HOUSING LITERATURE STUDY M.ARCH CCA

HOUSING
Submitted By-
Prerna Chouhan
m.arch_2020-2022
CCA_architectural design_1_Litreture Study

THE HOUSING COMPLEX IS TO BE BUILT FOR OFFICERS WORKING IN GOVT. OF -PUNJAB,
HARYANA & UNION TERRITORY AND ITS BOARDS & CORPORATIONS.THE HOUSING
COMPLEX SHOULD BE MULTI STORIED FLATS WITH ALL MODERN AMENITIES WITH THE
FOLLOWING BROAD REQUIREMENTS:
RESIDENCES -
4BHK + ATTENDANT DUS – 50%
3BHK – 40%
EWS DUS: 10%
TOTAL PARKING REQUIRED: 2 ECS PER DU FOR 4 BHK AND 3 BHK APARTMENTS.
CLUB HOUSE/COMMUNITY SPACE FOR RESIDENTS WITH SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL
FACILITIES SERVICES AREAS AS REQUIRES SUCH AS STP,WATER STORAGE,WATER HARVESTING,
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS WITH BACK UP AND SOLAR POWER, SECURITY /
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, SOLID WASTE COLLECTION/ DISPOSAL ETC. SHALL BE PROVIDED
AS REQUIRED.
REQUIRMENTS OF HOUSING PROJECTS - SUSTAINABLE HOUSING IN
CONTEXT OF ECO SENSITIVE ZONE OF SUKHNA LAKE, CHANDIGARH

1. NEED TO DEFINE HOUSING
 Housing is a basic need of human beign which
essures physiological needs and saftey needs.
 housing can be defined by 6 perspectives
 multiple units
 communiy
 services
 livelihood
 affordability
 individuality

2.WHAT ARE THEVARIOUS PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN HOUSING?
 Along with food and clothes, housing or a shelter is one of the three most important requirements of Human
Being. If the total population of about 1200 million population is divided by 5, the average number of members in a
family, the country requires housing for 240 million families. Of this, 2.4 million around 30% are either house-less
or live in thatched collage or houses made of tree and plant live in and bamboo and mud houses.
 The magnitude of the problem of housing in India is quite wide.The problem has both quantitative and qualitative
dimensions.According to 1991 census, the housing shortage was 18.5 million dwelling units, out of which 13.7
million for rural areas and 4.8 million for urban areas 41.6. % was living in pucca houses, 30.9% was living in semi-
pucca houses and 27.5% was living in kutcha houses.

10 MILLION DWELLING UNITS STILL 1.77 HOMELESS
 Qualitative aspect of Housing Problem
Qualitatively speaking the state of housing in India is
miserable.About 80% houses in rural areas do not have
basic amenities like safe drinking water, bathroom, toilets
etc. Ninth Five year Plan has recorded the inter State
variation in housing shortage.There is a large concentration
in a few States.
 Quantitative aspect of Housing Problem
Quantitatively speaking, there is acute shortage of
housing in rural and urban areas in India. Presently, there is
shortage of 310 lakh houses in India. Out of which 206 lakh
houses are in rural area and 104 lakh houses in urban areas.

3.TILL NOW WHAT ARE THEVARIOUS APPROACHES HAVE BEEN
DEVELOPED FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS?
NATIONAL HABITAT AND HOUSING POLICY 2007
 URBAN PLANNING
 AFFORDABLE HOUSING
 INCREASE FLOW OF FUNDS
 SPATIAL INCENTIVES
 INCREASE SUPPLY OF LAND
 SPECIAL PROVISION FOR
SC/ST/OBC/MINORITIES/DISABLED
 SPECIAL PROVISION FOR WOMEN
 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission (JNNURM-2005)
 Pradhan Mantri AwasYojana
 Rajiv AwasYojna

