Hobbes and Locke -Social
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Thomas Hobbes believed that in a state of nature where everyone is free, life would be "nasty, brutish and short" due to fear, violence and self-interest. Only by giving up individual sovereignty and freedom to an authoritarian ruler can security be achieved for all. In contrast, John Locke believed people are rational and can govern themselves. He advocated for a social contract where people consent to a government that protects private property and is accountable to the people, as life, liberty and property are more important than absolute authority. Government should justify its actions through popular consent.
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Differing Ideologies
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans are inherently selfish and would be in a constant state of conflict without a strong central authority to enforce order. He argued for absolute power in government to maintain peace. John Locke believed that humans are born with natural rights and that government should protect those rights. He also believed citizens have a right to rebel against tyrannical rule. Jean-Jacques Rousseau felt that people are equal in nature and society corrupts human goodness, so the government must serve the will of the people to protect their natural state. Montesquieu argued that no single person or group should hold all power, and the government works best when power is separated into different branches that check each other.
Philosophers for Social 30-2
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans are inherently selfish and egoistic, and that a peaceful society requires an absolute ruler with total control to enforce laws and prevent chaos. However, he also argued that subjects retain certain natural liberties or rights, such as the right to defend their own lives, that cannot be transferred away.
John Locke disagreed with Hobbes' view of absolute rule and believed that humans form societies through social contracts for impartial justice and protection of private property rights. Locke emphasized that governments are appointed by and responsible to the people, who hold the ultimate authority. He argued that the most important individual right is the right to own private property, as it stems from one's own labor.
John Stuart Mill warned
Social philosophy draft
The document discusses and compares the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau regarding human nature and the state of nature. It provides summaries of their key differences: for Rousseau, man is essentially peaceful in the state of nature, while for Hobbes man is selfish; Rousseau believed society corrupts while Hobbes saw the need for government to prevent war. The document also discusses how humans have both instinct and reason, and considers whether we were truly ever "born free" or have always been subject to controls and societal influences.
9 chapter 5 political_philosophy
This document outlines the aims and key concepts of political philosophy. It discusses why philosophy is relevant to politics, describing how political strategies must be justified. It then examines descriptive and normative approaches, different ideologies like liberalism and socialism, and concepts like freedom, rights, law, punishment, and the role of the state. The document provides definitions and examples to explain these complex topics in political philosophy.
Political ideologies
This document discusses different political ideologies including liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. It provides definitions and key elements of each ideology. Liberalism focuses on individualism, freedom, reason, equality, and limited government. Conservatism aims to preserve traditions and institutions through pragmatism, authority and hierarchy. Socialism emphasizes community, equality, and common ownership to reduce class divisions and inequality. The document examines thinkers and theories that shaped each ideology such as John Locke's concept of limited government and Edmund Burke's traditional conservatism.
LIBERTY.pptx
liberty is the important concept in Political Science. Political philosophers have developed various dimensions of liberty.
Ideas to Actions
The document discusses the history and evolution of major political ideologies such as classical liberalism, conservatism, socialism, fascism, and modern liberalism. It examines how these ideologies developed in response to historical events and political circumstances. Key thinkers and their major ideas are outlined for each ideology.
Gender and Human Right
What Are Human Rights?
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.
International Human Rights Law
International human rights law lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of human rights law—a universal and internationally protected code to which all nations can subscribe and all people aspire. The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It has also established mechanisms to promote and protect these rights and to assist states in carrying out their responsibilities.
The foundations of this body of law are the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1945 and 1948, respectively. Since then, the United Nations has gradually expanded human rights law to encompass specific standards for women, children, persons with disabilities, minorities and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect them from discrimination that had long been common in many societies.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Sovereign Self, The State and Civil Society
The document discusses alternative political and economic ideologies that promote individual freedom and minimal government intervention. It references thinkers like Lao Tzu, who advocated for non-interference and allowing individuals to spontaneously transform. It also discusses free market economics and how capitalism improves standards of living by mass-producing goods for the masses. The document takes an alternative view of issues like climate change, saying it is natural and cyclical rather than man-made. It concludes by advocating for an economic system with small, minimal government and maximum civil society of free individuals.
Thinkers
The document summarizes the ideas of several thinkers from the 18th and 19th centuries and how they relate to classical liberalism. Hobbes believed humans are selfish and would give up rights to a ruler for protection, with the ability to overthrow if unprotected. Locke focused on natural rights like life, liberty, and property. Montesquieu advocated for separation of government powers. Smith believed free markets and limited government would benefit society through self-interest. Mill emphasized individual rights and freedoms limited to preventing harm. Ricardo said wages should be set by supply and demand. Dickens wanted to expose poor working conditions. The document analyzes how each thinker contributed ideas around individual rights, limited government, and economic freedom
Thinkers
The document summarizes the ideas of seven influential thinkers and how their ideas related to classical liberalism. It discusses how each thinker valued individual rights and freedoms in different ways such as: Hobbes believing in a social contract and individuals giving up rights to a ruler for protection; Locke focusing on natural rights like life, liberty, and property; and Mill believing in individual freedoms like speech limited only by harming others. It also discusses how thinkers like Smith and Ricardo advanced ideas of free market capitalism and limited government intervention in the economy. In concluding, the document notes it most agrees with Hobbes' view of self-interest and government protecting individuals, and Montesquieu's view of separated government branches providing accountability
Human Rights 2022.ppt the power point which is best
This document provides an overview of the philosophy and history of human rights. It discusses key concepts like inherent, inalienable, and fundamental rights. Historical sources of human rights ideas are explored, from Stoic philosophy to the Age of Enlightenment and thinkers like Locke. The document also examines the development of rights in reaction to historical injustices. Finally, it analyzes tensions between universal human rights and cultural relativism.
Philosophers
Thomas Hobbes believed that in a state of nature, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short due to people's natural inclination towards violence and self-interest. To escape this, individuals must surrender their freedom to an absolute sovereign who maintains order and security through rule of law.
John Locke believed that individuals are born free and equal, and have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people form civil societies and establish limited governments.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that while humans are naturally good, the development of private property and unequal social structures have corrupted human nature and increased inequality. He advocated for direct democracy with elected representatives to balance the
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Chapter 11 Freedom in a Political and Cultural Context
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