The document defines hot and cold applications and their purposes. Hot applications such as warm moist packs are used to relieve pain and congestion, promote healing and suppuration. Cold applications like ice packs reduce pain, control bleeding and bacteria growth. Both involve transferring heat through conduction, convection, evaporation or radiation. Hot applications cause vasodilation while cold causes vasoconstriction. Precautions must be taken to prevent burns, maceration or nerve damage from improper use of hot or cold therapies.
cold application in fundamental of nursing including of definition,purpose effect in physiology and secondary effect,therapeutic effect and procdure of applying cold application of patient
hot application in fundamental of nursing, include of definition,purpose,therapeutic effect,effect on physiology,and sencondery,procedure of appplying hot application on patient with the intervention
cold application in fundamental of nursing including of definition,purpose effect in physiology and secondary effect,therapeutic effect and procdure of applying cold application of patient
hot application in fundamental of nursing, include of definition,purpose,therapeutic effect,effect on physiology,and sencondery,procedure of appplying hot application on patient with the intervention
Tepid Sponge Bath lecture and procedure for First Year Level Nursing students during their Return Demonstration. This is taken from a procedure manual good for both students and instructor.
MATERIALS AND ITS TYPES
machinary , equipments and linen using in hospitals and their care
EQUIPMENTS AND ITS TYPES
CARE OF LINEN
CARE OF RUBBER GOODS
CARE OF STAINLESS STEEL GOODS
CARE OF GLASS EQUIPMENTS
CARE OF PLASTIC ITEMS
CARE OF FURNITURE
CARE OF MACHINERY EQUIPMENTS
MAINTANENCE OF WARD INVENTORY
hair wash is a care of the hair require for patients who are in the bed. this demonstration is very helpful to all the nursing students or nursing staff as well as other people who work with patients.
Types of bed in Nursing- easy explanation for Student Nurses
CLOSED BED
OPEN BED
ADMISSION BED
OCCUPIED BED
OPERATION BED/POST ANESTHESIA BED/RECOVERY BED
CARDIAC BED
FRACTURE BED
AMPUTATION BED/STUMP BED
BURN BED
The purpose of this module is to provide comprehensive information about how to assist patients with ambulation, including the proper use of assestive devices and how to transfer a patient safely.
Bed-making is the act of arranging the bedsheets and other bedding on a bed, to prepare it for use. It is a household chore, but is also performed in establishments including hospitals, hotels, and military or educational residences. Bed-making is also a common childhood chore.
Tepid Sponge Bath lecture and procedure for First Year Level Nursing students during their Return Demonstration. This is taken from a procedure manual good for both students and instructor.
MATERIALS AND ITS TYPES
machinary , equipments and linen using in hospitals and their care
EQUIPMENTS AND ITS TYPES
CARE OF LINEN
CARE OF RUBBER GOODS
CARE OF STAINLESS STEEL GOODS
CARE OF GLASS EQUIPMENTS
CARE OF PLASTIC ITEMS
CARE OF FURNITURE
CARE OF MACHINERY EQUIPMENTS
MAINTANENCE OF WARD INVENTORY
hair wash is a care of the hair require for patients who are in the bed. this demonstration is very helpful to all the nursing students or nursing staff as well as other people who work with patients.
Types of bed in Nursing- easy explanation for Student Nurses
CLOSED BED
OPEN BED
ADMISSION BED
OCCUPIED BED
OPERATION BED/POST ANESTHESIA BED/RECOVERY BED
CARDIAC BED
FRACTURE BED
AMPUTATION BED/STUMP BED
BURN BED
The purpose of this module is to provide comprehensive information about how to assist patients with ambulation, including the proper use of assestive devices and how to transfer a patient safely.