4. HOUSING DESIGN FOR SOCIAL WELLBEING

5. CONTEXT: MOSTLY CONTEXT IS CITED IN TERMS OF AESTHETICS ONLY
BUT CULTURAL, SOCIETAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND HISTORICAL
DIMENSIONS ARE IGNORED.
 housing is livelihood of a community and culture
defines community. housing needs to be design
keeping in mind the culture of locality and
surroundings so that one can plan activity zones
accordingly.
 enviornment is key principle while designing any
building, but in case of housing it becomes more
important so that the space we create is comforting
for occupants without harming outdoors space
which is also beign used by occupants

INTRODUCTION TO GROUP HOUSING
In an apartment building, the spaces themselves must be single and universal enough to adopt a variety of lifestyles.
As far as the movement through the apartment is concerned far more specific criteria can be established relying on
basic circulation patterns that are valid for most living conditions.
A well-planned apartment provides maximum privacy for various activities and makes movement to any room
possible without crossing another.
To achieve above various types of circulation, which govern the planning are to be kept in mind.

TYPES OF MULTI-STORIED HOUSING
Simplex apartment
• The duplex is an apartment that is
located on two levels
• Living room, kitchen, and dining
area on one level & sleeping area on
the other level connected by an interior
staircase
• The major economic advantage is
the elimination of a corridor & elevator
doors on every other floor
Duplex apartment Triplex apartment
• The simplex is an apartment that has
all Its room on one level
• Both the living and sleeping activity
occur on the same level
• The close proximity of two activities,
however may disturbing if they are not
properly zoned
• Major criticism for simplex has been
the excessive amount of floor area
required in corridors or stairs in order to
gain access to the apartment
• The triplex apartment located on
three different levels
• Living room, kitchen, and dining
area on lower level & sleeping area on
the upper levels connected by an interior
staircase
• This is restricted in high-rise apartment
buildings it is supported in the private
luxury-type buildings

TYPES OF MULTI-STORIED HOUSING

ORIENTATION
Orientation
Orientation of building is to design building in such a way as it receives maximum
ventilation and natural light in all climatic conditions. It provides comfortable living
conditions inside the house/building and saves energy bills also.

EXTERNAL CIRCULATION
Vehicular & Pedestrians Circulation
• On housing sites it is important to plan for easy and direct movement of pedestrians and vehicles
• Convenience of circulation and safety must be considered & planned together
• Pedestrians generally prefer to walk in direct, straight lines
• Access & circulation for fire-fighting equipment, furniture moving vans, fuel trucks, garbage collection must be planned for
efficient operation
• Walking distance from the main entrances of buildings to the street, driveway, or parking court must be less than 100 ft.

Street Classification

Accessory Parking
• Parking should never be more than 200ft from the dwellings it serves
• Paved parking areas and courts must be provided
• Dimensions of parking areas must be convenient use for
occupant parking
• Where necessary to provide for bumper clearance and earth beam
for suitable screen planting, parking facilities must not to be Nearer than
5 ft. to any street

EXTERNAL ELEMENTS
Functional Relationship of External Elements
The external design is based on categories or zones of usage -
1. Private Personal or family areas (dwelling units rear yards, balconies)
2. Meeting Communal, public areas (open spaces, parks, etc.)
3. Transition Connecting spaces (entry courts, stairs)
4. Services Support functions (roads, paths, utilities)
The rules that determine the location and interrelationships are
functions of particular localities and therefore not explicitly definable.
As a general rule, however, a linear movement (service to transition to
private or meeting) is made.

Open space & Recreation
The recreational activities occurring within the project are directly controlled by the open space concept. The size, shape, method
Of containment and ground plan treatment set the stage for most outdoor activities. The following categories of spaces should be
Incorporated in the site plan.
Spatial classification
1. Private or semiprivate spaces
2. Activity spaces
3. Social spaces
4. Neighborhood spaces
Private or semiprivate spaces
• Each family is entitled to its
own outdoor space
• The space shall be minimum of
12ft deep & extend the width of the
unit
• The ground plane should
• include a
100 sq. ft. paved patio
Activity spaces
• Generous expanses of lawn
area are desirable and will
provide a setting for a virtually
limitless number of activities
• Minimum dimensions for
these spaces should be
40 by 90 ft.
EXTERNAL ELEMENTS

