The document discusses the concept of liberty. It defines liberty as freedom from arbitrary or despotic government control and the ability to choose, think, and act for oneself. Liberty exists not just from an absence of restraints but also through opportunities. Liberty has both negative and positive aspects. The negative aspect sees liberty as an absence of restraints, while the positive aspect provides opportunities for development that external constraints may prevent. Liberty exists in various forms, including natural, social, civil, moral, political, economic, domestic, national, and international. Restrictions are necessary in society to maintain order and general welfare.
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
Department of Management: Liberty : Meaning & Features
Types of Liberty
Economic Liberty
Political Liberty
Civil Liberty
National Liberty
Personal Liberty
Natural Liberty
Equality :Meaning &Aspect
Relationship between Liberty & Equality
Justice : Meaning
DIMENSIONS of RIGHTS
The basic understanding what Liberalism stands for.
For further Reading you might have a look at our homepage www.southasia.fnst.org or at our reading lists on slideshare.net.
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
Department of Management: Liberty : Meaning & Features
Types of Liberty
Economic Liberty
Political Liberty
Civil Liberty
National Liberty
Personal Liberty
Natural Liberty
Equality :Meaning &Aspect
Relationship between Liberty & Equality
Justice : Meaning
DIMENSIONS of RIGHTS
The basic understanding what Liberalism stands for.
For further Reading you might have a look at our homepage www.southasia.fnst.org or at our reading lists on slideshare.net.
An essay. What does freedom mean to you? My thesaurus lists these synonyms: autonomy; lack of restriction; self-determination; independence; choice; free will; sovereignty are listed under liberty (n.) restriction is an antonym. Freedom also has another meaning, perhaps a less desirable one: openness; inventiveness; nonconformity; frankness; abandon; candor; free expression; rough are listed under looseness (n) conformity is an antonym.
Option B Obedience to Authority Cause and Effect. First, read St.docxgerardkortney
Option B: Obedience to Authority: Cause and Effect. First, read Stanley Milgram’s classic article on his infamous ‘shock’ experiments in the 1960’s. Follow this up by watching Obeying or Resisting Authority: A Psychological Retrospective, available via the Films on Demand section of the Ashford University Library. Read Chapter 7: Power and Politics. Then, address each of the following questions.
· What specific factors would cause people to continue to shock other people, past the perceived thresholds of extreme pain, unconsciousness, or even death?
· Provide three different explanations for this behavior, utilizing the three perspectives we have learned so far: the anthropological, political, and sociological perspectives.
· In other words, to what specific causal factor would an anthropologist attribute this behavior? What about a political scientist? A sociologist?
Be sure to provide concrete examples from the text and from your own research. In crafting your response, you must make reference to at least two sources beyond the textbook or the assigned documentary
Below are links that will help compete assignment along with chapter 7
http://www.apa.org/research/action/order.aspx
https://simplypsychology.org/milgram.html
https://youtu.be/fxiWkTCjMmY
CHAPTER 7: Power and Politics
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, students will be able to:
Describe the discipline of political science and explain what it is concerned with.
Define democracy.
Describe the kind of democracy that exists in the United States.
List the branches of the U.S. government.
Explain the source of each branch’s power and how that power is exercised.
Politics, Political Science, and Government Power
A distinguished American political scientist, Harold Lasswell, defined politics as “who gets what, when, and how.” “The study of politics,” he said, “is the study of influence and the influential. The influential are those who get the most of what there is to get. . . . Those who get the most are the elite; the rest are mass.”1 He went on to define political science as the study of “the shaping and sharing of power.” Admittedly, Lasswell’s definition of political science is very broad. Indeed, if we accept Lasswell’s definition of political science as the study of power, then political science includes cultural, economic, social, and personal power relationships—topics that we have already discussed in chapters on anthropology, economics, sociology, and psychology.
politics
the study of power
Although some political scientists have accepted Lasswell’s challenge to study power in all its forms in society, most limit the definition of political science to the study of government and how individuals influence government action. This chapter focuses primarily on the study of government and how individuals influence government action in the United States.
political science
the study of government and how individuals influence government action
What distinguis.
Summary: Freedom is a universal sentiment and has been so granted even by law. But in practice it is subject to several constraints. Resolution of these constraints demands perpetual intellectual efforts. Often freedom does not mean more than freedom to perform one’s duties without fear of repercussions and reservations. It does not mean freedom to enjoy one’s whims and fancies.
What Are Human Rights?
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.
