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1. LOCKE
MILLS
SMITH
THE THINKING OF :
……………

2. John Locke
Born: August 29, 1632
Died: October 28, 1704 (aged 72)
Nationality: English
Occupation: Philosopher
Bio: John Locke, widely known as the Father of Classical
Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as
one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered
one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of
Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory.

3. “Good and evil, reward and punishment, are the only
motives to a rational creature: these are the spur and reins
whereby all mankind are set on work, and guided.”
―John Locke Some Thoughts Concerning Education
(1693)
“False and doubtful positions, relied upon as
unquestionable maxims, keep those who build on them in
the dark from truth. Such are usually the prejudices
imbibed from education, party, reverence, fashion interest,
et cetera.”―John Locke
Book IV, Ch. 7 - Essay Concerning Human
Understanding

4. Parents wonder why the streams are bitter, when they
themselves have poisoned the fountain.”―John Locke
To love our neighbor as ourselves is such a truth for
regulating human society, that by that alone one might
determine all the cases in social morality.”―John Locke
The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to
preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of
created beings, capable of laws, where there is no law
there is no freedom.”―John Locke Second Treatise of
Government, Ch. VI, sec. 57 - Two Treatises of
Government (1689)

5. “Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of
knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read
ours.”―John Locke The conduct of the understanding
A sound mind in a sound body, is a short, but full
description of a happy state in this World: he that has
these two, has little more to wish for; and he that wants
either of them, will be little the better for anything
else.”―John Locke Some Thoughts Concerning
Education
All men are liable to error; and most men are, in many
points, by passion or interest, under temptation to
it.”―John Locke

6. Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody
has a right to, but himself.”―John Locke
“Fashion for the most part is nothing but the ostentation of
riches.”―John Locke The Works of John Locke
“No man's knowledge here can go beyond his
experience.”―John Locke
As people are walking all the time, in the same spot, a path
appears.”―John Locke
Our incomes are like our shoes; if too small, they gall and
pinch us; but if too large, they cause us to stumble and to
trip.”―John Locke

7. Government has no other end, but the preservation of
property.”―John Locke
I have always thought the actions of men the best
interpreters of their thoughts.”―John Locke
“It is of great use to the sailor to know the length of his
line, though he cannot with it fathom all the depths of the
ocean.”―John Locke The Works of John Locke
New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed,
without any other reason but because they are not already
common.”―John Locke Dedicatory epistle

8. One unerring mark of the love of truth is not entertaining
any proposition with greater assurance than the proofs it is
built upon will warrant.”―John Locke
Our deeds disguise us. People need endless time to try on
their deeds, until each knows the proper deeds for him to
do. But every day, every hour, rushes by. There is no time.”
―John Locke
All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one
ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or
possessions.”―John Locke Two Treatises of Government
(1689)

9. Reverie is when ideas float in our mind without reflection or regard
of the understanding.”―John Locke
“The discipline of desire is the background of character.”―John
Locke
The dread of evil is a much more forcible principle of human actions
than the prospect of good.”―John Locke
“The improvement of understanding is for two ends: first, our own
increase of knowledge; secondly, to enable us to deliver that
knowledge to others.”―John Locke
The only fence against the world is a thorough knowledge of
it.”―John Locke Some Thoughts Concerning Education

10. The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their
property.”―John LockeSecond Treatise of Government
There cannot be greater rudeness than to interrupt another in the
current of his discourse.”―John Locke Some Thoughts Concerning
Education
Things of this world are in so constant a flux, that nothing remains
long in the same state.”―John Locke

11. To prejudge other men's notions before we have looked into them is not to show their
darkness but to put out our own eyes.”―John Locke Essay Concerning Human
Understanding
“We are like chameleons, we take our hue and the color of our moral character, from
those who are around us.”―John Locke
What worries you, masters you.”―John Locke
Where all is but dream, reasoning and arguments are of no use, truth and knowledge
nothing.”―John Locke
“Where there is no property there is no injustice.”-John Locke Locke: Two Treatises of
Government
But there is only one thing which gathers people into seditious commotion, and that is
oppression.”―John Locke A Letter Concerning Toleration
“There cannot any one moral Rule be proposed, whereof a Man may not justly demand
a Reason.”―John Locke Book I, Ch. 3, sec. 4 - Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1689)
It is one thing to show a man that he is in error, and another to put him in possession of
the truth.”―John Locke Book IV, Ch. 7, sec. 11 - Essay Human Understanding

