Study of LOW-COST HOUSING, AFFORDABLE HOUSING, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING & INCREMENTAL HOUSING

1. LOW-COST HOUSING, AFFORDABLE HOUSING,
SUSTAINABLE HOUSING & INCREMENTAL HOUSING
RIDAY SAHA

2. LOW-COST HOUSING

3. LOW-COST HOUSING
Character:
• Minimum volume of habitation.
• Provision of basic amenities.
• Cost of the house.
• Location of the house.
Definition:
Low cost hosing refers to houses that are inexpensive to build. It
doesn’t mean that the houses will be in expensive to live in.

4. Advantages:
• The goal of low-cost housing is to save money while also maintaining
buildings quality.
• Reduces Cost Construction.
• Without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.
• Low cost housing is done by proper management of resources as well as by
utilizing cheap building materials.
Disadvantages:
• Developing Low cost housing faces significant challenges due to several
economic, regulatory and urban issues.
• Excessive Control on Development of Land Creates Artificial Shortage.
• Lack of Marketable Land Parcels.
• Titling Issues and Lack of Information.
• Rising Threshold Costs of Construction.
• Lack of Access to Home Finance for Low-Income Groups.

5. Design criteria or consideration:
• Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.
• Use locally available material in an innovative form like soil cement blocks
in place of burnt brick.
• Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less energy like concrete
block in place of burnt brick.
• Use environmentally friendly materials which are substitute for
conventional building components like use R.C.C. Door and window frames
in place of wooden frames.
• Preplan every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure
for reducing the size of the component in the building.
• By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of
materials due to demolition of the unplanned component of the house can
be avoided.
Different Building Techniques Are:
1) Recycling 2) Extensive planning
3) Modular planning 4) Infilling

6. CASE STUDIES
ARANYA LOW-COST HOUSING INDORE
Architect: B. V. DOSHI
Location
6km from the center of Indore city, M.P.
Client
Indore Development Authority
Total Built-up Area
100,000 m2
Year of completion
1989

7. PRE-DESIGN STAGE ANALYSIS
Objectives:
• To improve and upgrade the existing slum area.
• To provide serviced sites for new housing developments instead of
building complete houses.
• To provide for 6,500 residential plots ranging in size from 35m2 for EWS
to 475m2 for high income groups
Financial Aspects:
• The idea was to mix some middle income plots with EWS plots to use the
profits to raise capital towards development of local trades.
• Funding – 100% public sources.

8. The General Objectives Of Aranya Were To:
• Create a township with a sense of continuity and fundamental values
of security in a good living environment.
• Achieve a community character by establishing harmony between the
built environment and the people.
• Create a balanced community of various socio-economic groups to
evolve a framework through design.

9. EVOLUTION OF MASTER PLAN
Plan proposed by IDA
Initial stage of proposed plan with
distributed open spaces and street
hierarchy.
Later stage of development to
with rectified orientation to
minimize heat gain and
increase shading.
Proposed Master Plan

10. DISTRIBUTION OF AMENITIES
ALT A
• Community facilities grouped in local sub
centers.
• Formal organization
ALT B
• Community amenities distributed evenly
• Informality created
• Accessibility improved
ALT C
• Lower level community facilities organized in
green spaces
• Even distribution
• Maintains link with town Centre.
• Pedestrian access easier.
ALT A
ALT B
ALT C

11. ACCESS TO AMMENITIES ( in minutes)

12. Concept
• Slum development project
• Inspiration from existing slum
settlements in Indore
Characteristics
• Mixed and multiple land use
• Formation of small neighborhoods
and houses extending to the
outdoors.
• Small shops operating within
congested areas.
• Trees planted in public places
• Streets accommodating social,
economic and domestic activities.
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT

13. SITE ANALYSIS
• Urban Indore city 214 sq. km.
• Major development along Delhi – Mumbai highway running through the
city in the north south direction.
• Surroundings: - Delhi-Mumbai highway on the east
- Developing industrial areas on the north, south and west.
- Internal city roads to the north, south and west.
• Approach through the Delhi – Mumbai highway
• Site selection criteria:
- Linkages to the city
- Employment generating industrial areas in the surroundings.
Existing features:
• 1.85 hectares allotted for existing light industries.
Geographical features:
• Flat site
• A natural water channel running diagonally across the SW corner.
• Top strata of the black cotton soil 2-2.5 m thick.
• Gradually sloping (Gradient : 1:110 approx.) towards the north-west corner.