Open space & Recreation
Social spaces
• Opportunity for social contact should be encouraged but not forced
• Social contact occur in entrance courts, play courts, and other places
Neighborhood spaces
• These areas include outdoor facilities clustered about the neighborhood
center and the various play courts
Outdoor Recreation
The outdoor recreation area should provide for a wide range of possible activities
Accessibility This area should be protected and separated from adjacent properties and roads and easily accessible to the
buildings
Orientation The area get some sun
Community center are public locations where members of a community tend to gather for group activities, social support, public
information, and other purposes.
EXTERNAL ELEMENTS

GROUPING
Formation of Cluster
One dwelling per floor
• Is often uneconomical

Two dwellings per floor
• Usually around a central core
• Provides a good balance between living quality and economy
• Allows a variety of plans with satisfactory solar orientation
GROUPING

GROUPING
Three dwellings per floor
• Offers a good mix of economy and living quality
• 2, 3 and 4 BHK are possible
Four dwellings per floor
• Requires appropriate planning to provide
satisfactory relationship between economy
and living quality
• 2, 3 and 4 BHK are possible

Four dwellings per floor
• Basic blocking and
Arrangement of dwellings
GROUPING

INTERNAL CIRCULATION
Connectivity of various spaces
• Living area should be located just adjacent to the entrance
• Dining space located in a combined living-dining or separate dining room should
be direct access with the kitchen
• Kitchen should be located in proximity to the primary entrance door of the unit
• Bedroom should be located in private area
• Bathroom should be conveniently accessible to all rooms or maybe
attached
Public
Semi-Public
Semi-Private
Private
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1. Entrance
2. Foyer
3. Living Room
4. Dining Room
5. Servant/Guest Bedroom
6. Kitchen
7. Gallery
8. Bedroom 1
9. Bedroom 2
10. Powder Room
10

• Entrance Foyer
Central Entrance Adjacent to Kitchen
Adjacent to Hall

2-BHK
• Entrance Foyer
• Living/Dining Room with attached balcony
• Kitchen
• Master Bedroom with attached Washroom
and balcony
• Bedroom with attached Washroom (one
being used as Powder Room) and balcony
• Utility Room

3-BHK
• Entrance Foyer
• Kitchen
and balcony
• 2 Bedrooms with attached Washroom (one
• Utility Room
• Servant Room with attached Washroom

4-BHK
• Entrance Foyer
• Kitchen
and balcony
• 3 Bedrooms with attached Washroom (one
• Utility Room
• Servant Room with attached Washroom

SPACE ANALYSIS
LIVING ROOM
Planning Considerations
• Through traffic should be separated from activity centres
• Openings should be located to give enough wall space
For furniture arrangements
Furniture Clearances
• 60 in (5’) between face seating
• 24 in (2’) circulation occurs between furniture
• 30 in (2’-6”) for use of desk
• 36 in (3’) for main traffic
• 60 in (5’) between television set and seating
• Seating arranged around a 10-ft diameter circle
makes a comfortable grouping for conversation
• Indicates clearances, circulation,
and conversation areas.

SPACE ANALYSIS
DINING ROOM
• Number of persons to be seated
• Space used at the table
• Size and type of furniture

• 32 in (2’-9”) for chairs plus access to it
• 38 in (2’-3”) for chairs plus access and passage
• 42 in (3’-6”) for serving from behind chair
• 24 in (2’-0”) for passage only
• 48 in (4’-0”) from table to base cabinet
SPACE ANALYSIS
DINING ROOM

• 42 in (3’-6”)at one side or foot of bed for dressing
• 6 in between side of bed and side of dresser
• 36 in (3’-0”) in in front of dresser, closet, and chest of drawers
• 24 in (2’-0”) in for major circulation path (door to closet, etc.)
• 22 in (1’-10”) in on one side of bed for circulation
• 12 in (1’-0”) on least used side of double bed
SPACE ANALYSIS
BEDROOM
For comfort, 2 night tables are desirable with a double bed. A minimum
double-bed unit arrangement may be achieved by omitting arm chair
and one side chair, and reducing to 3'-6" the traffic lane at foot of bed.