Bed-making is the act of arranging the bedsheets and other bedding on a bed, to prepare it for use. It is a household chore, but is also performed in establishments including hospitals, hotels, and military or educational residences. Bed-making is also a common childhood chore.
heat_and cold_application.pptx hot cold therapyHibaAhmed76
heat_and cold_application.pptx hot cold therapy
heat_and cold_application.pptx hot cold therapy
heat_and cold_application.pptx hot cold therapy
heat_and cold_application.pptx hot cold therapy
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Exercising in hot and cold environments can have different effects on the body. It's important to consider factors like hydration, clothing, and duration of exercise when working out in extreme temperatures.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
1. Definition-
Hot Application
Hot application is the application of a hot agent, warmer than skin either in a moist or dry from
on the surface of the body;
Purpose:-
To relive pain and congestion,
To provide warmth,
To promote suppuration,
To promote healing,
To decrease muscle tone
To soften the exudates.
Cold application
Cold application is the application of a cold agent cooler than skin either in a moist or dry form,
on the surface of the skin.
Purpose
To reduce pain and body temperature,
To anaesthetize an area,
To control hemorrhage,
To control the growth of bacteria,
To prevent gangrene,
To prevent edema and
To reduce inflammation.
2.
3. Classification of temperatures:
Temperature Fahrenheit
Very Cold
Cold
Cool
Neutral
Warm
Hot
Very Hot
.
32 to 55 F
55 to 65 F
65 to 80 F
80 to 92F
92 to 98 F
98 to 104F
104 F
TRANSFER OF ENERGY: HEAT
Conduction: Contact
Convection: movement
Evaporation: through liquid-gas transfer
Radiation: electromagnetic waves
4. Conversion: transfer from one energy type to another
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION
Heating Agents ◦ Transfer heat to patient’s body, between various tissue / fluids
Cooling Agents ◦ Transfer heat away from patient’s body.
Physiological Effects of hot application:-
Peripheral vasodilatation
Increased capillary permeability
Increased oxygen consumption
Increased local metabolism
Decreased blood viscosity
Decreased muscle tone
Increased blood flow
Increase Lymph flow
Increase motility of leucocytes
Physiological effect of cold application:-
Peripheral Vasoconstriction
Decreased capillary permeability
Decreased oxygen consumption
Decreased local metabolism
Increased blood viscosity
Decreased muscle tone
Decreased blood flow
Decreased lymph flow
Decreased motility of leucocytes
Systemic response of hot application
Application of hot packs for long time
Excessive peripheral vasodilatation
Drop in blood pressure
Rebound Phenomenon Of Heat
5. Occurs at the time that maximum therapeutic effect of hot or cold application is achieved
Heat produces maximum vasodilatation in 20-30 minutes.
Continuation beyond 30-45 minutes causes tissue congestion, the blood vessels constrict
Now the opposite effect is occurring because of reflex vascular constriction.
Recovery time of one hour is advised before reapplication
Rebound Phenomenon of Cold
Maximum vasoconstriction occurs when the skin temperature reaches 150 or in about 30
minutes to one hour.
Vasodilatation begins as a
Recovery time of one hour is best before reapplication.
Factors Affecting Heat And Cold Tolerance
Body part: Certain areas of the skin have a sensitivity to temperature variations. The
inner aspect of the wrist and forearm, the neck, and the perineal area are temperature-
sensitive, while the back of the hand and the foot are not as sensitive.
Duration of application: Therapeutic benefits of heat and cold applications are achieved
with short periods of exposure to temperature variations. Tolerance increases as the length
of exposure increases.
Area of body exposed: The larger the area exposed to heat and cold, the lower the
tolerance to temperature changes.
Damage to body surface area: Injured skin areas are more sensitive than intact areas to
temperature variations.
Individual tolerance: Tolerance to temperature variations is affected by age and physical
condition. The young and the aged are especially susceptible to heat and cold.
Neurosensory impairments may interfere with the reception and perception of stimuli,
increasing the risk of injury.
Age: Thinner skin layers in children and elderly people increase the risk for burns from
the heat and cold applications.
Scientific principles involved in hot and cold applications
Water is a good conductor of heat
Air is a poor conductor of heat
The flow of heat is from the hotter are to the less hot area
Prolonged exposure to moisture increases the skin’s susceptibility to maceration and
skin breakdown, reducing the protection of the intact skin.
