HOUSING & HOUSING POLICY ,HABITAT III PAPER

Presentation on housing
DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
BATCH-2015
HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
HSTU ,DINAJPUR, BANGLADESH

HOUSE:
A house is a
shelter for rest, safety, and comfort
protection from enemies and vagaries of climate
essential for emotional and social well being of families.
HOUSING:
Housing is one of the most important life components giving shelter, safety
and warmth, as well as providing a place to rest.
It also includes those qualities of comfort, convenience and amenities,
essential for emotional and social well being of families.
housing is not only looked upon as a physical phenomenon, but emphasis is
also given on its economic and socio-cultural aspects.
Safety and comfort are the basic essentials for housing.
once created, is a community resource of great importance, and in one way
or another is managed
Housing is a concrete expression of complex interaction among cultural skills and norms, climatic conditions,
and the potentialities of natural materials, reflects the physical conditions of their environments, as well
cultural preferences and capabilities……..(Rapport, 1985)

HOUSING CONDITIONS IN
BANGLADESH:
•The unchecked formation rate of Slums, unauthorized
constructions, encroachments and shanty dwelling units are
growing.
•Intentions to Illegal occupying of government land.
•Unplanned housing formation, Lack of research and
development for innovative housing approaches.
•Scarcity of land resources and extreme cost rate , Increasing
number of shelter less people .
•Insufficiency of construction materials and extreme cost
rate.
•Lack of sanitation ,water supply and drainage managements.
•Lack of infrastructure, health and education institution.
•Deficiencies of institutional framework, outdated cadastral
mapping, outdated ownership documentation and
registration.

STATISTICS:
Acute shortage of affordable housing – shortage of 0.95 million unit in 1991, 5 million in
2000 ,1991 the shortage was 2.15 million units in rural areas and 0.95 million units in urban
areas.
30% of the rural families do not have their own homesteads; they live in ejmali, mortgaged
or rented homesteads.
Financed from formal sources - 5%
Very short supply - 5,00,000 new units/year
Well-built permanent housing is rare – 23% in urban centers.
2000 the total number of houses needed - 2,53,62,000 unit.
kutcha and unsatisfactory structural conditions- 85% in rural areas .
40% people are shelter less in Dhaka and mostly 30% in rural areas.
Pucca type (brick and morter) - 15.72 percent and Kutcha and thatch type – 76 percent .

A National Housing Authority will be set up in accordance with the National Housing Policy of 1993, to address the
housing problem of the low and middle income groups, the disadvantaged, the destitute and the shelter-less poor.
•Comprehending housing to all section of the society and set the target groups according to the priority.
•Ensuring suitably located land at affordable price for various target groups.
• Diminishing the necessity of seeking shelter through formation of Slums, unauthorized constructions, encroachments and
shanty dwelling units by Developing effective strategies.
•Rehabilitation & relocation of disaster affected households and houses affected by fire accidents.
•Develop institutional and legal framework to facilitate housing through personal savings and other organizations.
•Make effective implementation of the housing programs by promoting use of local materials and construction.
•Developing the use of alternative and durable materials based on locally available raw materials mostly forest based
• Improve and enhancing the character, quality and environment of the existing residential areas.
•Developing new strategies and undertake revision of the policy from time to time to cope with the emerging housing
needs and problems in the country.
•Undertake action oriented research in all aspects related to housings and foster minimization of cost and rent.
•Develop a property tax base to promote housing
Key Objectives:
NATIOINAL HOUSING POLICY,
1993

PROPOSED STRATEGY:
1. Prioritization in the national development plans treating it as a separate sector by itself.
2. The role of the Government in housing will primarily a facilitator or promoter.
3. Ensuring availability of building materials at a reasonable price, specially for the low- and middle-income groups.
4. Creation and promote housing finance institutions; whereas actual construction of housing will generally be left to the
private sector developers, the people themselves, and the NGOs.
5. Rehabilitation of the existing housing stock will be given priority by the Government alongside new housing.
6. Encroachments on public land and formation of unauthorized constructions will be discouraged.
7. Maintaining austerity in building houses and efforts will be made to economize housing costs, discourage extravagant
construction, facilitate incremental house building,
8. Ensuring wider application of low cost technology and optimum use of resources.
9. Regeneration of forest-based building materials by planning and environmental conservation through consideration.
10. Attention would be given to construction, protection, replacement and rehabilitation of shelter in disaster affected and fire
prone areas.