• Storage (gathering materials needed for the
performance of the task)
• Cleaning and mixing (or initial preparation)
• Cooking
• Serving, or storing for future use
• Cleaning up
SPACE ANALYSIS
KITCHEN
Flow of work in food preparation
Shapes
U-shaped L-shaped Corridor
r1 + r2 + r3 = 24”-27”

Layouts
SPACE ANALYSIS
KITCHEN

Classifications
• The conventional three-fixture bath
- Includes bathtub, lavatory and washbasin
- Designed for the occupancy and use of one
individual at a time
- Floor area: 40 sq ft.
• The larger, compartmented bath
- Includes a separation for bathing area to
avoid excessive humidity
- Floor area: 110 - 140 sq ft.
SPACE ANALYSIS
BATHROOM
Conventional three-fixture
Compartment

Classifications
• The lavatory or "guest" bath
Includes only lavatory and washbasin
Used as a powder room
Floor area: 22 – 25 sq ft.
• The "utility" both
For laundering purposes
Floor area: 20 sq ft.
SPACE ANALYSIS
BATHROOM
Dressing-cum-Bathroom

• An effective means of improving the attractiveness of domestic accommodation units
• An extended work space and easily supervised children’s play area
• Typical uses: relaxation, sunbathing, sleeping, reading, eating etc.
BALCONY
SPACE ANALYSIS
Planning considerations:
• Good orientation in relation to the path of the sun and the view
• Appropriate location with respect to neighbouring flats and houses
• Effective spatial location with respect to adjacent living rooms, studios or bedrooms
• Sufficient size, privacy, protection from noise and weather
• Suitable material for parapets (Eg, opaque glass, plastic or wooden balusters)

Corner balconies offer
privacy and good shelter
BALCONY
SPACE ANALYSIS
Open balconies require
a protective screen on the
side facing the prevailing wind
In group of balconies, screens
should be used to
ensure privacy and shelter
In group of balconies, sometimes
it is better to separate balconies
with a part of structure and can
be used as a storage space

BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING
Water supply
Water supply in multistore building is of
three types
Direct system
Overhead storage supply system
Under ground storage supply system

BUILDING SERVICES
FIRE SAFETY
Every High rise building should have at east 2 means of access,
one remote to the other, of minimum width 4.5m. with height
clearance of 5m. This minimum width is essential to facilitate free
movement of fire units.
If the setback area / open spaces is more than 12 meters, the
provision for car parking Can be done in the setback or open
spaces at the periphery of the courtyard leaving the 6 meter
motor able road.
Car Parking shall have to be done at the basement with
provision for minimum 2 ramps one remote to other.

BUILDING SERVICES
FIRE SAFETY
Built in fire fighting
System
requirements chart

BUILDING SERVICES
FIRE STAIRCASE
Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases.
Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.
For residential building width of staircases should be 1 metre.
Out of 2 staircases, 1 can be used as a fire escape staircase.
Width of fire escape should be minimum 0.75 meter.
Number of staircases shall be given as per the travel distances.
Staircase shall not be extended to basement to prevent smoke ,
heat & gases. From the basement smoke, heat 7 gases can be
travel to upper floors.
Access to the basement from the ground should be through a
separate staircase, which is not connected to main staircase
Staircase shall be of enclosed type to prevent entry of
smoke & fire to the staircase & vice versa.

BUILDING SERVICES
FIRE LIFTS
Minimum 1 lift capable of carrying minimum 8 persons
weighting 545 kgs. Shall be provided for every high rise
building.
Landing doors of lifts shall open to ventilated lobby & shall
have a fire resistance of 1 hour.
1 lift shall be designed as a “Fire Lift”
“Fireman Switch” shall be provided for each lift.
Lifts shall not be used as means of evacuation.
Collapsible gates shall not be provided for the lift.
If more than 1 lifts are installed the partition wall should be of
minimum 2 hours fire resistance

