Over 1.4 million people each year worldwide suffer from hospital acquired infections. We can follow simple steps and protocols to prevent many of these cases.
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) pause a major health problem in hospitalized patients. This disease is associated with people with a central line/tube inserted through the skin into the large vein, which can be used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients, or blood products to patients in critical conditions. The disease occurs when microbes enter through the central line invading the bloodstream.
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)Ujjwal Shah
This was prepared by Ujjwal Kumar Shah, a medical student at BPKIHS, for a seminar presentation on the topic "Health-care associated Infections" and the subtopic "CAUTI".
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices are important in maintaining a safe environment for everyone by reducing the risk of the potential spread of disease.
Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) pause a major health problem in hospitalized patients. This disease is associated with people with a central line/tube inserted through the skin into the large vein, which can be used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients, or blood products to patients in critical conditions. The disease occurs when microbes enter through the central line invading the bloodstream.
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)Ujjwal Shah
This was prepared by Ujjwal Kumar Shah, a medical student at BPKIHS, for a seminar presentation on the topic "Health-care associated Infections" and the subtopic "CAUTI".
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices are important in maintaining a safe environment for everyone by reducing the risk of the potential spread of disease.
Pathogenic microorganisms proliferate and invade bodily tissue, causing tissue harm and disease.
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites those are not normally present within the body.
An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (body wide).
Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections.
For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
Infection prevention policies and practices are used in hospitals and other health care facilities to reduce the spread of infections.
The Role of Microorganism in Hospital Acquired Infection.pptxManitaPaneri
Hospital Acquired infections, also called nosocomial infections can be defined as the infections acquired by the patients in the hospital by a patient -
1. who was admitted for a reason other than that infection.
2. In whom infection was not present or incubated at the time of admission.
3. Symptoms should appear at least after 48 hours of admission.
In these slides, microbes responsible for hospital acquired infections and preventive strategies are shared.
Hospital Acquired Infections/Health care associated infections/Nosocomial infection .
More useful for MBBS ,PG (MD/MS) Students to get a brief idea about HAI.
Numerous studies have shown that women have an increased susceptibility to chronic respiratory conditions.This presentation explores briefly into the epidemiology, the gender differences in disease presentation and its wider healthcare implications.
It is very important to refer proper patient at proper time for infertility treatment. This presentation explores briefly the different criteria to refer the patient and the follow-up after.
Safe iv cannulation (prevention of iv thrombophlebitis)Chaithanya Malalur
A basic introduction to applying an intravenous canula. A note on commonly accessible veins, purpose of IV cannulation, materials & procedure, after care, complications & management
A basic overview on the management of intra-operative bronchospasm: the risk factors, triggers, diagnosis, prevention and management. Includes a case scenario – discussion.
An overview of the respiratory tract infections, microbiology and the implications of antibiotic resistance. Summarizing the antibiotic recommendations in pneumonia.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Content
○Hospital acquired infections
○Sources of infection
○Routes of spread
○Antimicrobial resistance
○Hospital Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines
○Universal and standard precautions
3. Hospital acquired infections (HAI)
○HAI are infections acquired during hospital care which
are not present or incubating at admission.
○Infections occurring more than 48 hours after admission
are usually considered nosocomial.
4. Hospital acquired infections (HAI)
○An infection acquired in hospital by a patient who was
admitted for a reason other than that infection.
○An infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other
healthcare facility in whom the infection was not present
or incubating at the time of admission.
○This includes infections acquired in the hospital but
appearing after discharge, and also occupational
infections among staff of the facility
5. HAI - burden
○HAI occur worldwide and affect both developed and
resource-poor countries.
○Over 1.4 million people worldwide suffer from such
infectious
○Most frequent of these are:
infections of surgical wounds
urinary tract infections
lower respiratory tract infections
6. Why do patients in hospital acquire
infection?
○Patients with infectious diseases are frequently admitted
to hospital.
○Some of these patients are able to spread their
organisms to other patients and they provide one source
of infection in hospital patients admitted for other causes
7. Why do patients in hospital acquire
infection?