14. TOWNSHIP LEVEL:
• The aim was to create a central spine. The master plan was informal with
interlinked space of cultural context, maintenance of hierarchy of road,
open spaces, a central location of basic community services.
• The central spine was a focus of the converging six sectors.
SIX SECTOR LEVEL:
• This enabled segregation of pedestrian and vehicular movement, good
distribution of built and unbuilt spaces by promoting interactive land use.

15. Residential Commercial

16. HIERARCHY OF ROADS

17. ROADS:
• Segregation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic
• Offsets break visual monotony
• Hierarchy is based on the volume of the traffic and Activities
• The roads suit human scale
• Use of cul-de-sacs to avoid traffic.

18. CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FEATURES
• Most of the plots small in size and clustered in low rise blocks
• Longer side façade oriented in the north-south axis to reduce the solar
radiation on the building.
• Each house has minimum exposure to wall surface and a common wall.
The north south orientation
of Clusters
The building height to street width
ratio is such that streets are shaded
except when the sun is overhead

19. Plan showing varied houses with backyards (private open spaces)
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FEATURES
• The two openings on the north and south permit light and cross
ventilation.
• Courtyards within the houses, cul-de-sacs, public squares and small
activity areas shaded adequately by adjacent buildings.
• Use of locally available building materials.
• Topography used for orientation of major infrastructure network and
spatial organization.

20. SERVICES SITE AND SERVICE
APPROACH
• Cost-effective
• Progressive development of facilities.
• Houses built by the people themselves to
suit their needs.
• Each family provided with a plot having a
water tank, sewerage connection, paved
access with street lighting, storm water
drainage.
• Service cores - key to this site and service
scheme- nuclei around which houses were
built.
• Houses were clustered in groups of 10.
• Septic tank provided for every 2 clusters.
• Water drawn from 3 local reservoirs.
• To economize, 20 toilets are connected to
1 manhole.
• One service line serves four rows of
houses

21. SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• Major alternatives:
- Sewer-less sanitation.
-Conventional sewerage system.
• The soil being impermeable black soil
of 2m depth, conventional sewerage
system was adopted.
• Designed after thorough analysis of
topography – naturally slopes towards
NW.
• Higher income groups, using more
water were located at high ground level
to generate large flow..
• Lower income groups, using less water
located at lower ground level
• This resulted in 10-15% savings.

22. TREATMENT SYSTEM
• For conveyance system, a wet well and lift station was constructed near the
final manhole.
• Oxidation pond - located on the NW corner of the site.
- removes biological oxygen
- simple in operation
- effluent suitable for disposal.
STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• Very efficient and facilitates healthy and clean living.
• Combination of underground and surface drainage system.
• Underground used for wider roads
• Surface drainage used for internal roads.
ELECTRICITY
• High income and middle-income groups were provided with overhead
cables.
• Economically Weaker Sections were provided with underground cables

23. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
• Foundation:
Under rimmed piles in concrete, cast in situ
locally was used as the soil was black
cotton soil.
• Structural members:
Reinforced concrete plinth beams, load
bearing brick walls, reinforced concrete slabs.

24. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
• Exterior Finishes:
Bright color in the façade, railing, grills and cornices seen in the old houses of
Indore used in some houses in the township.
• Residents were free to use any material like brick or stone that were
locally available.

25. LANDSCAPE
• Landscape and green areas include flowering and shade giving trees with
thick ground cover, including lantana, an ever-green tree , that requires little
maintenance.
• Trees include caesarians, bottle brush and eucalyptus.