CASE STUDIES
INTERNET STUDIES OF SUSTAINABLE HOUSING PROJECTS

CASE STUDY - 1_ MUD FORT, BENGALURU
 Project Location : Bangalore
 Architects’ Names : Mehul Patel, Prem Chandavarkar
 Name of the Firm : CnT Architects
 Location of the firm : Bangalore
 Project Status : Completed – August 2017
 Photographer – Anand Jaju
 Site Area : 1.9 Acres
 Built-up area: 19,950 sq mt
 Configuration : 57 Residential Units,Amenities, Basement
Car Parking

 Project was to design a multi-dwelling for corporate managers on a site spread across 1.9 acres with large existing
trees on periphery, and low-rise dense residential development in context.
 With a total of 57 units across twelve floors, the project seeks to create a landscape haven for the residents by
providing refuge from the surrounding traffic and concrete jungle.Vehicle movement is restricted onto the front of the
site and a large community space is carved out onto its back, surrounded by lush trees onto which all the common
amenities spill out.
 The cluster and unit layout is designed to maximize the penetration of day light into the different parts of the home,
and give unrestricted views from its full-length balconies, also allowing for comfortable cross ventilation.
 The project has adhered to strict environment, health and safety standards along with achieving a LEED platinum and
GRIHA 5-star rating.The project has also received the NDTV 2017 Award as the most Environmental Friendly
Residential Space.

 Sustainable residential project which has achieved multiple
credential for being Green.|
 – GRIHA 5-Star rated
 – LEED Platinum rated
 – The Most Environmental Friendly Residential space – NDTV
Property Awards 2017
 Only residential project which has achieved LEED platinum and
GRIHA 5 star rating.
 All amenities are placed at the ground floor directly engaging the
landscape with many open and semi open public spaces.All large
existing trees on the periphery of the site as preserved to enhance
the experience.
 All the units are opening on three sides for light and ventilation.All
spaces are designed with cross ventilations.
 Large balconies are designed to create better social space and
relation to natural elements while in the unit.

 Solar Passive Design Strategies:
 • Well-designed balconies have been provided along the
façade to avoid solar radiation and heat ingress.
 • Adequate window to wall ratio has been maintained in the
project which allows cross ventilation and 75% day-lighting.
 • Concrete wall offering a U-value of 0.39 W/m²K adds to
the overall energy savings. Overall building envelope
 is ECBC compliant.
 • The architecture of the building with a central courtyard
allows for a seamless flow of wind across the site.
 • Apart from green spaces on the ground, the project has
also provided green spaces at different levels with
 terrace gardens adding to the thermal comfort.
 Sustainable Site Planning:
 • 3 meters high barricading was constructed all
around the site to prevent air pollution.
 • Out of the 49 existing trees, 7 trees were cut and
22 new trees were planted which are native to the
region.
 • More than 50% paved area uses high SRI pavers.
 • Openings have been designed in the building to
maximize cross ventilation

 Water management:
 • Reduction of more than 59% from the GRIHA base case
has been demonstrated in landscape water demand
 through use of highly efficient drip irrigation system.
 • Reduction of 60% from the GRIHA base case has been
demonstrated in building water use by installing water
 efficient flush and flow fixtures.
 • Total fresh water demand of the building is reduced by
89% because of circulation of recycled waste water for
 various building activities
 Energy Optimization:
 • High efficacy lamps are installed for exterior lighting
which is operated by timer controller.
 • Energy consumption is reduced to 31% as against the
GRIHA benchmark. Building is equipped with efficient
 LEDs and BEE 5-star rated air conditioners in the interiors.
 • EPI reduction of 34.3% from GRIHA benchmark has been
demonstrated.
 • 68.5% of the habitable spaces are day lit and meet the
daylight factors prescribed by the National Building Code
 of India.