○When such patients require admission to hospital, the
risk has to be assessed for other patients.
○Appropriate measures have to be taken to contain the
infection with isolation procedures of varying degrees of
strictness depending on the infection
8. Why do patients in hospital acquire
infection?
○ The commonest forms of HAI are due to invasive
procedures carried out on patients such as:
surgical operations
intravenous therapy
intubation
catheterization
9. Why do patients in hospital acquire
infection?
○Immunodeficiency of varying degrees is seen in many of
the patients admitted to hospital. These include:
patients at the extremes of age
patients with diabetes
receiving immunosuppressive drugs
patients with cancer, in particular those undergoing
chemotherapy
These patients are prone to infection with bacteria which
have little threat for healthy persons.
10. Chain of
infection
There are six
elements in the cycle
of infection, and all six
must be present
before the
transmission of
infection can take
place.
12. Sources of infection in the hospital
Other
patients
Visitors
Water /
food
AirSurgical
procedu
res
Hospital
persons
Devices,
drains
and
catheter
Fomite
contami
nation
Pt’s
normal
flora
13. Sources of infection in the hospital
Exogenous source
○ Other patients (cross-infection)
○ Health care workers
○ Inanimate objects (fomites) vehicle
○ Inanimate environment of the hospital:
Contaminated air, water, food
Contaminated equipment and instruments
Soiled linen
Hospital waste (Biomedical waste)
14. Sources of infection in the hospital
Endogenous sources
○ source is the normal intestinal flora or colonizers of skin
and other epithelial surfaces
17. Antimicrobial resistance
○Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microbe
to resist the effects of medication previously used to treat
them
○Resistant microbes are increasingly difficult to treat,
requiring alternative medications or higher doses → which
may be more costly or more toxic
22. Hospital Infection
Prevention and Control
Guidelines November, 2015
National Center for Disease Control
Directorate General of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India
23. Infection control committee
Integral component of the patient safety program of the
health care facility, and is responsible for establishing and
maintaining infection prevention and control, its
monitoring, surveillance, reporting, research and
education.
24. Infection control committee
structure
1. Chairperson: Head of the Institute (preferably)
2. Member Secretary: Senior Microbiologist
3. Members: Representation from Management /Administration
(Dean/Director of Hospital, Nursing Services, Medical Services,
Operations)
4. Relevant Medical Faculties
5. Support Services: (OT/CSSD, Housekeeping / Sanitation,
Engineering, Pharmacologist, Store Officer / Materials
Department)
6. Infection Control Nurse
7. Infection Control officer
25. Aim of sterilization: Asepsis
○Asepsis is the practice to reduce or eliminate
contaminants (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites) from entering the operative field in surgery or
medicine to prevent infection.
26. Methods in sterilization
Physical Methods
○Moist heat in Autoclave
○Dry heat in ovens
○Gamma irradiation
○Filtration
○Plasma sterilization
Chemical Methods
○Ethylene oxide
○Glutaraldehyde (high
concentration)
28. Hot air oven
○apparatus with double metallic
walls and a door. There is an air
space between these walls.
○The apparatus is heated by
electricity or gas at the bottom.
○On heating, the air at the bottom
becomes hot and passes between
the two walls from below upwards,
and then passes in the inner
chamber through the holes on Me
top of the apparatus. A thermostat
is fitted to maintain a constant
temperature of 160°C.
29. Hot air oven ○It Is one of the most common
method used for sterilization.
○Glass wares, swab sticks, all-
glass syringes, powder and oily
substances are sterilized in hot air
oven.
○For sterilization, a temperature of
160°C is maintained (holding) for
one hour.
○Spores are killed at this
temperature
30. Autoclave
○Moist heat destroys
microorganisms by the irreversible
denaturation of enzymes &
structural proteins.
○Recommendations for
sterilization in an autoclave are 15
minutes at 121⁰C.