HOUSING POLICY: Essential Elements
LAND:
1. Increase the supply of serviced land for housing for various income groups with secure land in areas located.
2. Land will be acquired with in the framework of land use plan .
3. Encouragement of the involvement of the private sector in land development, infrastructure development and construction.
4. Abolish the discretionary quota system for allotment of plot developed by the public sector.
5. Initiate area development schemes to maximize the availability of housing per unit of land.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1. Increase investment by national and local government agencies in order to meet the rapidly growing needs of serviced land
and to improve the availability of services in different settlements;
2. Increase investments in public transport and traffic network to improve mobility of people, particularly that of the poor;
3. Make necessary investments to increase within a reasonable time, the coverage of entire rural and urban population for
potable water supply and basic sanitation .
4. Encouragement of infrastructure construction technologies which are cost effective, incrementally upgradable and
environmentally appropriate;
5. Provide government support for extension of infrastructure based on the participation of the people and private developers,
NGOs, CBOs or on innovative systems of infrastructure leasing;
6. Provide Government assistance to the local bodies for adequate cost recovery of investment on infrastructure, proper
maintenance of services and up gradation of the capability of the personnel in local bodies and functional agencies;

BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY:
1.Provide assured access of rural households to traditional materials but maintain a check on indiscriminate exploitation of
forest resources so as to ensure environmental preservation.
2. Provide training, technology extension and skill up gradation through the Government agencies, universities, research
bodies, NGOs, professional societies and voluntary organizations and the dissemination of information to the users and
communities
3.Incorporate the low cost technologies and materials in the national standards and specifications laid down by the
government agencies.
FINANCE:
1. promoting access to finance for housing activities and to evolve an elastic and wider resource for household savings.
2. A National Home Lending program accessible to the poorer segments of the households.
3. By introducing innovative savings and lending instruments to integrate the housing finance system to the Capital market.
4. A Low Income Housing Fund may be created by the Government for lending to financial intermediaries including the new
financial institutions and NGOs.
5. Introducing a secondary mortgages system to attract funds from a wide range of investors, including insurance and
provident funds, the insurance sector, unit trust, commercial banks, co-operative banks and specialized financial
institutions
6. Making the housing finance system as a whole self-financing and capable of meeting the need of different income
groups and purposes with longer repayments and simplified procedures to ensure affordable installments and larger
coverage.

LEGAL AND REGULARY FRAMEWORK:
1. Making provision in the Land Reforms Act and other relevant acts to ensure proper rehabilitation of those displaced by
projects and to preserve user rights over forest and common lands;
2. Making revision of land use plans, planning and building regulation and infrastructure standards by the Government and
local authorities to help reduce the cost of housing, enable efficient use of land and facilitate housing activity;
3. Review of existing rules and regulations relating to construction of different buildings and multistoried flats in the light of
the National Building Code.
Institutional Arrangement and Fiscal policy:
1. The Ministry of works will be renamed as the Ministry of Housing and Public works. The creation of Housing Division/wing
under the ministry may be examined to provide policy supports and program coordination in housing and related
activities.
2. Incentives will be given to promote the manufactured of new building materials and components produced out of
industrial wastes and agricultural wastes and those which substitute the use of scarce resources like wood and energy-
intensive materials like cement and steel.
Government's Role and Support:
1. The Government would increasingly act as facilitator housing activity .the governments role as a provider will be limited to
the poorest and vulnerable sectors.
2. control speculation and profit erring in land and housing through appropriate tax and fiscal measures.
3. Make building materials available at reasonable cost in the market through necessary changes in the fiscal and import
policies so that the people can build their own houses. The relevant Departments will continue to provide utility services
and technical support for housing