 Renewable EnergyTechnology installed on site:
 • Solar water heater of 6.5 kL capacity is installed in the
building which has a sav
 Sustainable Building Materials:
 • Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC) and Gyproc plaster
indicating use of 30% fly-ash content by weight has been
 used in plaster and masonry mortar.
 • Low embodied energy materials are used for building
construction.
 Waste Management:
 • Multi-colored bins are used in the building for
segregation of dry and wet waste.
 • Demarcated segregated space has be

CASE STUDY - 2_ ASU GREEK LEADERSHIP RESIDENTIALVILLAGE
909 S.Terrace Road,
Tempe,Arizona,
United States, 85251
Size 304,266sq ft

 The 296,438 SF Greek LeadershipVillage Residences
are comprised of five buildings located on the
Arizona State University campus.The village is
comprised of 27 connected chapter houses and
three-and four-story townhomes.The community
serves as home to nearly 1,000 residents. Five
different floor plans range in size, accommodating 19
to 41 student residents. Pedestrian pathways connect
the houses along two green spaces.The gated
community incorporates numerous outdoor spaces
that can be used by residents for 0studying and
socialization.Two expansive courtyards include green
space for active use or as lounge areas with soft
seating spaces. Directly adjacent is the 33,000 SF
Greek LeadershipVillage Community Center
designed for chapter meetings, gatherings and
banquets.

 To reduce environmental impact, the buildings are sited on previously developed land that has been repurposed
with more regionally-appropriate features and landscaping.To encourage a more active, environmentally-friendly
lifestyle, bicycle storage is provided in lieu of vehicle parking.With direct access to an urban rail transit station,
students and staff have convenient access to community amenities.
 Water conservation is a regional priority in this urban desert climate. Grass is confined to two courtyard areas
to maximize its use while the rest of the site is landscaped with native, water-sensitive plants. Underground
retention is used to capture 100 percent of the annual rainfall reducing the disruption of natural hydrology and
eliminating contamination from stormwater runoff. Efficient plumbing fixtures in shared kitchens and bathrooms
reduce water usage by 30 percent.

 Energy management is a primary element to the sustainability of the community. High-efficiency LED lighting on
the exterior and interior achieves a 78 percent savings over traditional lighting. Dynamic envelope design and
specialized HVAC equipment allows for a holistic building that is 18 percent more energy efficient than industry
standards.The gas-based boilers and domestic water heaters increase energy efficiency by 16 percent.
 Sourcing sustainable material resources is critical in new construction. Regionally sourced materials (within 500
miles) were used when possible, totaling 30 percent of the total material cost. More than 23 percent of recycled
content was used in the building – from interior finishes and wall materials to structural members. LowVOC
materials were used to reduce the introduction of harmful chemicals into the environment.Additionally, a
comprehensive commingled recycling program is integrated into the waste management of the community,
encouraging students to continue to practice sustainability throughout their stay.

CASE STUDY _3 NL ARCHITECTS + STUDYO DESIGN TERRACED
AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR FRANKFURT
 Dutch design practice NL Architects and Cologne-
based STUDYO have designed a terraced affordable
housing complex in Frankfurt.The project is part of
the new Hilgenfeld development district in the Nidda
valley area of Germany. Called Terrace House, the
project was made to encourage shared responsibility
while celebrating social gatherings and recreational
space.The heart of the project is a communal garden
and a terrace of jigsaw balconies.

 Terrace House gently steps back each floor to
embrace the street.At the same time terraces are
created in a natural way oriented to the afternoon
sun – light-flooded apartments with balconies on
either side, open private balconies on the west and a
collective covered gallery access to the east.The jig
saw figure of the balconies creates a sense of privacy
and shelter while at the same time enabling contact
between the neighbors.

 As the team states, "By introducing small nooks in front of
each apartment the gallery becomes more than just
infrastructure.A small niche comes into being that can be
used for many things, for placing plants, parking a stroller or
a bench to have your morning coffee, meet your neighbor,
or place your shopping bag to look for your keys.A corner
window enables a view along the street." In addition to the
Laubengang as an extended usable area of the apartments,
the main entry hall of the Terraces House furnishes another
extra area for the residents to meet and greet. Inspired by
Ernst May’s famous settlement Römerstadt,Terrace House
grants its entire plot area to the residents to take care of as
their common ground – tend the garden, plant and harvest
fruit trees, to use it as a playground, or as a space to simply
gather.