31. Working of autoclave
On the lid, there are:
1. A gauge for indicating the pressure,
2. A safety valve, set to blow off at any desired pressure
3. A stopcock to release the pressure. It is provided with
a perforated diaphragm. Water is placed below the
diaphragm and heated from below by electricity, gas
or stove.
32. Working of autoclave: procedure
1. Place materials inside
2. Close the lid. Leave stopcock open
3. Set the safety valve at the desired pressure
4. Heat the autoclave. Air is forced out and eventually
steam ensures out through the tap
5. Close the tap. The inside pressure now rises until it
reaches the set level (i.e. 15 min), when the safety
valve opens and the excess steam escapes
6. Keep it for 15 minutes (holding time)
7. Stop heating
8. Cool the autoclave below 100°C,
9. Open the stopcock slowly to allow air to enter the
autoclave.
33. Disinfection
○Disinfection is a process where most microbes are
removed from defined object or surface, except spores.
○Classified according to their ability to destroy different
categories of micro-organisms:
1. High Level disinfectants: Glutaraldehyde 2%, Ethylene Oxide
2. Intermediate Level disinfectant: Alcohols, chlorine compounds,
hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidene
3. Low level disinfectants: Benzalkonium chloride, some soaps
34. General Guidelines for
Disinfection
○Critical instruments/equipment
(that are those penetrating skin or mucous membrane) should
undergo sterilization before and after use.
Ex: surgical instruments.
○Semi-critical instruments / equipment
(that are those in contact with intact mucous membrane without
penetration) should undergo high level disinfection before use and
intermediate level disinfection after use.
Ex: endotracheal tubes
○Non-critical instruments /equipment
(that are those in contact only with intact skin) require only
intermediate or low level disinfection before and after use.
Ex: ECG electrodes
35. Role of physician
Physicians have unique responsibilities for the prevention
and control of hospital infections:
By providing direct patient care using practices which
minimize infection
By following appropriate practice of hygiene (e.g.
handwashing, isolation)
Protecting their own patients from other infected
patients and from hospital staff who may be infected
36. Role of physician
Complying with the practices approved by the Infection
Control Committee
Obtaining appropriate microbiological specimens when
an infection is present or suspected
Notifying cases of hospital-acquired infection to the
team, as well as the admission of infected patients
37. Role of the
hospital pharmacist
The hospital pharmacist is responsible for:
Obtaining, storing and distributing pharmaceutical
preparations using practices which limit transmission of
infectious agents to patients
Maintaining records of antibiotics distributed to the
medical departments
38. Role of the
hospital pharmacist
Providing the Antimicrobial Use Committee and
Infection Control Committee with summary reports and
trends of antimicrobial use.
Providing summary reports of prevalence of resistance
monitoring sterilization, disinfection and the
environment where necessary
Participation in development of guidelines for
antiseptics, disinfectants, and products used
39. Role of the nursing staff
Implementation of patient care practices for infection
control is the role of the nursing staff.
The senior nursing administrator is responsible for:
Participating in the Infection Control Committee
Promoting the development and improvement of
nursing techniques
ongoing review of aseptic nursing policies, with
approval by the Infection Control Committee
40. Central sterilization
service
As central sterilization department serves all hospital
areas, including the operating suite, an appropriately
qualified individual must be responsible for
management of the infection control program.
Oversee the use of different methods - physical,
chemical, and bacteriological - to monitor the
sterilization process
Ensure technical maintenance of the equipment
according to national standards and manufacturers’
recommendations
41. Role of the
food service
The in-charge of food services must be knowledgeable in
food safety, staff training, storage and preparation
of foodstuffs, job analysis and use of equipment.
The head of catering services is responsible for:
Defining the criteria for the purchase of foodstuffs
Equipment use
Cleaning procedures to maintain a high level of food
safety
42. Role of the
laundry service
The laundry is responsible for:
Developing policies for working clothes in each area
and group of staff, and maintaining appropriate
supplies
Ensuring that liquid soap and paper towel dispensers
are replenished regularly
43. Role of the
laundry service
Distribution of working clothes and, if necessary,
managing changing rooms.