26. CONCLUSION
• It understands the traditional Indian habits.
• Planning and design is in accordance with the prevailing socio-economic and
technological conditions
• Cost –effective construction materials and techniques have been adopted
• Planning is “whole to part” – i.e. From township level to dwelling unit level.
• Accessibility has been an essential factor for designing.
• Consistency in every aspect
• Staggered roads, prevent thorough traffic, reduce speed of vehicles
• Climate responsive and site responsive design.

27. AFFORDABLE HOUSING

28. AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Character:
• Minimum Volume of Habitation- Space is limited in cities to meet
the demands for public housing. Apartment buildings are favored
(vertical expansion)
• Provision of Basic Amenities- Sanitation & Basic Water Supply,
Parks, Schools, and Healthcare facilities within the neighborhood
or surrounding area.
• Location of the House- Can negatively impact a city by increasing
the stress on public transportation, Effects affordability of the
household if located far away from a workplace.
• Cost of the House- Purchase Cost, Maintenance cost, Sustainability.
Definition:
Affordable housing refers to housing units that are affordable by that
section of society whose income is below the median household
income.

29. Advantages:
• Communities may become uniform without it Lose the ability to interact
with people who may be in different economic or cultural circumstances.
• High housing costs means that a family will spend less on other necessities
such as food, clothing, or childcare.
• Children who live in bad housing have lower educational attainment and a
greater likelihood of being impoverished and unemployed as adults.
• Economy.
• Eco - Friendly As it SAVES, 100% Bricks, 50% Steel & Shuttering, 40%
Concrete, 25% Utility Bill.
Disadvantages:
• Affordable housing faces significant challenges due to several economic,
regulatory and urban issues.
• Excessive Control on Development of Land Creates Artificial Shortage.
• Lack of Marketable Land Parcels.
• Rising Threshold Costs of Construction.

30. Limitation
Critical issues in the affordable housing-
• Scarcity of Land
• Scarcity of marketable land parcels
• Tilting issues
• Rising costs
• Regulatory Constraints Others
• Developing affordable housing in Indian cities faces significant challenges
due to several economic, regulatory and urban issues.
• Excessive Control on Development of Land Creates Artificial Shortage.
• Lack of Marketable Land Parcels.
• Titling Issues and Lack of Information.
• Rising Threshold Costs of Construction.
• Lack of Access to Home Finance for Low-Income Groups.
• Lengthy Approval and Land Use Conversion Process

31. Design criteria or consideration:
• Design unit layout and dimensions for flexibility and efficiency
• Reuse designs, rotate floor plans, and reduce costs
• Building a more efficient and economical interior
• Tweaking apartment layouts can increase usable space
• Strategies for more efficient building services
• Stack, standardize, and simplify
• Buildings designed around a central staircase conserve space and money
• Create long-term savings by investing in environmental performance
• Reduce parking requirements.
• Local amenities
• Density
• Public space
• Local amenities
• Variety of space
• Making apartments more affordable.
• Make the development process shorter, simpler, and more transparent.

32. CASE STUDIES
QUINTA MONROY
Architect: Alejandro Aravena, Elemental
Location:
Sold Pedro Prado, Iquique, Tarapacá, Chile.
Area: 5000 m2
Year of completion: 2003

33. CONCEPT

34. PLAN (Site Plan)

35. PLAN (Ground Floor)

36. PLAN (First Floor)

37. PLAN (Second Floor)

38. ELEVATION

39. SECTION

40. LOCALAMENITIES
PUBLIC SPACE

41. VARIETY OF SPACE
Type and number of units available
30
SINGLE
70
1-3 BEDROOM
0
4+
BEDROOME
Further exploration: Due to a lack of affordable housing, the number
of bedrooms in a unit is not equivalent to the number of people in that
unit. In the case of Quinta Monroy, entire families have shared a studio
unit. Also important to note that the type and number of units of this
project will change over time, as owners increase or decrease built
space as needed