 The program asked for a very large degree of variation of
the housing units. Many different sizes are desired to cater
for a wide range of future inhabitants for cross-generational
and accessible housing. By introducing a building with
varying bay widths different apartment types from small to
extra large are organized next to each other forming a
gradient that accommodates multiple lifestyles.The living
area of the apartments is conceived as an open zone
arranged from the entry in the east to the terrace in the
west as a continuous space.The kitchens and bathrooms
are organized around a service shaft in the center of each
unit allowing the open and the private zone to be placed on
either side of the bay to make alternation possible for each
floor.The compact individual rooms include a generous
living area, even for the smallest apartment types.

CASE STUDY - 4 _HOMES FOR ALL - DORTHEAVEJ RESIDENCE /
BJARKE INGELS GROUP

BJARKE INGELS GROUP
“Our ambition was to create affordable apartments by
the world’s leading architects.Together with BIG, we
have succeeded in creating sustainable, safe and
functional homes that see eye to eye with the people
who live in them.“ Jan Hyttel, President, Lejerbo
Copenhagen.

BJARKE INGELS GROUP
 “Affordable housing is an architectural challenge due to the
necessary budget restrictions.We have attempted to
mobilize modular construction with modest materials to
create generous living spaces at the urban as well as the
residential scale.The prefabricated elements are stacked in
a way that allows every second module an extra meter of
room height, making the kitchen-living areas unusually
spacious. By gently adjusting the modules, the living areas
open more towards the courtyard while curving the linear
block away from the street to expand the sidewalk into a
public square. Economical constraints often lead to
scarcity—at Dortheavej, we have managed to create added
value for the individual as well as the community.” Bjarke
Ingels, Founding Partner, BIG.

BJARKE INGELS GROUP
 The characteristic checkered pattern of Dortheavej
is based on a singular prefab structure. Conceived as
a porous wall, the building gently curves in the center,
creating space for a public plaza towards the street
on the south side and an intimate green courtyard
towards the north. On the street level, the building
opens up to allow the residents and general public to
pass seamlessly into the courtyard.

BJARKE INAGELS GROUP
 The housing modules repeat along the curve and are
stacked to the height of the surrounding buildings.
The stacking creates additional space for each
apartment to have a small terrace, providing a setting
for healthy, sustainable living. On the sunny south
side, balconies retract and add depth to the façade
while on the northern side, the facade is even. Long
wooden planks cover the façade on all sides,
highlighting the modules and alternating to
accentuate the checkered pattern.

 Large floor-to-ceiling windows in the apartments
allow lots of daylight into the units and outside views
to the green courtyard or the surrounding
neighborhood.The size of the apartments ranges
from 60-115m2 and the materials are all kept very
simple with wood and concrete in light colors
dominating inside and out.

1. CUSTOMIZATION IN HOUSING
 Each dwelling units is to be owned by different family
having differet needs.
 integrated system for enabling the mass
customization of housing.The goal is to lower the
costs through recourse to large scale, serial
production while satisfying the unique requirements
of each individual household to guarantee customer
satisfaction.The integrated system includes a design
system that encodes the rules for generating
customized designs and a prefab building system that
makes it possible to construct from such designs.

1. CUSTOMIZATION IN HOUSING
 The housing market is urgently demanding customized quality buildings at affordable costs. Housing prefabrication
represents a suitable strategy as long as it is combined with cost-effective personalization through mass
customization. Designs need to be easily customizable to foster the mass customization of prefabricated housing.
Decisive requirements are design robustness and flexibility. Crucial decisions for the achievement of these
requirements are made in the conceptual design phase, but this stage is not adequately supported, and tools for
addressing decisions during this phase are not provided. In engineering design, axiomatic design (AD) has been
shown to be able to support the analysis of existing ideas in terms of aptitude for customization and the
generation of robust and flexible solutions that are easier to customize.Thus, the current study applied AD to the
analysis of well-known prefabricated houses and the design development of a new prefabricated housing system
to show the potential benefits of this approach for the building industry. Results show that AD has the ability to
support the analysis of ideas for identifying problems linked with customization and the ability to address the
conceptual development of robust and flexible designs for providing easily customizable solutions.