12. Religion, which should most distinguish us from the beasts, and ought most
particularly elevate us, as rational creatures, above brutes, is that wherein
men often appear most irrational, and more senseless than beasts.”―John
Locke Book IV, Ch. 18 - Essay Concerning Human Understanding
The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one:
and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it,
that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his
life, health, liberty, or possessions.”―John LockeSecond Treatise of
Government
“If man in the state of nature be so free, as has been said; if he be absolute
lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest, and subject to
no body, why will he part with his freedom?”―John Locke Second Treatise of
Government
As usurpation is the exercise of power which another has a right to, so
tyranny is the exercise of power beyond right, which nobody can have a right
to.”―John Locke Second Treatise of Government
Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins.”―John Locke Second Treatise of
Government, Sec. 202 - Two Treatises of Government

13. If by gaining knowledge we destroy our health, we labour for a thing that will be
useless in our hands.”―John Locke
It is labour indeed that puts the difference on everything.”―John Locke
The thoughts that come often unsought, and, as it were, drop into the mind, are
commonly the most valuable of any we have.”―John Locke
Man being... by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out
of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own
consent.”―John Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government
The great and chief end, therefore, of men's uniting into commonwealths, and
putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their
property.”―John Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government
What humanity abhors, custom reconciles and recommends to us.”―John
Locke
God, when he makes the prophet, does not unmake the man.”―John Locke

14. There is frequently more to be learned from the unexpected questions of a child
than the discourses of men, who talk in a road, according to the notions they have
borrowed and the prejudices of their education.”―John Locke
There cannot any one moral rule be proposed whereof a man may not justly
demand a reason.”―John Locke
The visible marks of extraordinary wisdom and power appear so plainly in all the
works of creation that a rational creature who will but seriously reflect on them
cannot miss the discovery of a diety.”―John Locke
Untruth being unacceptable to the mind of man, there is no other defence left for
absurdity but obscurity.”―John Locke
“Some eyes want spectacles to see things clearly and distinctly: but let not those
that use them therefore say nobody can see clearly without them.”―John Locke
“He that, in the ordinary affairs of life, would admit of nothing but direct plain
demonstration would be sure of nothing in this world but of perishing quickly.”
―John Locke

15. Words, in their primary or immediate signification, stand for nothing but the ideas
in the mind of him who uses them.”―John Locke
Where there is no desire, there will be no industry.”―John Locke
Freedom of men under government is to have a standing rule to live by, common
to every one of that society, and made by the legislative power vested in it; a
liberty to follow my own will in all things, when the rule prescribes not, and not to
be subject to the inconstant, unknown, arbitrary will of another man.”―John Locke
Vague and mysterious forms of speech, and abuse of language, have so long
passed for mysteries of science; and hard or misapplied words with little or no
meaning have, by prescription, such a right to be mistaken for deep learning and
height of speculation, that it will not be easy to persuade either those who speak
or those who hear them, that they are but the covers of ignorance and hindrance
of true knowledge.”―John Locke
“Till a man can judge whether they be truths or not, his understanding is but little
improved, and thus men of much reading, though greatly learned, but may be little
knowing.”―John Locke
Logic is the anatomy of thought.”―John Locke