42. OWNERSHIP

43. DENSITY
Actual density
100
DWELLING UNITS
1.24
ACRES
80.9
DWELLING UNITS/
ACRE
=

44. Perceived density
Facade articulation
Building type variation
Material variation
Window variation

45. HOUSING AFFORDABLE HOUSING

48. SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

49. SUSTAINABLE HOUSING
Character:
• Energy Efficient
• Minimize Environmental Impact
• Optimize use of sun
• Improve indoor air quality
• Use the land responsibly
• Create high-performance and moisture-resistant houses.
• Wisely use the Earth's natural resources.
Definition:
Sustainable housing has the potential to produce good quality housing at a
price that is affordable both in the short and long term. Thus, sustainable
housing must aim at economic, social and environmental sustainability from
planning to implementation phase and at the same time result in housing that is
affordable, accessible and environmentally less damaging

50. Advantages:
• Healthy, durable, safe and secure,
• Affordable for the whole spectrum of incomes,
• Using ecological low-energy and affordable building materials and
technology
• Connected to decent, safe and affordable energy, water, sanitation and
recycling facilities,
• Using energy and water most efficiently and water recycling capabilities,
• Not polluting the environment and protected from external pollutions,
• Well connected to jobs, shops, health- and child-care, education and other
services.
Disadvantages:
• A lot of eco-friendly materials are not available everywhere, so sometimes
these materials are hard to find and transportation fees may be high.
• To build a sustainable building, in some cases takes more time than an
ordinary one. Sometimes it takes too much time to find the needed material.

51. Design criteria or consideration:
• Equitable use - the design is useful and relevant to a wide group of users
• Flexibility in use - the design accommodates a wide range of individual
preferences and abilities;
• Simple and intuitive use - the design is easy to understand regardless of
the knowledge, experience, language skills or concentration level of the
user;
• Perceptive information - the design communicates information effectively
to the user regardless of the ambient condition or the sensory abilities of the
user;
• Tolerance for error - the design minimizes the hazards and adverse
consequences of unintended actions of the user;
• Low physical effort - the design can be used easily, efficiently and
comfortably with a minimum of fatigue; and
• Size and space for approach and use - the size and space for approach,
reach, manipulation and use should be appropriate regardless of the body
size, posture or mobility of the user.

52. LOW COST EARTH SHELTERED HOUSING
DESIGN BY ZEDFACTORY
Site Location: Christchurch, New Zealand
Client: Mott MacDonald Limited
Project Date: 2013

53. • The 'low-cost earth-sheltered housing' project combines - housing, private
gardens, a rooftop undulating public park and covered communal areas and
marketplace.
• The design has been arrived at from its foundations of highly sustainable
criteria, low-cost construction and a seismically safe structure.
• ZEDfactory has developed a range of five different typologies and two different
construction systems to suit the varying lifestyles of families, couples, and
single person dwellings.
• The roofs of the housing forms an undulating public park, which ensures that the
best use of the land is made, whilst providing a low cost, yet unique housing
typology.
• Two linear glass canopies enclose a market, and food growing beds. Access is
via nearby streets and individual gates from private gardens which back onto the
market. Children can play inside on rainy days.
FEATURES:

54. • Mott MacDonald is pleased to support ZEDfactory's innovative use of natural and
locally available materials to provide affordable Earth Sheltered Housing with the
ability to create low carbon/low-cost living using renewable energy sources in
earthquake and Hurricane prone areas of the world.
• Preliminary analysis supports the structural safety shell concept with specific site
design to be validated based on local site and soil conditions'

55. WHY SUSTAINABLE……?
• Each home facilitates zero carbon personal transportation by having its own
parking space with an integrated electric vehicle charging point connected to the
solar array.
• Encourage Eco-friendly transport -Electric and liquefied-petroleum-gas cars
have priority over cars that burn petrol and diesel, and electricity is provided in
parking spaces for charging electric cars.
• Zero energy- The project is designed to use only energy from renewable sources
generated on site. There are solar panels.
• Energy efficient.
• Water efficient- Most rain water falling on the site is collected and reused.
Appliances are chosen to be water-efficient and use recycled water when possible.
• Low-impact materials.
• Waste recycling- Refuse-collection facilities are designed to support recycling .