Moisture left on the skin causes rapid cooling due to evaporation of the moisture
Presence of steam increases the temperature of the hot application
Oil acts as insulator and delays the transmission of heat
6. Woolen absorb moisture slowly, but hold moisture longer and cool off less quickly
than the cotton materials.
The temperature tolerance varies with individuals and according to the site and area
covered
Friction produce heat.
Hot application
Indication of hot application:-
Decreases pain
Decreases muscle tone
Promote healing
Promotes suppuration
Relives deep congestion
Softens the exudates
Provide warmth
Stimulates peristalsis
Contraindications Of Hot Applications
Malignancies
Impaired kidney, heart & lung functions
Acutely inflammed areas
On clients with paralysis
Open wounds
Edema associated with venous or lymphatic diseases
Headache
Client with metabolic disorders
Very young & very old client
Client with very high temperature
Complications Of Hot Applications
Pain
Burns
Maceration (with moist heat)
Redness of the skin
Edema
Pallor (secondary effect)
Hyperthermia
7. Therapeutic effect of hot application
1.Hemodynamic
Increase circulation 1.5-2x normal
Increased metabolism (contraindicated in 2-3 days post injury)
Increased inflammation, phagocytosis, & wound healing
Decreased pain (analgesia); not as effective as cryotherapy for acute pain
Decreased muscle spasm
Decreased tissue stiffness (fluids less viscous and collagen releases
Depth of effects are not as great as with cold
Vascular changes are confined to skin (1cm)
2. . Neuromuscular
Increase sensory nerve conduction
Analgesic effects both distal and proximal to area treated This is why non-acute back
patients use heat instead of ice
Reducing muscle spasm
Inhibits muscle contraction
General instruction :-
Assess the condition of the client prior to, during & after the application of the heat &
cold application.
Check vital signs.
Maintain correct temp. for the entire duration of the application.
Never use any equipment unless understand its operation completely.
There must be a recovery period between the application.
Expose the client only requires part..
Don’t allow the client to adjust temp. control
Never ignore the complaints of a client
Make sure that the client is in a position to remove the application if it is causing him
discomfort or advice patient to call for help.
Call bell must be in reach to children.
Never leave client even for short period
Squeeze off water from moist heat applications to prevent scalding.
Apply thin layer of petroleum jelly or oil to skin prior to the application of moist heat
application. It will reduces soaking of the skin & therefore maceration.
Don’t use electrical appliances close to the open oxygen.
If any sign of complication recognized stop procedure immediately.
After procedure, dry the body area gently by patting not by rubbing to remove the
moisture.
8. Hot water bag to be fill two-thirds to half full with warm water and remove air at the top
so the bag is easier to mold over the body part.
Dry the outside of the bag & test for leakage by holding the bag upside down.
Cover bag with a towel or pillowcase (never apply directly on the skin surface)
Keep bag in place for 20–30 minutes and then remove.
Do not allow the client to lie on the hot water bag.
Cold application
Therapeutic Uses Of Local Cold Applications
Relieves pain
Prevent gangrene
Prevent edema & reduce inflammation
Control hemorrhage
Control the growth of bacteria
Reduces the body temperature
Anaesthetize an area
Contraindications Of Cold Applications
Client in the state of shock & collapse
Edema
Diseases associated with impaired circulation
Muscle spasm
Decreased sensation
Client have shivering or having very low temperature
Cold hypersensitivity or intolerance
Cryoglobulinemia
Uncommon disorder
Aggregation of serum proteins in distal circulation when distal extremities cooled
Proteins form a “gel” that can impair circulation,
Causes local ischemia, gangrene
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
Release of hemoglobin into urine from lysed red blood cells,
In response to local or general exposure to cold
Raynaud’s Disease
Paroxysmal digital cyanosis
Sudden pallor followed by redness of skin of digits,
Precipitated by cold or emotional upset
Relieved by warmth
9. Bilateral and symmetric (women)
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Generally only in one extremity
May be associated with thoracic outlet, carpal tunnel syndrome or trauma
Regenerating Nerves
Local vasoconstriction or decreased nerve conduction may delay regeneration
Circulatory compromise or peripheral vascular disease
Chronic peripheral vascular disease may have edema. Cold may increase this
edema.