16. The visible mark of extraordinary wisdom and power appear so plainly in all the
works of creation.”―John Locke
Reading furnishes the mind only with material for knowledge; it is thinking that
makes what we read ours.”―John Locke
Every sect, as far as reason will help them, gladly use it; when it fails them, they cry
out it is a matter of faith, and above reason.”―John Locke
He must be little skilled in the world who thinks that men's talking much or little shall
hold proportion only to their knowledge.”―John Locke
Ill patterns are sure to be followed more than good rules.”―John Locke
“Strong conceit, like a new principle, carries all easily with it, when yet above
common-sense.”―John Locke
All sects, as far as reason will help them, gladly use it; when it fails them, they cry
out it is a matter of faith, and above reason.”―John Locke
Some persons depress their own minds, despond at the first difficulty; and conclude
that making any progress in knowledge, farther than serves their ordinary business,
is above their capacities.”―John Locke

17. Habits working more constantly and with greatest force than reason, which, when
we have most need of it, is seldom fairly consulted, and more rarely
obeyed.”―John Locke Some Thoughts Concerning Education
It is not possible now to keep a young gentleman from vice by a total ignorance of
it, unless you will all his life mew him up in a closet and never let him go into
company.”―John Locke
It is difficult to instruct children because of their natural inattention; the true mode,
of course, is to first make our modes interesting to them.”―John Locke
Riches do not consist in having more gold and silver, but in having more in
proportion than our neighbors.”―John Locke
If we will rightly estimate what we call good and evil, we shall find it lies much in
comparison.”―John Locke
It has God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of
error, for its matter: it is all pure, all sincere, nothing too much, nothing
wanting.”―John Locke

18. To be rational is so glorious a thing, that two-legged creatures generally
content themselves with the title.”―John Locke
To be rational is so glorious a thing, that two-legged creatures generally
content themselves with the title.”―John Locke
“Folly consists in the drawing of false conclusions from just principles, by
which it is distinguished from madness, which draws just conclusions from
false principles.”―John Locke
The power of perception is that which we call the understanding.”―John
Locke
It is looked upon as insolence for a man to adhere to his own opinion against
the current stream of antiquity.”―John Locke
Knowing is seeing. Until we ourselves see it with our own eyes, and perceive
it by our own understandings, we are as much in the dark and as void of
knowledge as before, let us believe any learned author as much as we
will.”―John Locke
Moral principles require reasoning and discourse to discover the certainty of
their truths; they lie not open as natural characters engravers on the

19. John Stuart Mill
Born: May 20, 1806
Died: May 8, 1873 (aged 66)
Nationality: English
Occupation: Philosopher
Bio: John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher, political
economist and civil servant. He was an influential contributor to
social theory, political theory, and political economy. He has been
called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the
nineteenth century. Mill's conception of liberty justified the
freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.

20. “A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction,
and in either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury.”
―John Stuart Mill J. S. Mill: 'On Liberty' and Other Writings -1989 edition
Although it is not true that all conservatives are stupid people, it is true that
most stupid people are conservative.”―John Stuart Mill As quoted in
"Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Volume 60" (1880): "It was the perception of
it which made John Stuart Mill assert that while all conservatives are not
stupid, all stupid people are conservative.“
“I never meant to say that the Conservatives are generally stupid. I meant to
say that stupid people are generally Conservative. I believe that is so
obviously and universally admitted a principle that I hardly think any gentleman
will deny it.”―John Stuart Mill
War is an ugly thing, but not the ugliest of things. The decayed and degraded
state of moral and patriotic feeling which thinks that nothing is worth war is
much worse. The person who has nothing for which he is willing to fight,
nothing which is more important than his own personal safety, is a miserable
creature and has no chance of being free unless made and kept so by the
exertions of better men than himself.”―John Stuart Mill

21. If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, mankind would be no more
justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be
justified in silencing mankind.”―John Stuart Mill
The only freedom which deserves the name is that of pursuing our own good
in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or
impede their efforts to obtain it. Each is the proper guardian of his own health,
whether bodily, or mental or spiritual. Mankind are greater gainers by suffering
each other to live as seems good to themselves, than by compelling each to
live as seems good to the rest.”―John Stuart Mill
On Liberty, 1859
The peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing
the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who
dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it. If the opinion is
right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth: if
wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perception and
livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.”―John Stuart
Mill
The philosophy of reasoning, to be complete, ought to comprise the theory of
bad as well as of good reasoning.”―John Stuart Mill