56. Solar Energy
Garden space
Electric Vehicle Charging Points
Carpool
Pedestrian access from streets to the covered spaces
ECO-FRIENDLY TRANSPORT & ENERGY EFFICIENT:

57. Rainwater storage tank with optional reverse
osmosis filtration unit to maintain water for
washing and toilet flushing if street freshwater
supplies disrupted.
Black water store
Rooftop greenhouses
Solar Power
WASTE RECYCLING & ZERO ENERGY:

58. CONSTRUCTIONS: LOW-IMPACT MATERIALS
1. Ground works 2. Tubes and gabion mesh 3. Pebbles and soil
4. Tube houses built
Steel tube
Gabion wall
Soil
5

59. INCREMENTAL HOUSING

60. INCREMENTAL HOUSING
Character:
• Incremental housing approach is based upon the principle of increasing the
responsibility of individual households and communities by encouraging
decision making and responsibility of individual household or communities
so that they take care of the aspects of housing for which they are in the best
position to take.
• This can also be a kind of ‘’step by-step’’ configuration of the house in
order to be build for people.
Definition:
Incremental housing can be defined as a gradual step-by-step process whereby
building components are appended or improved by owner-builders as funding,
time, or materials become available. In this way, the costs
of housing construction can be reduced, especially compared with
the housing delivery by contractors.

61. ADVANTAGES:
• The numbers case-
By engaging householders in the production and management of their
own dwellings and neighborhoods, far more legal, safe, and healthy
dwellings affordable to low-income groups can be procured than by
conventional approaches.
• The financial case-
By providing security of tenure and access to services, even poor
households are able to invest in housing and neighborhood development
through saving and borrowing, thereby sharing the cost of urban
development with the government.
• The urban management case-
By recognizing the most effective levels of decision-making and
delegating the authority that is required for incremental housing
development, partnerships that enhance the efficiency of urban
management and the administration of urban services can be built.

62. ADVANTAGES:
• The urban development case-
By planning areas of legitimate low-income housing development as part
of an integrated urban development strategy, governments can set
strategic priorities for an entire urban area rather than resorting to ad hoc
measures.
• The governance case-
By engaging households and community leaders in the incremental
development of their housing and neighborhoods, a system of good
governance that helps ensure transparency and accountability in decision-
making can be created.
• The social and economic development case-
By encouraging cooperation through incremental development, local
communities are built and strengthened. Furthermore, by creating job
opportunities through the provision of training and technical support,
household incomes can be increased.

63. DISADVANTAGES:
• Insecure housing tenure
• Inadequate basic services
• Housing settlement that contradicts city by-laws
• Housing built on a property owned by the state or the third party instead of
the owner or resident
• Insufficient access to basic urban services
• Substandard housing and inadequate building structures
• Illegal subdivision of housing
• Poverty and social exclusion and
• Unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations

64. Design criteria or consideration:
1. Land and location
2. Cost and location
3. Land acquisition and law reform
4. Land tenure
5. Finance
6. Infrastructure and services
7. The private sector
8. Beneficiary selection
9. Site planning and building controls and supports
10. Community organization and asset management
11. Strategic planning.

65. BELAPUR HOUSING BY CHARLES CORREA:
A SENSE OF HOME AND COMMUNITY

66. One of these projects is the
incremental Belapur Housing.
Belapur.
Located in Thane district, then
just on the fringes of Navi
Mumbai. It is a node in Nerul,
some two kilometers from the
Centre of New Bombay.
The site area of 5.4 hectares was
developed to house 500 people
(about 100 families) per hectare.
Work on the project began in
1983, taking three years to
complete, with the first residents
moving in by 1986.
BELAPUR HOUSING

67. CONCEPT
The scheme was designed to cater to a variety of income groups: lower, middle, and upper.
Though the range of income groups is wide (a ratio of 1:5) the plot sizes vary less, from 45
sqm to 75 sqm. Initially, Ar. Correa wanted the same plot size for all, but that had to be
modified due to affordability and rules of lending agencies.
Each house has its own plot and shares no common wall with its neighbor, allowing for it
to have its own small open space. This is beneficial in two ways: a sense of individuality
even in a dense community and for expansion as and how seen fit by the owners. This was
commended as a feature of good contemporary planning.