Human Resource Development:
1. Training and reorientation of human settlement planners, including urban and regional planners, architects,
engineers, land and housing professionals, social scientists, administrators and others to adopt low-cost and
cost-effective approaches to planning of settlements and housing;
2. provision of non-formal education to facilitate maintenance and improvement of housing stock on a self-help
basis through publication of booklets, pamphlets, posters etc‘
Rural Housing:
1. Avoiding unnecessary displacement of rural settlements due to development projects; and where
unavoidable, make proper rehabilitation of the households, with full community involvement
2. Providing assistance by way of providing credit, dissemination of appropriate technology and delivery system
for promoting housing
3. Initiating schemes for increased employment opportunities and income generation by extending appropriate
credits and advice, so that housing affordability is enhanced.
Slums and Squatter Settlements:
1. Expand provision of water supply, sanitation and other basic services in slum and other settlements
occupied by the poor;
2. Ensure proper maintenance of amenities in slums and serrate settlements through community involvement
and decentralized in situational arrangements ;
3. Provide nightlielters and pay and use public toilet for the footpath dwellers and the homeless;

Disaster Affected Housing Reconstruction and Rehabilitation:
1. Proper measures need to be taken to replace such housing units by new housing or repairing.
2. Disaster housing reconstruction schemes may be taken and special housing loans may be arranged at low interest rate.
3. Material loans may also be provided for quick rehabilitation.
Housing Needs of Women in difficult circumstances:
Priority will be given while devising programs, to meet the specific needs of women in difficult circumstances like:
a. land and house & home-based employment,
b. access to credit,
c. maternal and child welfare,
d. hostels for working women,
e. provision of shelter and services,
f. access to education
g. income-generating opportunities.
Housing Needs of the Aged detached from the family:
Adequate attention will be given to meet the housing needs of the aged who are detached from the family.
Disadvantaged Groups :
Priority would be given shelter for the shelter less, groups such as
a. Landless labour artesian and construction workers
b. the households displaced by development projects and the victims of natural calamities
c. widows, single women and women based households below the poverty line;
d. The handicapped

HABITAT III POLICY PAPER:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Housing stands at the centre of the New Urban Agenda. Expansion of housing opportunities
will support the achievement of SDGs, especially SDG Housing Target 11.1, but larger SDGs of poverty alleviation, health,
economic development, social cohesion, gender equality and environmental sustainability. This Policy Unit (PU) urges all
United Nations (UN) member states to prioritize housing as one of the highest priorities in their government agenda, and to
strengthen the institutional capacity of their housing departments to achieve ambitious goals, in collaboration with civil
society, donor, and private sector partners.
Given these challenges, this policy paper calls for a renewed commitment and a different approach. Given the estimated $929
billion needed to improve the housing of those currently living in inadequate housing in cities, currently available global
resources are woefully insufficient to realize the SDG Housing Target. Combining multiple solutions—land, finance, and
construction—with multiple partnerships — governments, private sector, civil society and donors —will close the affordable
housing gap. Beyond increasing financing, this policy paper invites the global community to pursue a new strategic approach
that includes reforms in five areas:

Presentation on housingHowToAchieveGlobalHousingGoals?????
It can be achieved by followings agendas :-
1. VISION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE POLICY PAPER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEW URBAN AGENDA
2. POLICY CHALLENGES
3. PRIORITIZING POLICY OPTIONS – TRANSFORMATIVE ACTIONS FOR THE NEW URBAN AGENDA
4. KEY FACTORS FOR ACTION – ENABLING INSTITUTIONS
5. POLICY DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
To achieve goals from all these five agendas mentioned above they has to be compaire and relate with five
dimensions of housing and housing policy.
DIMENSIONS :-
1. Integrated Housing Framework
2. Inclusive Housing
3. Affordable Housing
4. Adequate Housing
5. Informal Settlement Upgrading