22. I am not aware that any community has a right to force another to be civilized.”
―John Stuart Mill J. S. Mill: 'On Liberty' and Other Writings
“Popular opinions, on subjects not palpable to sense, are often true, but seldom
or never the whole truth.”―John Stuart Mill The Basic Writings of John Stuart
Mill: On Liberty, The Subjection of Women and Utilitarianism
The liberty of the individual must be thus far limited; he must not make himself a
nuisance to other people.”―John Stuart Mill The Basic Writings of John Stuart
Mill: On Liberty, The Subjection of Women and Utilitarianism
“The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member
of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own
good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant.”―John Stuart Mill
Whenever the general disposition of the people is such, that each individual
regards those only of his interests which are selfish, and does not dwell on, or
concern himself for, his share of the general interest, in such a state of things,
good government is impossible.”
―John Stuart Mill Ch. II: The Criterion of a Good Form of Government

23. A party of order or stability, and a party of progress or reform, are both
necessary elements of a healthy state of political life.”―John Stuart Mill Mill's On
Liberty (2003 edition
Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they
tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure
and the absence of pain.”―John Stuart Mill
All action is for the sake of some end; and rules of action, it seems natural to
suppose, must take their whole character and color from the end to which they
are subservient.”―John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism
All desirable things... are desirable either for the pleasure inherent in
themselves, or as a means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of
pain.”―John Stuart Mill
All political revolutions, not affected by foreign conquest, originate in moral
revolutions. The subversion of established institutions is merely one
consequence of the previous subversion of established opinions.”―John Stuart
Mill

24. As for charity, it is a matter in which the immediate effect on the persons
directly concerned, and the ultimate consequence to the general good, are apt
to be at complete war with one another.”―John Stuart Mill On Liberty and
Other
As long as justice and injustice have not terminated their ever renewing fight for
ascendancy in the affairs of mankind, human beings must be willing, when
need is, to do battle for the one against the other.”―John Stuart Mill
I have learned to seek my happiness by limiting my desires, rather than in
attempting to satisfy them.”―John Stuart Mill
In all intellectual debates, both sides tend to be correct in what they affirm, and
wrong in what they deny.”―John Stuart Mill
“It is questionable if all the mechanical inventions yet made have lightened the
day's toil of any human being.”―John Stuart Mill
“No slave is a slave to the same lengths, and in so full a sense of the word, as
a wife is.” ―John Stuart Mill

25. Of two pleasures, if there be one which all or almost all who have experience of
both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to
prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure.”―John Stuart Mill John Stuart
Mill's Social and Political Thought
“One person with a belief is a social power equal to ninety-nine who have only
interests.”―John Stuart Mill Considerations on Representative Government
(1861).
Originality is the one thing which unoriginal minds cannot feel the use
of.”―John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859)
Pleasure and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends.”―John
Stuart Mill
The dictum that truth always triumphs over persecution is one of the pleasant
falsehoods which men repeat after one another till they pass into
commonplaces, but which all experience refutes.”―John Stuart Mill
The disease which inflicts bureaucracy and what they usually die from is
routine.”―John Stuart Mill

26. The duty of man is the same in respect to his own nature as in respect to the
nature of all other things, namely not to follow it but to amend it.”―John Stuart
Mill
The general tendency of things throughout the world is to render mediocrity the
ascendant power among mankind.”―John Stuart Mill
The individual is not accountable to society for his actions in so far as these
concern the interests of no person but himself.”―John Stuart Mill
The most cogent reason for restricting the interference of government is the great
evil of adding unnecessarily to its power.”―John Stuart Mill
The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is
that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his
independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind,
the individual is sovereign.” ―John Stuart Mill The Basic Writings of John Stuart
Mill: On Liberty
There are many truths of which the full meaning cannot be realized until personal
experience has brought it home.”―John Stuart Mill