International Human Rights Law
International human rights law lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of human rights law—a universal and internationally protected code to which all nations can subscribe and all people aspire. The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It has also established mechanisms to promote and protect these rights and to assist states in carrying out their responsibilities.
The foundations of this body of law are the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1945 and 1948, respectively. Since then, the United Nations has gradually expanded human rights law to encompass specific standards for women, children, persons with disabilities, minorities and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect them from discrimination that had long been common in many societies.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
this explains concept of Constitution which contains meaning, definition,classification,characteristics of good constitution and brief introduction Constituent Assembly of India
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Liberty
1. LIBERTY
By
Mr. Mahesh Jaiwantrao Patil
M.A. (Political Science), M.Phil, NET, SET, & Ph.D
(Pursuing)
Assistant Professor,
Narayanrao Chavan Law College, Nanded,
Maharashtra, India
Cell No.(+91)9860816313
2. Liberty is derived from a Latin word “ Liber”, which
means free or independent. The concept of liberty
occupies a very important place in civics.
It has made powerful appeal to every man in every age. It
is the source of many wars and revolutions.
In the name of liberty war, battles, revolutions and
struggles have taken place in the history of mankind.
Liberty means the unrestricted freedom of the individual
to do anything he likes to do. But this sort of unrestricted
liberty is not possible in society
3. Liberty is not a license to do anything one pleases, as this
would end up in anarchy, the very extreme of liberty.
Restrictions are necessary in the interest of general
welfare.
They are imposed in the form of laws. Law is the
condition of liberty. While laws are restrictions to liberty,
it is imperative that, the so imposed laws are not unjust as
excessive and stringent restrictions hamper the
intellectual and moral growth of the individual.
Liberty has two aspects- Negative and Positive aspect.
4. Montesquieu:- “Liberty means the power of doing what
we ought to do”.
Prof. Seely:- “Liberty means the absence of restraints”.
T.H.Green :- it is a the power to do or enjoy something
that is worth doing or enjoying in common with others.
Liberty is the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in
which men have the opportunity to be their best selves
5. “Liberty means the power of doing what we ought to
do.
It means freedom from arbitrary or despotic
government or control , interference, restrictions.
It is power of choosing, thinking and acting for oneself,
freedom from control or restriction.
It is the quality individual have to control their own
actions.
6. Taken together, it must be understood that, liberty exists
not merely in the absence of restraints but in the presence
of opportunities as well.
The following definition embraces both aspects of
liberty.
“Liberty is the product of Rights. It is the maximum
opportunity to do desired things with a minimum of
controls and regulations consonant with a well – ordered
society.
7. The idea of liberty may be analyzed in terms of :
Freedom as the quality of Human Being : Animals,
birds, insects are governed 'struggle for existence' and
'survival of the fittest'.
Only a human being is capable of freedom. Man as a
homosapien has distinguished himself from other living
beings as he claims to have an aim in his life.
Man has created many social organizations. Man has
tamed and controlled animals. Freedom is the distinctive
quality of man. Human beings capacity to gain scientific
knowledge is the source of their freedom.
8. Freedom as the Condition of Human Being : Liberty
is usually defined as 'absence of constraint'. The
concept of liberty has very wide implication in the
sphere of political philosophy. We demand liberty for
the human being (as a condition of life)
because we treat him to be a rational creature.
Since here our demand is confined to the removal of
external restraint, hence it is termed as negative liberty.
Now a man may not be free even if there is no essential
restraint. Freedom in the wider sense requires that man
should not feel any internal or external constraints.
9. This means, freedom from physical pain, disease,
ignorance, fear or wants. A state tends to secure
positive liberty for its citizens. We wish to have
freedom for the rational agent. If a person is not free in
the real sense and still he is not keen to have freedom,
efforts should be made to arouse his conscience and
made him anxious to win his freedom.
10. Natural Liberty,
Social / Civil Liberty
Moral Liberty.
Social / Civil liberty if further classified in to:-
Personal liberty
Political Liberty
Economic Liberty
Domestic Liberty
National Liberty
International Liberty
11. Natural Liberty : It implies complete freedom for a man
to do what he wills. In other words, it means absence of
all restraints and freedom from interferences. It may be
easily understood that this kind of liberty is no liberty at
all in as much as it is euphemism for the freedom of the
forest. What we call liberty pertains to the realm of
man’s social existence.
This kind of liberty, in the opinions of the social
philosophers like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau was
engaged by men living in the “state of nature” – since
where there was not state and society. This kind of liberty
is not possible at present. Liberty cannot exist in the
absence of state. Unlimited liberty might have been
engaged only by few strong but not all.