( 1 ) VISION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE POLICY PAPER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEW URBAN AGENDA
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call upon member countries to “ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable
housing and basic services and upgrade slums [by 2030]”
• The global housing goals are hence comprised of improving the lives of the 881 million urban people presently in informal settlements;
and of ensuring opportunities for the additional growth in global population by 1.18 billion people by 2030
Relationship between Housing Policy and the New Urban Agenda
a. Social Cohesion
The linkages between housing and social cohesion are critical for responding to the housing needs of low-income residents, integrating refugees, and ensuring
safety.
b. Urban Frameworks
Collaboration between levels of government, along with civil society and housing developers, will optimize affordable housing production.
c. Spatial Development
land allocation practices, density thresholds, floor-area ratios, and plots sizes— have large implications on the supply of affordable housing
d. Urban Economy
expand employment in the building sector and increase employment , live/work housing options and neighborhood revitalization.
e. Urban Ecology
including enforcing building codes. Efforts to encourage medium and high-density housing will reduce transportation costs and air pollution.

(2) POLICY CHALLENGES
• Progress in the monitoring of global housing needs
• Reinforcement of local governments and their role in housing provision
• most governments reduced their role in direct provision of housing supply, without providing compensatory incentives
• Less government intervention in the majority of cases resulted in fewer or no housing opportunities for the poorest and the most
vulnerable.
to serve member states better, given the vast interconnections that bind these geographies together
1. Integrated Housing Framework
• transportation, infrastructure, and land use – that fail to consider housing in their plans.
• The lack of an integrated housing framework has worked against density and has, instead, contributed to urban sprawl and segregation.
• When slum areas are physically isolated and disconnected from the main urban fabric, residents endure longer commuting times and
higher transportation costs than they would if their neighborhoods were more integrated into city systems
(a) severe job restrictions;
(b) high rates of gender disparities;
(c) deteriorated living conditions;
(d) social exclusion and marginalization;
(e) lack of social interaction; and high incidence of crime

2. Inclusive Housing
• Sustainable Housing, poor, disadvantaged, and vulnerable populations often lack affordable and adequate housing as well as other public
services such as water and sanitation.
• increase in housing costs undermines access to adequate and affordable housing
• for example :- in Africa, incremental self-build housing is becoming increasingly difficult due to high cost and/or lack of land, putting
increasing strain on already vulnerable groups.
• welfare and housing regimes –e.g. safety net issues, legal and institutional frameworks – as countries struggle with significant income
differentials.
• Exclusionary zoning is another factor that significantly affects the supply of adequate, affordable housing.
• Lack of mixed use zoning regulations equally contributes to segregation
• Indigenous people and women particularly face housing discrimination.
3. Affordable Housing
• Most low-income households face barriers in accessing funding (including subsidized mortgage) from formal financial institutions,
including:
(1) minimum deposit requirements in savings accounts;
(2) high fees;
(3) collateral security (titles);
(4) income stability

4. Adequate Housing
a) Access to improved water – unsafe and unaffordable water supply,
b) Access to improved sanitation facilities- only 63% aground the globe gets proper water supply (2010 data )
c) Sufficient living area
d) Structural quality/durability of dwellings
e) Security of tenure
5. Informal Settlement Upgrading
Around one quarter of the world’s urban population continue to live in slums and informal settlements. Although the
global proportion of urban slum dwellers in developing countries has declined since 2000 , the number of slum dwellers
around the world continues to grow at around 10 percent every year, intensifying the problem worldwide. The proportion
of the urban slum dwellers is most acute in
• Africa (61.7 percent),
• Asia (30 percent),
• Latin America
• the Caribbean (24 percent),
• Arab States (13.3 percent).