Developing policies for the collection and transport of
dirty linen.
Defining, where necessary, the method for disinfecting
infected linen, either before it is taken to the laundry or
in the laundry itself.
44. Role of the
housekeeping service
The housekeeping service is responsible for the regular
and routine cleaning of all surfaces and maintaining a
high level of hygiene in the facility.
Classifying the different hospital areas by varying need
for cleaning
Developing policies for appropriate cleaning
techniques: procedure, frequency, agents used, etc.,
for each type of room, from highly contaminated to the
most clean.
45. Role of the
housekeeping service
Developing policies for collection, transport and
disposal of different types of waste (e.g. containers,
frequency)
Ensuring that liquid soap and paper towel dispensers
are replenished regularly
Informing the maintenance service of any building
problems requiring repair.
46. Role of the
infection control team
The infection control program is responsible for:
Oversight and coordination of all infection control
activities to ensure an effective program.
Organizing an epidemiological surveillance program for
nosocomial infections
Participating with pharmacy in developing a program or
supervising the use of anti-infective drugs
Ensuring patient care practices are appropriate to the
level of patient risk
47. Role of the
infection control team
Checking the efficacy of the methods of disinfection
and sterilization and the efficacy of systems
Developed to improve hospital cleanliness participating
in development and provision of teaching program for
the medical, nursing and allied health personnel, as
well as all other categories of staff
Providing expert advice, analysis, and leadership
assistance for smaller institutions
48. Universal/Standard Precautions
for Infection Control
1. Hand hygiene
2. Personnel protective equipment
3. Safe handling and disposal of sharps
4. Follow needle stick injury protocol
5. Safe handling and disposal of wastes
6. Managing blood and body fluids
7. Disinfection of equipment
8. Environmental disinfection
9. Immunization
10.Isolation
51. Personal Protective equipment
Must be used whenever high risk patient is being handled
Gloves
Disposable plastic Apron
Masks.
Eye protection
52. Safe handling and
disposal of sharps
The main hazards of a sharps injury are:
Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis C,
HIV.
Ensure that:
Sharps are not passed from hand to hand.
Needles are not broken or bent before use.
Sharps are disposed of at the point of use.
Sharp containers are not filled more than two third.
Staff are aware of inoculation injury policy.
53. Follow needle stick
injury protocol
1. Irrigate mucous membranes by washing under running
water
2. Do not suck/ Squeeze the injury site
3. Wash with soap and water
4. Apply antiseptic lotion to the injury site.
5. Contact emergency room-medical officer for
management
6. Complete the incident report & inform to ICN
54. Safe handling and disposal of waste
Segregate the waste at source.
Know the policies and protocols of the state.
Safe disposal.
Safe handling of spillage.
55.
56. Managing blood and bodily fluids
○Handle specimens safely: Collection → Labeling → Transfer
○Dealing with spillage:
Small spill/ spotted Spill
Large Spill
57. Managing blood and
bodily fluids
Management of small spill:
Wear gloves and eye protection
Contamination should be wiped up with paper towels
soaked in freshly prepared Hypochlorite solution (1%)
If broken glasses are present, first treat the spillage
with Hypochlorite, then carefully remove the glass
piece with disposable forceps and wipe it up
Towel and glasses should be disposed off in a yellow
clinical waste bag for Incineration
Wash hands.
58. Managing blood and
bodily fluids
Management of large spill:
Mark that area as large spill
Wear PPE
Liquid spill should be covered up with Hypochlorite
solution and left for 2 min.
Use absorbent to absorb
Wipe that with water and detergent
Allow that to dry
Put all the towels, gloves to yellow bin for incineration
59. Infection control checklist
1. Have you washed your hands?
2. Do you need to use personal protective equipment?
3. Are you preventing sharp injuries?
4. Are you disposing off waste safely?
5. Do you deal promptly with spillages?
6. Do you thoroughly decontaminate equipment?
7. Are you maintaining a clean environment?
8. Do you know what to do in the event of an accident?
9. Do you know your workplace's procedures?