27. We can never be sure that the opinion we are endeavouring to stifle is a false
opinion; and even if we were sure, stifling it would be an evil still.”―John Stuart Mill
The Basic Writings of John Stuart Mill: On Liberty, The Subjection of Women and
Utilitarianism
“We have a right, also, in various ways, to act upon our unfavorable opinion of
anyone, not to the oppression of his individuality, but in the exercise of ours.”―John
Stuart Mill The Basic Writings of John Stuart Mill: On Liberty, The Subjection of
Women and Utilitarianism
What distinguishes the majority of men from the few is their inability to act
according to their beliefs.”―John Stuart Mill
Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called
and whether it professes to be enforcing the will of God or the injunctions of
men.”―John Stuart Mill
How can great minds be produced in a country where the test of a great mind is
agreeing in the opinions of small minds?”―John Stuart Mill
Wherever the sentiment of the majority is still genuine and intense, it is found to
have abated little of its claim to be obeyed.”―John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859)

28. “Some of those modern reformers who have placed themselves in strongest
opposition to the religions of the past, have been noway behind either churches or
sects in their assertion of the right of spiritual domination.”―John Stuart Mill On
Liberty (1859)
While every one well knows himself to be fallible, few think it necessary to take
any precautions against their own fallibility, or admit the supposition that any
opinion, of which they feel very certain, may be one of the examples of the error to
which they acknowledge themselves to be liable.”―John Stuart Mill On Liberty
(1859)
The usefulness of an opinion is itself matter of opinion.”―John Stuart Mill On
Liberty (1859)
To discover to the world something which deeply concerns it, and of which it was
previously ignorant; to prove to it that it had been mistaken on some vital point of
temporal or spiritual interest, is as important a service as a human being can
render to his fellow creatures.”―John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859)
Penalties for opinion, or at least for its expression, still exist by law; and their
enforcement is not, even in these times, so unexampled as to make it at all
incredible that they may some day be revived in full force.”-John Stuart Mill On
Liberty (1859)

29. In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of
utility. To do as one would be done by, and to love one's neighbour as oneself,
constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality.”―John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism
(1861) Utilitarianism is a theory in holding that the moral action is the one that
maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, including as pleasure, economic
well-being and the lack of suffering
Ask yourself whether you are happy, and you cease to be so.”―John Stuart Mill
Ch. 5: A Crisis in My Mental History
“I had learnt from experience that many false opinions may be exchanged for true
ones, without in the least altering the habits of mind of which false opinions are
made.”―John Stuart Mill General View of the Remainder of My Life
I well knew that to propose something which would be called extreme, was the true
way not to impede but to facilitate a more moderate experiment.”―John Stuart Mill
General View of the Remainder of My Life
A person may cause evil to others not only by his action but by his inaction, and in
either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury.”―John Stuart Mill
No great improvements in the lot of mankind are possible until a great change
takes place in the fundamental constitution of their modes of thought.”―John
Stuart Mill

30. That which seems the height of absurdity in one generation often becomes the
height of wisdom in the next.”―John Stuart Mill
Next to selfishness the principal cause which makes life unsatisfactory is want of
mental cultivation.”―John Stuart Mill Defence of Hedonism
The fatal tendency of mankind to leave off thinking about a thing when it is no
longer doubtful, is the cause of half their errors.”―John Stuart Mill
“No man made the land. It is the original inheritance of the whole species. Its
appropriation is wholly a question of general expediency. When private property
in land is not expedient, it is unjust.”―John Stuart Mill Principles of Political
Economy
The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in
interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number is self-
protection.”―John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859), Chapter 1
The individual is not accountable to society for his actions, insofar as these
concern the interests of no person but himself.”―John Stuart Mill
Liberty consists in doing what one desires.”―John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859