3. PRIORITIZING POLICY OPTIONS – TRANSFORMATIVE ACTIONS FOR THE NEW URBAN
AGENDA
To assist policy- and other decision-makers implement the proposed policy framework, experts appointed for Policy Unit 10 hereby put forth
practical guidelines and a menu of prioritized actions.
Housing at the Center of the New Urban Agenda Principles
• Housing is inseparable from urbanization
• Housing is a socioeconomic development imperative
• Systemic reforms, strong states and long-term policy and finance are needed to enable access to adequate housing for all
• Housing and slum upgrading policies should be accompanied by national strategies
• Human rights principles and standards are of extraordinary relevance for urban development, to create socially sustainable and
inclusive cities

4. KEY ACTORS FOR ACTION – ENABLING INSTITUTIONS
The sections below provide several models to encourage key actors to collaborate in
monitoring and implementing housing policies.
• National, Regional, State, and Local Government
• Civil society organizations
• Private Sector
• Donors
5. POLICY DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
• Housing Policy Framing
• Housing Policy Design
• Implementation and Analysis of Financial Resources Required
• Monitoring and Evaluation of Housing Policies

C A S E S T U D I E S

Project Goal and Objective: Adequate Housing
• Owner: UNITECH LIMITED
• The architect : Timothy Siew.
• Location- Sector Pi II Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh,India
• Total Area: 25 Acres
• Ground coverage: 20%
• Maximum FAR =2, Achieved=1.8
• No. of Blocks: 23, each comprising 3 towers.
• No. of Floors: 16
• No of basement -01
• No of parking in basement: 600
• No of entry gates- 2 main gates & 01 service entry
• Unit type- 3 BHK (157.34-158.46 sqm.)
(1693-1705 sqft.)
INTRODUCTION:
PROJECT NAME : Unitech Horizon

FACILITIES PRESENT IN UNITECH
HORIZON
1. Beautifully landscaped lawns with
seating areas
2. Outdoor children’s play area
3. Water Bodies
4. Multipurpose lawn
5. Jogging & cycling tracks
6. Spacious basement parking
7. Visitor car parking
8. Tennis & badminton courts
9. Club house
CLUB HOUSE FACILITIES
I. Swimming pool Kids pool
II. Gymnasium
III. Indoor games room
IV. Multipurpose hall
V. Kids Play Room
VI. General Store

•No. of floors- G+15
•No. of towers-23
•No refuge area is provided.
•Pent house is not present.
•public terraces.
•All the dwellings have private balconies
•Staircases-2

TYPE Nos AREA(Sq.fT)
Type A 3 1760
Type A 1 3 1760
Type A 2 3 1740
Type A 3 3 1740
Type A 4 3 1760
Type A 5 3 1760
Type A 6 3 1740
Type A 7 3 1740
Type B 3 1695
Type B 1 3 1695
Type B 2 3 1695
Type B 3 3 1695
PLANNING

PRESENT CONDITION OUR OPINION
Ventilation is not proper in
all the
rooms.
Balconies should be
provided in the
bedrooms also.
No proper terraces are
provided
Proper terraces should be
provided.
Orientation of all the
blocks are
different and hence
architecturally not
fine.
Orientation of all the
dwellings should
be kept in mind.
Refuge area is not present
Refuge area should be
provided
Only 3 bhk flats are
present
Penthouses are not
present
Most of the blocks are
present in the
south.
Louvers could have been
provided so
that to get diffused
sunlight.

75% of the area is soft landscaped and for the
pedestrian movement, different types of
pathways are provided like concrete pavers and
interlocked pavements.
Proper care was given to the landscaped area.
Small pipes were installed to water the grass.
Lawns marked with dividers

MERITSOFTHEPROJECT

• No refugee area provided.
• No balcony in any of the bedroom, except
living room.
• No provision for servants or maids.
• No mechanical techniques for harnessing
solar energy & conservation of water.
• Club house & pool area comparatively
small as compared to the no of residents.
DEMERITSOFTHEPROJECT

FACILITIES PRESENT IN ACE CITY
1. Beautifully landscaped lawns with seating areas
2. Outdoor children’s play area
3. Water Bodies
4. Multipurpose lawn
5. Jogging & cycling tracks
6. Spacious basement parking
7. Visitor car parking
8. Tennis & badminton courts
9. Club house
1. Swimming pool Kids pool
2. Gymnasium
3. Indoor games room
4. Multipurpose hall
5. Kids Play Room
6. General Store
CLUB HOUSE FACILITIES
• Project Name: ACE CITY
• Project Goal and Objective: Integrated Housing
• Location- Greater Noida West Uttar Pradesh.
• Total Area: 15 Acres
• No. of Blocks: 11.
• No. of Floors: 16
• No of basement -01
• Unit type- 2 BHK, 3 BHK

