

85. Sana’a University Department of Architecture Bachelor
Graduation Project.
This document has been drafted as a recommendation within
Graduation project requirements of architecture - faculty of
engineering, Sana’a university. is a comprehensive research
and development action performed to integrate the increase
of housing costs and other obstacles of housing in Yemen.
Contact information.
Ghassan Alhammadi
Address. Sana’a, Yemen
E-mail. archghassanhammadi@gmail.com
Tel. +967 774 816 921
Printed in Sana’a, Yemen January 2023
85