2. FLEXIBILITY ANDVARIABILITY IN HOUSING
 Houisng taken into account as a basic necessity and as society changes, the standard house causes friction with
new demands from new ideals of recent time. People are a lot of doubtless to remain in their homes if they can
adapt them, and need to change as a result of the absence of alterations to their dwellings as per their desires.
Therefore, applying users’ ideas within the designing and planning processes of the lodging could be a key to
determine the relation between people’s expected desires and their forthcoming ones. In this fast-changing world,
buildings need to accommodate new patterns of tenancy that weren’t anticipated at the time of its construction.
The planning solutions is wide-ranging however categorized into 3 levels of flexibility: re-adjustability by
rearranging furniture; re-size ability by shifting partitions and walls; and re-interpretability by dynamic area
configuration. One such manner of doing this can be through flexible housing.

2. FLEXIBILITY ANDVARIABILITY IN HOUSING

3. HOUSING AMENITIES AND UTILITIES 3.
TRANSPORT NEEDS
 Garages
 Covered parking
 Assigned parking spaces
 Bike storage lockers
 Shared car services
 Electric car charging stations
 Pedestrian-friendly - Walk Score
 Bus stop/Public transportation access
 LAUNDRY NEEDS
 Shared laundry room
 Washers and dryers in the units
 Laundry service

KITCHEN NEEDS
 Dishwasher in unit
 High-end kitchen appliances
 High-end countertops and finishes
 Energy-efficient appliances
 UNIT AMMENTIES
 Air-conditioning
 Fireplace
 Patio or balcony
 Wood flooring
 Storage in unit

 Recreation Amenities
Fitness center
Spa
Yoga/dance studio
Pool
Playground
Community Center
Media room
Party room
Community events and classes
Outdoor areas
Jogging/walking/bike path or access to one nearby

4. IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE HUMAN
 WORK FROM HOME
 SCHOOL FROM HOME
 HOUSE HAS BECOME A MULTI USE BUILDING
INSTEAD OF SIMPLE DWELLING

5. PSYCHE AND AS A CONSEQUENT ON HOUSING
 As per studies, high rise buildings often cause social
isolation because these individual units provided for
each family/ person tend to cordon them off
completely from interacting with other people.This
occurs mainly because of the lack of social gathering
spaces in the close proximity for the residents of
these units to come together and interact.As high-
rise apartments are very closely associated with
commercialization, the builders and the designers
often try to fit in as many units as possible in one
complex.This results in a compromise on these open
gathering spaces and thus, such spaces are deemed
unnecessary or a luxury; something that one will
have to pay for, additionally in order to avail.

5. PSYCHE AND AS A CONSEQUENT ON HOUSING
 The Kanchanjunga Apartments by Charles Correa in
Mumbai however, is an example of how a high-rise
residential apartment could be designed to give its
user a good social and natural experience.With
cantilevered terraces that open out for social
interaction between two stories and with the
inclusion of vernacular elements ensuring the best
experience of the Mumbai sea breeze and the sun,
this built structure elucidates how a designer could
alleviate social stresses and ensure nature’s proximity
but also at the same time accommodate a good
number of people within it.

6. PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES
 Participatory approach to developing and managing
enables residents to integrate their needs, wishes
and preferences into their dwellings and common
spaces. However, participation in housing
cooperatives most often surpasses the mere
essentials of housing and is encouraged in other
aspects of living

7. SOCIAL MIX SOCIAL DIVERSITY AND AVAILABILITY
 Diversity of culture is important to be taken into
consideration.
 it will allow all families living in one perticular society
to live cohesively.
 spaces which allow celebration of various festivities
from various cultures and religions.

10. GATED COMMUNITIES OR OTHERWISE
 Safety and security
 Privacy
 Sense of Community
 Leisure Facilities
 Reduced Traffic
 Less Solicitation
 Higher PropertyValue
 Safe Play for Children
 Exclusivity
 Higher Home Standards
Shared Services -
• plumbing
• electrical
• waste managment
• fire saftey services
• parking
• green areas

HOUSING LITERATURE STUDY M.ARCH CCA

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