Vehicular
Only clockwise
Ramp
Public
11 Towers
CIRCULATION:

Fire Hidrant
Hose reel
Fire Safety:

Entry landscape Ground floor house backyard
Palm and banana at templeOrnamental hedges along pathways
Diffused lighting Bamboo covering
Mechanical ventilation

Merits Demerits
Ventilation is proper in all the rooms. Improper house planning.
Long balcony are provided Balcony provided in corridor side
risking security.
Huge court landscape. Slope of hardscape is not done
properly
Different sports facilities like
basketball, badminton, cricket, club with
gym and swimming.
Penthouses are not present
Inbuilt commercial complex and play school. Service lift not present.
One direction vehicular circulation
Mechanical ventilation covered with

Post-Tsunami Housing
Kirinda, Sri Lanka
• Principal Architect: Shigeru Ban
• Project Goal and adjective : affordable & Informal settlement upgrading housing
• Category : Sustainabilty
• Local Architect: PWA Architects
• Client: Philip Bay
• Design: 2005
• Completed: 2006
• Area of single unit: 71 sq metres
• Number of units: 67
• Cost per unit: USD 15,000
• Overall Cost: USD 1.7 million
• Site Area: 15900 sq metres

Site
• Level site, close to the sea
• Village buildings
are on either side of the road
• Landscape include
paddy fields, lakes, coconut
plantations and sandy beaches
• Tropical climate with high humidity
and very little seasonal variation
in temperature
• Typical local architecture
includes singlestorey detached
constructions composed of
concrete blocks, corrugated-iron
roof sheeting and timber

• Climate played a significant role in
conditioning the design, with ensuring ventilation
a prominent consideration
• The houses were designed to allow maximum
cross ventilation
• Slatted upper walls at the gable ends, the open
court space in the middle of the building
The Design
• The open court space in the middle of the building
was
designed to provide a shaded, ventilated area
where inhabitants could carry out various important
functions, such as eating, socializing and repairing
fishing nets and other equipment.
• The separation of the hall and the roofed court
with
folding doors was designed with women’s privacy in
mind, so that women could remain unseen by
guests

Materials
• The principal material was compressed earth
blocks (CEB), a compressed mixture of sunbaked
clay and cement available in Sri Lanka at a low
cost.
• Parts of the walls were also composed of
prefabricated furniture units made from
rubber trees, which is also a locally sourced
natural material
• Clay tiles were used on the roof, on top of the
timber trusses.
• A slatted timber screen was used for the top
section of the walls at both gable ends and
between the hall and the roofed court.
• Wooden panels were used for folding doors
between the hall and the roofed court. Wood
sections that were crafted off site were made
from teak, coconut and rubber trees.
Varnish was not used on the exterior panels.

Analysis
• The separation of the hall and the roofed court with
folding doors was designed with women’s privacy in
mind, so that women could remain unseen by guests.
But the decision to locate the kitchen and bathroom
within the building is problematic for some residents
due to the greater visibility of women
• The open court space is exposed to other houses,
which may pose an issue regarding privacy
• Some inhabitants have adapted the design by
blocking up the court through cement blocks walls
• The increased exposure to the outside results in
dust entering the house, as well as rain entering the
bedrooms at the gable end due to the roof not
overhanging sufficiently to shelter the structure from
the rain
• The houses do not feature drainpipes, so that
rainwater simply runs off the roof to the
ground