31. Instead of the function of governing, for which it is radically unfit, the proper
office of a representative assembly is to watch and control the
government.”―John Stuart MillConsiderations on Representative Government
The principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two
sexes—the legal subordination of one sex to the other— is wrong in itself, and
now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and... it ought to be
replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on the
one side, nor disability on the other.”
―John Stuart Mill The Subjection of Women (1869), Chapter 1
So true is it that unnatural generally means only uncustomary, and that
everything that is usual appears natural. The subjection of women to men being
a universal custom, any departure from it quite naturally appears
unnatural.”―John Stuart Mill The Subjection of Women (1869), Chapter 1
Marriage is the only actual bondage known to our law. There remain no legal
slaves, except the mistress of every house.”―John Stuart Mill The Subjection of
Women (1869), Chapter 4
The concessions of the privileged to the unprivileged are seldom brought about
by any better motive than the power of the unprivileged to extort them.”―John
Stuart Mill

32. Customs are made for customary circumstances, and customary
characters.”―John Stuart Mill
“He who does anything because it is the custom, makes no choice.”―John Stuart
Mill
“Genius can only breathe freely in an atmosphere of freedom.”―John Stuart Mill
In the human mind, one-sidedness has always been the rule, and many-sidedness
the exception. Hence, even in revolutions of opinion, one part of the truth usually
sets while another rises.”―John Stuart Mill
The spirit of improvement is not always a spirit of liberty, for it may aim at forcing
improvements on an unwilling people.”―John Stuart Mill
The great creative individual... is capable of more wisdom and virtue than
collective man ever can be.”―John Stuart Mill
There is a limit to the legitimate interference of collective opinion with individual
independence: and to find that limit, and maintain it against encroachment, is as
indispensable to a good condition of human affairs, as protection against political
despotism.”―John Stuart Mill

33. A great statesman is he who knows when to depart from traditions, as well as when
to adhere to them.”―John Stuart Mill
Men are men before they are lawyers, or physicians, or merchants, or
manufacturers; and if you make them capable and sensible men, they will make
themselves capable and sensible lawyers or physicians.”―John Stuart Mill
“The struggle between Liberty and Authority is the most conspicuous feature in the
portions of history with which we are earliest familiar, particularly in that of Greece,
Rome, and England.”―John Stuart Mill
What a country wants to make it richer is never consumption, but production. Where
there is the latter, we may be sure that there is no want of the former. To produce,
implies that the producer desires to consume; why else should he give himself
useless labor? He may not wish to consume what he himself produces, but his
motive for producing and selling is the desire to buy. Therefore, if the producers
generally produce and sell more and more, they certainly also buy more and
more.”―John Stuart Mill
There is one plain rule of life. Try thyself unweariedly till thou findest the highest
thing thou art capable of doing, faculties and outward circumstances being both duly
considered, and then do it.”―John Stuart Mill

34. To understand one woman is not necessarily to understand any other
woman.”―John Stuart Mill
The most important thing women have to do is to stir up the zeal of women
themselves.”―John Stuart Mill
In this age, the man who dares to think for himself and to act independently does
a service to his race.”―John Stuart Mill
“Men do not desire merely to be rich, but to be richer than other men.”―John
Stuart Mill
It is not because men's desires are strong that they act ill; it is because their
consciences are weak. There is no natural connection between strong impulses
and a weak conscience.”―John Stuart Mill
The time appears to me to have come when it is the duty of all to make their
dissent from religion known.”―John Stuart Mill
The pupil who is never required to do what he cannot do, never does what he can
do.” ―John Stuart Mill

35. Adam Smith
Born: June 16, 1723
Died: July 17, 1790 (aged 67)
Nationality: Scottish
Occupation: Economist
Bio: Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of
political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment,
Smith is the author of The Principles Which Lead and Direct
Philosophical Enquiries, Illustrated by the History of Astronomy, prior to
1758, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, and An Inquiry into the
Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776.

