HOUSING & HOUSING POLICY ,HABITAT III PAPER

HOUSING & HOUSING POLICY
DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
BATCH-2015
HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
HSTU ,DINAJPUR, BANGLADESH

Shelter
 Refuge in emergency on a temporary basis
 Can be both designed and non designed
 Only use rights - no ownership right
House
 A house is a shelter for rest, safety, and comfort; and for protection
from enemies and vagaries of climate
 It includes space for rest, sleeping, cooking, and bathing
 Also it includes those qualities of comfort, convenience and amenities, which are essential for emotional and social well
being of families.
Housing is one of the most important life components
giving shelter, safety and warmth, as well as providing a place
to rest.
Also refers to the arrangement or provision of places
to live.

Housing & Community
 Fundamental concept of human association & relation
Community is the soul
&
Housing is the body
Housing Pattern
 Rural housing type
 Bamboo walled houses
 Mud walled houses
 Timber houses
 Timber and brick built houses
 Corrugated iron (CI) /tin sheet houses

Housing Pattern
 Urban housing pattern
 Detached house
 Semi-detached house
 Row house
 Duplex
 Triplex
 Apartments
 Tenement house

A New Strategic Approach that Includes Reforms in Five Areas:
1.Create an integrated housing framework:
embed housing strategies into urban plans and sector policies at both the national and
municipal levels (e.g. in services, land use, transportation) to better integrate housing
programs into decision-making.
2.Adopt an inclusive approach:
support participatory processes
fair housing policies, and address housing for vulnerable and special needs groups
3. Expand affordable housing:
improve affordability of home ownership
 subsidize low-income households to rent or own adequate housing
 expand and improve the affordable housing stock.
HOUSING POLICY (HABITAT III)

4. Improve housing conditions:
 improve habitability (protection from natural elements, hazards and diseases) in urban and rural locations
 access to basic services (water, sanitation, lighting, electricity, and garbage disposal)
legal right to secure tenure (including compliance with a continuum of land rights, promotion).
5.Upgrade informal settlements:
support neighborhood upgrading programs and
 incremental housing in informal settlements.
 How To Achieve Global Housing Goals ?????
It can be achieved by followings agendas :
1. Vision and framework of the policy paper’s contribution to
the new urban agenda
2. Policy challenges
3. Prioritizing policy options – transformative actions for the
new urban agenda
4. Key factors for action – enabling institutions
5. Policy design, implementation and monitoring

1. Vision and Framework of the Policy paper’s contribution to the New Urban Agenda-
 Five Dimension of Global Housing:
I. Integrated Housing Framework:
 Embedding of housing into urban plans
 Both citywide and national sectorial investment strategies
As they relate to
 urban services
 Land use
 Transportation and
 Environmental sustainability
 To improve livability and accessibility within urban areas.

II. Inclusive Housing:
 Participatory processes
 Fair housing policies
 Address housing for special needs groups
III. Affordable Housing:
 Improve affordability of home ownership
 Subsidy policies to enable low-income households to
rent or own adequate housing
 Revenue and capital generating policies
 Mechanisms that limit property speculation
As they relate to
 urban services
 land use
 transportation and
 environmental sustainability

IV. Adequate Housing:
 Participatory processes
 Fair housing policies
 Address housing
 Ensuring habitability (protection from natural elements, hazards, and disease)
 Access to basic services
(including to water, sanitation, lighting, electricity, and garbage disposal)using for special needs
groups)
V. Informal settlement upgrading
 Support of neighborhood upgrading programs
 Protection of incremental housing

 A substantial amount of capital needs to be mobilized to significantly
reduce the global housing deficit
 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call upon member countries to “ensure access
for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums [by
2030]”
 The global housing goals are hence comprised of improving the lives of the 881 million
urban people presently in informal settlements; and
of ensuring opportunities for the additional growth
in global population by 1.18 billion people by 2030 .