Inference
• The local customs must be given prior importance.
• Climatic conditions must also be taken into consideration.
Design elements introduced must not cause an issue on the
long run of the residence.
• Proper spaces must be provided according to the income
group, and the occupation of the people for whom the design
is intended
• If new materials are being introduced, proper awareness
must be given to the locals before implementing.
Barakat, Sultan, 2013, On Site Review Report : Post Tsunami Housing,
http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/8733/original/DTP101232.pdf?1391611331
Archdaily – Post Tsunami Housing, Shigeru Ban

Housing Variables of the Samples :
• About 82.8% of our survey respondents live in private rental housing.
• 80.9% of nonimmigrant are homeowners, where 99.3% of migrants live in
• rental housing
• About 12% of sampled households share their houses with other families
• The probability of house sharing for migrants is 13.5%, much higher than for nonimmigrant where it is
7.2%. House sharing may have a negative impact on residential satisfaction, which may be reflected, in
our analysis, in the factor.
• In terms of housing size, the average floor space is 35.8 square meters. But, the figure for migrants is
only 20.3 square meters, while the nonimmigrant population has space of 94 square meters.
• Residential satisfaction
• Site: Shanghai,china
•Project Goal and adjective : Informal settlement upgrading
• Category :residential, satisfaction
•survey :2010
• Area of single unit: 71 sq metres
• Number of units: 67
• Cost per unit: USD 15,000
• Overall Cost: USD 1.7 million
• Site Area: 15900 sq metres

Residential Satisfaction
• Given that the majority of the sampled residents are migrants, the score of the complete sample is almost the
same as that of migrants alone, which is around 3.00. Overall, nonimmigrant are more satisfied than migrants.
• . However, we find in our Chinese cases that migrants are not unhappy with their level of security.
• . Migrants assigned an average score of only 2.92 to housing conditions, whereas nonimmigrant scored housing
conditions with an average 3.46.
• What migrants are not satisfied with is housing conditions. In Shanghai, an Anhui migrant woman claimed,
Facility Conditions
• The land of some urban villages like Gaojiabang has already been sold to real estate agencies.
• The gap between migrants and no migrants differs across the three cities. Shanghai has the largest gap, while
Guangzhou has the smallest gap.
• . In Shanghai, only 9.8% of migrants have own-use kitchens, while 90.7% of no migrants do. However, for
Guangzhou, 71.1% of migrants have such a facility; facility conditions vary from city to city.
Conclusion:
• China's informal settlements are often portrayed in the official media as “chaotic, dirty and dangerous” places.
• The state's attempt to redevelop urban villages is an attempt to eliminate this informality and to create more
governable spaces through formal land development.
• The informality of urban villages is a construction of a state and derived from the dual urban–rural land market and
land management system and by an underprovision of migrant housing

SITE:KOROGOCHO,NAIROBI
CATEGORY: Informal settlement upgrading
•Analysis of hazard probability and severity in korogocho
•This implies that the four more hazard in korogocho are
•Diseases ,floods ,fire and droughts.
•Droughts have the least probability and severity of occurance .
•In the FGDs , respondence reported that drought lead to
secondery
•Impacts in the secondary impacts in the informal settlement.
•Floods . fires and diseases are always afactor exacerbated by the
living condition.

Fire occuranceDisease occurance

Site: Khartoum city ,Sudan
Category : Inclusive housing
Architect:Khallafalla Omar
Goal: Sustainablity
•1960 only 0.5 per cent of Khartoum residents had no
access to improved water network.
•By 2010, this had jumped to 45 per cent.
•Only 65% of people in khartoum has access to the water
supply network in 2016.
•In 2013,in disaster there was destroyed 18,300 houses,
60,000 affected people,18,200 damaged house.
Reasons behind the urban sprawl:
•High rate of urban growth
•Abundance of flat land.
•Availability of cheap building
material(mud).
•Government policy of land allocation to
the different community sectors.

Types of slum upgrading:
•Construction or substitution of wall or roof.
•Improvement of floors, additional rooms, kitchen.
•Improvement of service network and sanitary solutio
•Beautification of the elevation.
•Improvement of terrain condition.

Before and after housing conditions:

THANK YOU

HOUSING & HOUSING POLICY ,HABITAT III PAPER

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