12. Social/Civil liberty: it relates to man’s freedom in his
life as a members of the social organization. As such, it
refers to a man’s right to do what he wills in compliance
with the restraints Imposed on him in the general interest.
Civil or social liberty consists in the rights and privileges
that the society recognizes and the state protects in the
spheres of private and public life of an individual.
Social liberty has the following sub categories:
Personal liberty: it is an important variety of social
liberty. It refers to the opportunity to exercises freedom
of choice in those areas of a man’s life that the results of
his efforts mainly affect him in that isolation by which at
least he is always surrounded.
13. Political Liberty: It refers to the power of the people to be
active in the affairs of the state. Political liberty is closely
interlinked with the life of man as a citizen. Simply stated
political liberty consists in provisions for universal adult
franchise, free and fair elections, freedom for the avenues
that make a healthy public opinion. As a matter of fact
political liberty consists in curbing as well as constituting
and controlling the government.
Economic Liberty : It belongs to the individual in the
capacity of a producer or a worker engaged in some gainful
occupation or service. The individual should be free from
the constant fear of unemployment and insufficiency.
14. Domestic/ Family Liberty : It is sociological concept that
takes the discussion of liberty to the sphere of man’s family
life. It implies that all associations within the state, the
miniature community of the family, is the most universal
and of the strongest independent vitality.
Domestic liberty consists in :-
Rendering the wife a fully responsible individual capable of
holding property, suing and being sued, conducting business
on her own account, and engaging full personal protection
against her husband.
It is establishing marriage as far as the law is concerned on
a purely contractual basis, and leaving the sacramental
aspect of marriage to the ordinance of the religion professed
by the parties and
Seeing the physical, mental and moral care of the children.
15. National liberty : It is synonymous with national
independence. As such, it implies that no nation should be
under subjection of another. National movements or wars of
independence can be identified as struggles for the attainment
of national liberty. So national liberty is identified with
patriotism.
International Liberty : It means the world is free from
controls and limitation, use of force has no value. Dispute can
be settled through peaceful means. Briefly all countries in the
world will be free of conflicts and wars.
In the international sphere, it implies renunciation of war,
limitation on the production of armaments, abandonment’s of
the use of force, and the pacific settlement of disputes. The
ideal of international liberty is based on this pious conviction
to that extent the world frees itself from the use of force and
aggression it gains and peace is given a chance to establish
itself.
16. Moral Liberty: This type of freedom is centered in the
idealistic thoughts of thinkers from Plato and Aristotle in
ancient times to Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, Green and
Bosanquet in modern times.
Moral liberty lies in man’s capacity to act as per his
rational self. Every man has a personality of his own. He
seeks the best possible development of his personality. At
the same time he desire the same thing for other. And
more than this, he pays sincere respect for the real worth
and dignity of his fellow beings. It is directly connected
with man’s self – realization.
17. Positive Liberty:- It does not consist merely in the
removal of restraints. Liberty is best realized in the
enjoyment of certain positive opportunities that are
necessary for the development of personality. Positive
liberty consists in providing opportunities to the individual
where he is incapacitated due to socio-economic
conditions. Liberty in its positive aspect means removal of
those constraints which obstruct the individual in his
pursuit of happiness. Rights are a necessary condition for
liberty. The state must, therefore, regulate activities and
provide opportunities. The state must restrain those who
obstruct social welfare. Hence, the State must create
positive conaditions for the welfare of all.
18. Negative Liberty: Negative aspect of liberty means,
'absence of restraints.' This aspect implies that there
should be no limits or control on individual liberty. The
supporters of this theory are Locke, De Tocqueville,
Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, Bentham, Spencer and
most significantly J.S. Mill.
The negative concept of liberty regaled in the hands of
the individualists. The state, according to them, is a
necessary evil. It must not interfere with the natural
liberty of individuals.
The state should not impose restraints on the individuals.
'That government is the best which governs the least.' As
long as an individual does not deprive others of their
liberty, he is free to do what he wants.
19. Negative
Stresses more on personal
aspect.
Liberty is absence of restraints.
State is an enemy of personal
liberty.
Emphasizes on the personal
liberty.
Does not include the concept of
rights.
State must have minimum
functions.
Positive
Stresses on social-context of
liberty.
Emphasizes on positive
conditions for realization of
liberty.
State is essential for realization of
liberty.
Emphasizes on social and
economic aspect.
Regards rights are pre requisite of
liberty.
Supports a state with welfare
functions