 Linkages between Housing Policy and the New Urban Agenda

2. Policy Challenges -
 Progress in the monitoring of global housing needs
 Reinforcement of local governments and their role in housing provision
most governments reduced their role in direct provision of housing supply,
without providing compensatory incentives
Less government intervention in the majority of cases resulted in fewer or no
housing opportunities for the poorest and the most vulnerable.
 Integrated Housing Framework
transportation, infrastructure, and land use – that fail to consider housing in their plans.
Lack of an integrated housing framework has worked against density and has, instead, contributed to urban
sprawl and segregation.
When slum areas are physically isolated and disconnected from the main urban fabric, residents endure longer
commuting times and higher transportation costs than they would if their neighborhoods were more integrated
into city systems. The poverty traps for such residents are marked by six distinct challenges:
(a) severe job restrictions;
(b) high rates of gender disparities;
(c) deteriorated living conditions;
(d) social exclusion and marginalization;
(e) lack of social interaction; and high incidence
of crime

 Inclusive Housing
 Sustainable Housing, poor, disadvantaged, and vulnerable populations often lack
affordable and adequate housing as well as other public services such as water and
sanitation.
 Increase in housing costs undermines access to adequate and affordable housing
 For example :- in Africa, incremental self-build housing is becoming increasingly
difficult due to high cost and/or lack of land, putting increasing strain on already
vulnerable groups.
 Welfare and housing regimes –e.g. safety net issues, legal and institutional
frameworks – as countries struggle with significant income differentials.
 Exclusionary zoning is another factor that significantly affects the supply of adequate,
affordable housing.
 Lack of mixed use zoning regulations equally contributes to segregation
 Indigenous people and women particularly face housing discrimination.

 Affordable Housing
Most low-income households face barriers in accessing funding (including subsidized
mortgage) from formal financial institutions, including:
(1) Minimum deposit requirements in savings accounts
(2) High fees
(3) Collateral security (titles)
(4) Income stability
 Adequate Housing
 Access to improved water – unsafe and unaffordable water supply,
Access to improved sanitation facilities- only 63% aground the globe
gets proper water supply (2010 data )
 Sufficient living area
Structural quality/durability of dwellings
Security of tenure

 Informal Settlement Upgrading
Around one quarter of the world’s urban population continue to live in slums and informal
settlements. Although the global proportion of urban slum dwellers in developing countries has
declined since 2000 , the number of slum dwellers around the world continues to grow at around
10 percent every year, intensifying the problem worldwide. The proportion of the urban slum
dwellers is most acute in
Africa (61.7 percent),
Asia (30 percent), Latin America
the Caribbean (24 percent),
Arab States (13.3 percent).

 Integrated housing frame work
 Adaptation of regional as well as municipal policies to expand infrastructure networks(land, water supply , transport etc)
and facilities
 Inclusive housing
 Fair and inclusive housing policies at all levels that prevent discrimination and which address housing for special
needs groups
 Government funding to the exceptional groups
 Affordable housing
 Housing policies that expand and improve the affordable housing stock
 Policies that support green infrastructure , forest conservation and use of agricultural waste in construction
Adequate housing
 Housing polices that ensure the health, safety and security of the zone
 Energy efficiency practices and policy to improve the global warming
 policies that improve access to lighting, electricity and garbage disposal
in urban and developed rural areas.
 Adopt policies that support a land registration and cadastral
system.
3.Prioritizing policy options

 Dimensions of the Right to Adequate Housing
― Security of tenure
― Availability of services, materials, facilities, and infrastructure
― Affordability
― Habitability
― Accessibility
― Location
― Cultural Adequacy
Informal settlement upgrading
 Adopt policies that support and protect incremental housing and slum upgrading programs
 Expanding technical capacity
 Emphasis on community development
 Expanding incremental housing

The sections below provide several models to encourage key factors to collaborate in monitoring and implementing
housing policies.
 Housing Policy Framing
 Housing Policy Design
 Implementation and Analysis of Financial Resources Required
 Monitoring and Evaluation of Housing Policies
 National, Regional, State, and Local Government
 Civil society organizations
 Private Sector
 Donors
5. Policy design, implementation and monitoring
4. Key factors for action – enabling institutions

 Objectives
 Make accessible to all strata of society
 Make suitably located land at affordable price
 Develop effective strategies for reducing the need to seek shelter formation or slums,
unauthorized constructions, encroachments and shanty dwelling units
 Rehabilitate disaster as well as fire affected households
 Promote use of locally developed materials and construction techniques and increase
production of forest-based building materials such as timber, bamboo or grass
 Develop new strategies and undertake revision of the policy to cope the emerging
housing needs and problems
 Develop a property tax base to promote housing
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY (1993)

 Proposed Strategy (in context of Bangladesh)
 Housing will be given due to priority in the national development plans.
 The role of the government in housing will be to supply serviced land at reasonable price and to
help create and promote housing financing institution.
 Efforts will be made to increase affordability of the disadvantaged and the low income groups
through providing credit for income generation.
 Improvement and rehabilitation of the existing housing stoke will be given priority by the
government alongside new housing.
 Encroachment on public land and unauthorized constructions will be discouraged.
 Facilitate incremental house building and ensure wider application of resources.
 Conservation of the natural environment and preservation of cultural heritage in new housing
projects.