36. It is not very unreasonable that the rich should contribute to the public expence,
not only in proportion to their revenue, but something more than in that
proportion.”―Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Man is an animal that makes bargains: no other animal does this - no dog
exchanges bones with another.”―Adam Smith "An inquiry into the nature and
causes of the wealth of nations" (1776)
The violence and injustice of the rulers of mankind is an ancient evil, for which,
I am afraid, the nature of human affairs can scarce admit a remedy.”―Adam
Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is in reality
instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor, or of those who have
some property against those who have none at all.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth
of Nations (1776)
The difference between the most dissimilar characters, between a philosopher
and a common street porter, for example, seems to arise not so much from
nature, as from habit, custom, and education.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of
Nations (1776)

37. To found a great empire for the sole purpose of raising up a people of customers,
may at first appear a project fit only for a nation of shopkeepers. It is however, a
project altogether unfit for a nation of shopkeepers; but extremely fit for a nation
whose government is influenced by shopkeepers.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of
Nations (1776)
Every tax, however, is to the person who pays it a badge, not of slavery but of
liberty. It denotes that he is a subject to government, indeed, but that, as he has
some property, he cannot himself be the property of a master.”―Adam Smith - The
Wealth of Nations (1776)
All money is a matter of belief.”―Adam Smith
As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords,
like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for
its natural produce.”―Adam Smith
Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production; and the interest of the
producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for promoting
that of the consumer.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Great ambition, the desire of real superiority, of leading and directing, seems to be
altogether peculiar to man, and speech is the great instrument of ambition.”―Adam
Smith

38. “Humanity is the virtue of a woman, generosity that of a man.”―Adam Smith
I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public
good.”―Adam Smith-The Works of Adam Smith
Labor was the first price, the original purchase - money that was paid for all
things.”―Adam Smith
No complaint... is more common than that of a scarcity of money.”―Adam Smith
No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the
members are poor and miserable.”―Adam Smith Wealth of Nations
On the road from the City of Skepticism, I had to pass through the Valley of
Ambiguity.”―Adam Smith
The real and effectual discipline which is exercised over a workman is that of his
customers. It is the fear of losing their employment which restrains his frauds and
corrects his negligence.”―Adam Smith Wealth of Nations
The real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspirations.”―Adam Smith

39. To feel much for others and little for ourselves; to restrain our selfishness and
exercise our benevolent affections, constitute the perfection of human
nature.”―Adam Smith
Virtue is more to be feared than vice, because its excesses are not subject to the
regulation of conscience.”―Adam Smith
The competition of the poor takes away from the reward of the rich.”―Adam
Smith - The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Whenever the legislature attempts to regulate the differences between masters
and their workmen, its counsellors are always the masters. When the regulation,
therefore, is in favor of the workmen, it is always just and equitable; but it is
sometimes otherwise when in favor of the masters.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of
Nations (1776)
With the greater part of rich people, the chief enjoyment of riches consists in the
parade of riches, which in their eye is never so complete as when they appear to
possess those decisive marks of opulence which nobody can possess but
themselves.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (1776)

40. China is a much richer country than any part of Europe.”-Adam Smith - The
Wealth of Nations (1776)
It is the natural effect of improvement, however, to diminish gradually the real
price of almost all manufactures.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
(1776)
The interest of the dealers, however, in any particular branch of trade or
manufactures, is always in some respects different from, and even opposite
to, that of the public. To widen the market and to narrow the competition, is
always the interest of the dealers.”―Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations
His capital is continually going from him in one shape, and returning to him in
another,and it is only by means of such circulation, or successive exchanges,
that it can yield him any profit. Such capitals, therefore, may very properly be
called circulating capitals.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
His capital is continually going from him in one shape, and returning to him in
another,and it is only by means of such circulation, or successive exchanges,
that it can yield him any profit. Such capitals, therefore, may very properly be
called circulating capitals.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations

41. The ancient Egyptians had a superstitious antipathy to the sea; a superstition
nearly of the same kind prevails among the Indians; and the Chinese have never
excelled in foreign commerce.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
It seldom happens, however, that a great proprietor is a great improver.”―Adam
Smith - The Wealth of Nations
By the removal of the unnecessary mouths, and by extracting from the farmer the
full value of the farm, a greater surplus, or what is the same thing, the price of a
greater surplus, was obtained for the proprietor...”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of
Nations
A merchant, it has been said very properly, is not necessarily the citizen of any
particular country.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
The great affair, we always find, is to get money.”―Adam Smith
When the profits of trade happen to be greater than ordinary, over-trading
becomes a general error both among great and small dealers.”―Adam Smith- The
Wealth of Nations