Pallor and coolness
Theraputic Effect Of Cold Application
1. Hemodynamic Effects
Immediate vasoconstriction
Less then 15 min
Stimulates smooth muscles of vessels to contract
Decreases release of histamine, prostaglandins (vasodilators)
Increases blood viscosity (increases resistance to flow)
Decreases blood flow to maintain core temperature
After 15 minutes, vasodilatation occurs
Mostly distal extremities
Temperatures < 10 C (350 F) >15 minutes ◦
Cold induced vasodilatation (COVD)
Amount of vasodilatation usually small
Skin redness NOT due to vasodilatation due to increase in oxyhemoglobin
concentration of blood
Cold decreases oxyhemoglobin dissociation
Makes less oxygen available to tissues
Hunting Response
Response to pain associated with extreme cold
Raynaud's Phenomenon
A vascular reaction to cold application or stress that results in a white, red, or blue
discoloration of the extremities. This happens because the blood vessels under the
skin tighten. When blood does not reach parts of the body, these areas may turn
blue and feel cold.
10. 2. Neuromuscular Efects
Decreased muscle spasm by decreasing muscle spindle activity.
Intramuscular fibers (muscle spindle) runs parallel to fibers of the muscle.
Muscle contraction causes spindle contraction so it remains sensitive. The lower
the temperature, the lower the spindle activity.
3. Decreased Nerve Conduction Velocity
Decreased NCV of sensory and motor nerves occurs ◦
Greatest effect in myelinated, small fibers pain transmitters
Least effect in unmyelinated, large fibers
4. Increased Pain Threshold
5. Metabolic Effects:-
The decrease in metabolism allows them to live without as much oxygen. ◦
Normal body temperature is 37 ° C. ◦ Increase above 45° C (113° F) proteins
denature
6. Inflammation Control
Decreases chemical reactions secondary to acute inflammatory response
Decreased blood flow secondary to vasoconstriction, increased viscosity
7. Edema Control
Decreases intravascular fluid pressure via decreasing blood flow, increased viscosity
Most effective if applied immediately, in conjunction with elevation and compression.
Complication :-
Tissue Death
Frost Bite
Nerve damage :- Unwanted vasodilation due to prolonged vasoconstriction, ischemia,
thromboses in smaller vessels.
Freezing of tissues :- damage at 39 degrees F
To avoid, duration limited to under 45 minutes and tissue temperature above 39
degrees F
When goal is vasoconstriction, treatment limited to 10-15 minutes.
General instruction:-
Assess patient and establish goals of treatment
Determine if cryotherapy most appropriate treatment
No Contraindications
Select appropriate mode of application based on body part and desired response
Explain procedure, reasons for treatment, and expected sensations
Fill two-thirds full with crushed ice so bag is easier to mold over body part.
11. Cover bag with towel or pillowcase and apply to affected area for 30 minutes.
Provides cold to localized area (e.g., muscle sprain, hematoma) to Ice bag, ice collar
Guidelines In Application of hot and cold application:-
Check the order, check armband
Assess general condition of the patient
Assess the skin area where application going
Check functioning of equipment
Reassess patient and response in 15 minutes
Stop treatment at designated time
Examine the place where the treatment will occur.
Record the patient’s response
Safety Measures “DO’s”
Do explain to the patient sensations to be felt during the procedure
Do instruct the patient to report changes in sensation or discomfort immediately
Do provide a timer, clock, or watch so that the patient can help the nurse time the
application
Do keep the call light within the patients reach
Do refer to the agency’s policy and procedure manual for safe temperatures
Safety Measures Do “NOTS”
Do not allow the patient to adjust the temperature
Do not allow the patient to move an application
Do not place the patient in a position that prevents movement away from the temperature
source Do not leave unattended a patient who is