68. CLIMATE CLIMATE RESPONSIVE
Sloping roof to deal with heavy
rainfalls in the monsoon.
Helped to drain the excess rain water
as well as stream the water from the
waterfall., Streams for 4 months and
Helps to maintain a cool
environment.
ACCESSIBILITY
•2 km from belapur railway station.
•32 km from eastern freeway.
•40 km from the airport.

69. PLANNING PROCESS
• The project is generated by a hierarchy of spaces. The first is the private
courtyard of single dwelling used as a space for outdoor activities during
most of the year.
• Subsequently, seven units are grouped to form a small courtyard town of
about 8m x 8m. Three of these groups form a module of twenty-one homes
that describes the collective space of the next scale (approximately 12m x
12m).

70. Charles Correa ingeniously uses his trademark hierarchical open spaces to create a sense
of home and community. The smallest open space is the individual yard of each house.
Seven dwellings are grouped around an intimate courtyard of about 8m x 8m.
Three such clusters come together around a larger space of about 12 m x 12 m. Three of
these clusters combine around the largest community space of 21m x 21 m. The
community spaces open out to a seasonal stream (nullah) flowing through the centre of the
site which also carries the storm water during rains.

71. All the units are
arranged such that one
house can abut the
boundaries of two
others. No windows are
placed on those sides to
maintain the privacy of
the residents. All the
units are built in load-
bearing masonry,
plastered and painted.
The structure was kept
simple so that the
houses can be
constructed even by
local unskilled
labourers, giving them
employment.

72. PRINCIPLES:
• Instrumentality
• Identity
• Pluralism
• Income generation
• Equity
• Open-to-sky space
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Planning: hierarchy cluster arrangement private 'open to sky space‘ toilet blocks
shared courtyard (communal space) informal character to roads.
• Architecture: pitched roof.
• Materials and construction: brick walls, roof- wooden shingles outdoor stone
paving, simple floor plans and building methods.
• Other: interactive space green.
Living area
Services
Private courtyard
Access roads

73. THE MODULES
• Project demonstrates how high density housing (500 people per hectare) can be achieved
in a low-rise typology, while including (open to sky spaces) and services, like schools,
that the community requires.
• Overriding principle is to give each unit its own site to allow for expansion
(Instrumentality)
• The footprint of each plan varies little in size (from 45 sq. m to 70 sq. m), maintaining
equity (fairness) in the community.
• Scheme caters wide range from the lowest budgets of Rs 20000, Middle income groups
Rs 30000-50000 and Upper income Rs 180000.
• The village was produced with the idea that the residents were going to alter it in many
ways, making it truly their own, therefore homes are freestanding, so residents can add on
to them as their families grow; and differently priced plans appeal to a wide variety of
income levels.

74. Type B Type D
Type E
Seven House Cluster
Community
Space
Courtyard

75. The overall feel of the settlement is that of a quaint
village, with small close-set white-washed houses
topped with Mangalore tiles. The front yards are
paved with Shahabad, the most popular stones used
in angans.

76. The movement within the development is
entirely pedestrian, with parking spaces
allotted on the fringes. The open spaces flow
from small court to large community space
with ease.
Belapur housing makes a statement which
combines the principles that Correa believed to
be most important in housing: instrumentality,
open-to-sky spaces, equity and a strong sense
of community.

77. SERVICES
WATER SUPPLY
• There is no UGT for the project.
• Each building has its own over head tank either syntax or R.C.C
• Separate UGT for some bungalows.
• WTP at sector-1.
• Timings of water-2 to 3hrs morning and evening.
DRAINAGE
• Storm water is drained into the main rivulet (nullah).
• No separate STP.
• Chaotic drainage system.
• Filled with water During monsoon or else dry rest of the year.
• Waste water is directly drained into municipal sewer.
ELECTRICITY
• Chaotic electric connection .
• Substation and meter room located in condominium 1.
• No gas pipe lines
• No rain water harvesting project.

78. Reference:
• https://www.jchs.harvard.edu
• https://www.slideshare.net
• https://www.Google.com
• https://www.Archdailycom
• https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/
• https://jag.journalagent.com/
• https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/
• https://www.youtube.com/
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