 Housing Policy : Essential Elements
1. LAND
2. INFRASTRUCTURES
3. BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
4. FINANCE
5. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
 LAND
 Increase the supply of serviced land for housing for various income groups
 Access of the poorer sections and vulnerable groups to affordable serviced land with secure land
tenure .
 Encourage the involvement of the private sector in land development, infrastructure development
and construction.
 Special provisions for the handicapped, the destitute and the very poor
 Initiate area development schemes to maximize the availability of housing per unit of land
 Formation of Urban Land Bank and Rural Land Bank
 Khas lands for the landless and agriculture only
Restriction for housing, industries etc in khas land.

 INFRASTRUCTURE
 Balanced pattern of urbanization through a policy of decentralization of investments and incentives
 Stop unregulated conversion of agricultural and forest land for the purpose of housing
 Integrated and planned development of the region and to reduce migration to the larger cities
 Improve mobility of people through public transport and traffic network
 Infrastructure construction which are cost effective, incrementally upgradable, and environmentally
appropriate
 Recognize peoples initiative in the design and involvement in the community

 Building Materials and Technology
The Government is conscious of the problems caused by the dwindling supply of traditional building materials and their
increasing cost.
 Provide assured access of rural households to traditional materials considering environmental preservation
as well as forest conservation
 Stimulate the increased production and availability of conventional low cost technologies and materials in the national
standards (cement, steel and bricks and traditional materials like)
 Promotion of small scales industries as a industrial policy
 Promote low-cost environmentally-sound technology
 Use of indigenous resources, including mud, wherever appropriate
 Development, manufacture and use of materials based on industrial and agricultural wastes
 Incorporate the low cost technologies and materials

Finance For Housing
 A housing finance is refers to finance provided to individuals or group of individuals including co-operative societies
for purchase/build house or houses.

Legal & Regulatory Framework
The measures for removing the legal constraints
 Provision of Land Reforms Act to ensure proper rehabilitation
 Though governments is only a facilitator, it will act only in the emergency situation for poor and landless people
 Revision of land use plans, planning and building regulation and infrastructure
 Suitable laws to restrict scattered spreading of homesteads in rural areas and to conserve agricultural land
 Removal of constraints to the flow of finance
 Modify development control rules and norms to facilitate the housing activity of different income groups, specially the
poor, and to reduce the cost of housing.

Institutional Arrangement & Fiscal Policy
 A National Housing committee will be set up by the Honorable Minister for works as its chairman
 The National Housing committee will be constituted with ―Mayors of Municipal corporations
―Five Members of Parliament from five administrative
divisions & governor
―Bangladesh Bank
―Other government officials concerned
― the representators of the concerned professional
associations, experts and private developers
 The Ministry of works will be renamed as the Ministry of Housing and Public works which will provide
policy supports and programme co-ordination
 The Housing and Settlement Directorate and the office of the Deputy commissioner of Settlement
would be transformed into a National Housing
 Authority (NHA) for boosting up and accelerating housing programmes

 Fiscal incentives will be provided in order to promote desired investment in housing activity
―Investment in rental or ownership housing, specially for low-income employees
―Manufacture of new building materials and components produced out of industrial wastes and
agricultural wastes
 Government would encourage housing schemes to channel investment of non-residential Bangladeshis
in convertible foreign exchange to residential property to stimulate large flow in such investment
 Use fiscal and municipal taxation policy, including tax on vacant urban land designated for residential,
commercial and industrial use
 Modify the tax structure related to purchase and transfer of land in order to reduce the cost of land
transfer