42. “Money no doubt, makes always a part of the national capital; but it has already been
shown that it generally makes but a small part, and always the most unprofitable part
of it.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
Goods can serve many other purposes besides purchasing money,but money can
serve no other purpose besides purchasing goods.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of
Nations
It is not for its own sake that men desire money, but for the sake of what they can
purchase with it.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
To give the monopoly of the home-market to the produce of domestic industry, in any
particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what
manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must, in almost all cases, be either a
useless or a hurtful regulation.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of
a great kingdom.”―Adam Smith-the Wealth of Nations
Such taxes, when they have grown up to a certain height, are a curse equal to the
barrenness of the earth and the inclemency of the heavens; and yet it is in the richest
and most industrious countries that they have been most generally imposed. No
other countries could support so great a disorder.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of

43. The government of an exclusive company of merchants is, perhaps, the worst of
all governments for any country whatever.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
Monopoly of one kind or another, indeed, seems to be the sole engine of the
mercantile system.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
Wherever there is great property, there is great inequality.”―Adam Smith - The
Wealth of Nations
Justice, however, never was in reality administered gratis in any country. Lawyers
and attornies, at least, must always be paid by the parties; and, if they were not,
they would perform their duty still worse then they actually perform it.”―Adam
Smith - The Wealth of Nations
The trade of insurance gives great security to the fortunes of private people, and
by dividing among a great many that loss which would ruin an individual, makes it
fall light and easy upon the whole society.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
The education of the common people requires, perhaps, in a civilized and
commercial society, the attention of the public more than that of people of some
rank and fortune.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations

44. Nothing but the most exemplary morals can give dignity to a man of small
fortune.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
It is unjust that the whole of society should contribute towards an expence of
which the benefit is confined to a part of the society.”--Adam Smith - The Wealth
of Nations
Lands for the purposes of pleasure and magnificence, parks, gardens, public
walks, &c. possessions which are every where considered as causes of
expence, not as sources of revenue, seem to be the only lands which, in a great
and civilized monarchy, ought to belong the crown.”―Adam Smith- The Wealth
of Nations
The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the
government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities, that
is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the
protection of the state.”―Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations
Mercy to the guilty is cruelty to the innocent.”―Adam SmithThe Theory of Moral
Sentiments

45. Secrets in manufactures are capable of being longer kept than secrets in
trade.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (1776)
In the long-run the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to
him, but the necessity is not so immediate.”―Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
(1776)
A man must always live by his work, and his wages must at least be sufficient to
maintain him. They must even upon most occasions be somewhat more, otherwise
it would be impossible for him to bring up a family, and the race of such workmen
could not last beyond the first generation.”―Adam Smith1 - The Wealth of Nations
(1776)
The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the affect of increasing wealth, so it
is the cause of increasing population. To complain of it, is to lament over the
necessary effect and cause of the greatest public prosperity.”―Adam Smith - The
Wealth of Nations
A great stock, though with small profits, generally increases faster than a small
stock with great profits. Money, says the proverb, makes money. When you have a
little, it is often easier to get more. The great difficulty is to get that little.”―Adam
Smith - The Wealth of Nations

46. How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in
his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness
necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing
it.”―Adam Smith The Theory of Moral Sentiments
The rich... divide with the poor the produce of all their improvements. They are led
by an invisible hand to make nearly the same distribution of the necessaries of life,
which would have been made, had the earth been divided into equal proportions
among all its inhabitants.”―Adam Smith
The real price of everything, what everything really costs to the man who wants to
acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it.”―Adam Smith
Every man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy
the necessaries, conveniences, and amusements of human life.”―Adam Smith
A gardener who cultivates his own garden with his own hands, unites in his own
person the three different characters, of landlord, farmer, and labourer. His produce,
therefore, should pay him the rent of the first, the profit of the second, and the
wages of the third.”―Adam Smith
With the great part of rich people, the chief employment of riches consists in the
parade of riches.”―Adam Smith