 Government roles & support
 The Government will devise and implement strategies which will enable the various agencies
 Act as facilitator housing
 Its role as a provider will be limited to the poorest and vulnerable sections
 Control speculation and profiterring through appropriate tax and fiscal measures
 Encourage NGOs and the voluntary and community based agencies
 Promote decentralized execution with active participation of beneficiaries
 Reorient the Government housing agencies to act more as promoters
 Make building materials available at a reasonable cost through necessary changes in fiscal and policies
 Suitable locations/core areas of the urban centres at a market price
 Take steps to integrate housing activity, income generation and employment.
 Give priority to the preservation of buildings and monuments, structures of architectural vaIue, and the
preservation of speciai natural features

Who works on housing policy
 BANGLADESH HOUSING POLICY AUTHORITY
 CITY LEVEL AUTHORITY
 HBRI
 PWD
 NHA
 HBFC
 HBRI
 DOA
 ARCHITECTS
 ENGINEERS
 MINISTRY OF WORKS
 MINISTRY OF LAND
 MINISTRY OF FINANCE
 NATIONAL ECONOMICAL COUNCIL (NEC)

Background: Belapur incremental housing project - a proposal for mass affordable
housing in New Bombay (Navi Mumbai), which demonstrated how high densities could
be achieved with low-rise courtyard homes, built with simple materials at a human
scale.
Location Map :
Location : Dr SM Rd, Artist Village, Sector 8, CBD Belapur,Navi Mumbai, India.
PROJECT NAME: BELAPUR INCREMENTAL HOUSING, CBD BELAPUR.
Architect : Charles Correa
Typology : Integrated housing

 Site area 6 Acre.
 Project demonstrates how high density housing (500
people per hectare) can be achieved in a low-rise typology,
while including (open to sky spaces) and services, like
schools, that the community requires
 Overriding principle - to give each unit its own site to allow
for expansion (Incrementality)
 550 families were planned for in a 6-acre area limitation.
Density 475 people per acre.
Master Plan

Outdoor Semi Outdoor Private
 The project is generated by a hierarchy of spaces.
 Subsequently, seven units are grouped to form a
small courtyard town of about 8m x 8m.
 Three of these groups form a module of twenty-
one homes that describes the collective space of
the next scale (approximately 12m x 12m).
Unit Organized Scheme
Hierarchy

This senior housing development – serving low-income and extremely low-
income seniors 55 years and above – is an example of smart growth, and is
located on an urban, brown field site. It replaced a municipal maintenance yard
and a small outdated community building in a historic neighborhood.
Apartments feature balconies, stoops, and gardens that echo those of adjacent
homes.
ONE BEDROOM & STUDIO INTERLOCKED PLAN
TWO BEDROOM & STUDIO INTERLOCKED PLAN
PROJECT NAME: MABUHAY COURT, CBD BELAPUR.
Architect : David Baker Architects
Typology : Affordable housing
Location : 488 North Sixth Street,San Jose,California
Completed Year : 2002

Home Qualities
 Apartments have private balconies and porches
 Each apartment has private open space at the internal entry and porch
and balconies externally.
 Generous windows provide light into spaces making them feel larger.
Financing/cost: The total cost of the projects was 18.6 million
with most of the funding
coming from the Low Income Housing Tax Credit Equity and San
Jose Regional Development Authority (RDA) set-aside funds.
The predominant expenses of the development were in soft
and hard costs and land acquisition.

SUSTAINABILITY:
Natural ventilation, solar panels
Porous concrete and planted basin
Universal design-housing for all ages
Mixed-income strategy
Automobiles-porous concrete
CONNECTIONS:
Universal access
Public courtyard connects to street
Individual housing entrances
Circulation plan: central court
OPEN SPACES:
Central courtyard=social interaction
Garden has shading and seats
Houses have individual lots
CONTEXT:
Urban infill
House setbacks match surroundings
Scaled to other buildings
Familiar materials
PROJECT NAME: PORTLAND COURTYARD HOUSING
Typology : Adequate Housing
Architect : ACME Architecture
Location : Portland Oregon
Project year : 2007

Home Qualities:
Individual units strongly defined
Private and public zones
Porches and volumes highlight
individual
units.Layered connection to the
street=safety.
Efficient heating and cooling
Considerations for Stone’s Warehouse:
-Urban infill, neighborhood site
-Good example for Raleigh planners-
clear
guidelines and good proposal format
-Mixed income strategy
-Sustainable design-ventilation, solar
-Automobile/pedestrian spaces

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HOUSING & HOUSING POLICY ,HABITAT III PAPER