The document provides a detailed history of horse evolution and domestication from prehistoric times to the modern era. It describes how the horse evolved over 15 million years from a small, four-toed animal into Equus. It discusses key findings from the fossil record that helped scientists understand horse evolution was not gradual or linear. The document also examines the domestication of horses in various ancient civilizations for uses like transportation, warfare, and sport. It provides context on the importance of horses throughout history.
Mammals are classified into 5420 species within 152 families and 29 orders. The two subclasses are Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria contains monotremes like platypuses and echidnas that lay eggs. Theria contains marsupials in the infraclass Metatheria that give birth to immature young developing further in pouches, and placentals in Eutheria that give live birth to mature young. Marsupials include opossums and kangaroos, while placentals make up the majority of mammal species and include humans, whales, bats and more. Classification systems continue to evolve as new genetic and fossil evidence is discovered.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including:
1) Primates started evolving around 75-60 million years ago, with humans and apes diverging from a common ancestor around 25-30 million years ago.
2) Early humans likely originated in Central Asia, based on where the oldest fossils have been found.
3) Early hominid species included Orrorin tugenensis from 6-5 million years ago, Sahelanthropus tchadensis from 7-6 million years ago, and Ardipithecus from 4.4-5.6 million years ago.
4) Australopithecus, the first "ape man", lived from 4
Adaptive radiation occurs when a single ancestral species diversifies rapidly into several new species with distinct ecological niches. This can happen when a group enters a new environment with unoccupied niches. Examples include Darwin's finches in the Galapagos, which diversified beak shapes to exploit different food sources, and mammals, which radiated into arboreal, aquatic, fossorial and other forms from a common ancestor. Adaptive radiation allows organisms to fill ecological space and drives evolutionary diversification.
The horse evolved over 50 million years, starting as a small forest-dwelling animal called Hyracotherium with multiple toes and browsing dentition. As the climate dried in North America, horses like Mesohippus and Miohippus developed tougher teeth and longer legs suited for browsing open woodlands. Later forms like Merychippus evolved grazing dentition and spring-loaded feet for running, with some lines retaining three toes. Pliocene genera like Pliohippus and Dinohippus had one toe and increasingly horse-like skulls. Modern Equus emerged in the Pleistocene with rigid spines, long legs and straight grazing teeth, diversifying into zebras, asses and domestic horses before dying out in the
- Birds evolved from reptiles and Archaeopteryx possessed both reptilian and avian features. Key avian traits include feathers, hollow lightweight bones, beaks, endothermy, and amniotic eggs.
- Birds have highly specialized organ systems for flight including strong heart and respiratory systems. Their feathers provide insulation and flight abilities.
- There are many orders of birds with varied traits like waterfowl that are aquatic, owls with keen vision and hearing, and songbirds that communicate through song.
This document provides information about birds, including:
- There are 27-29 orders of birds, with some exclusively marine like penguins and albatrosses and others containing both coastal and terrestrial species.
- Bird evolution began with Archaeopteryx in the Cretaceous period, which had claws, teeth, and a long tail, and was a weak flyer. The evolution of birds is still debated among scientists.
- Modern birds have developed efficient flight through features like feathered wings, a lightweight skeletal structure, and specialized respiratory, vision, and hearing abilities.
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, the horse evolved over time from small forest-dwelling mammals with multiple toes to the modern one-toed horse. The evolution of the horse is well documented through the fossil record. There were five main stages: Eohippus was the earliest horse, about the size of a small dog with 14 toes; Mesohippus had 12 toes and was sheep-sized; Merychippus was pony-sized with three toes but walked on the middle one; Pliohippus was the first one-toed horse; and Equus was the modern horse and ancestor of additional equine species. Modern horses evolved from Pliohippus in North and South America but went extinct there before developing further
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
Mammals are classified into 5420 species within 152 families and 29 orders. The two subclasses are Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria contains monotremes like platypuses and echidnas that lay eggs. Theria contains marsupials in the infraclass Metatheria that give birth to immature young developing further in pouches, and placentals in Eutheria that give live birth to mature young. Marsupials include opossums and kangaroos, while placentals make up the majority of mammal species and include humans, whales, bats and more. Classification systems continue to evolve as new genetic and fossil evidence is discovered.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including:
1) Primates started evolving around 75-60 million years ago, with humans and apes diverging from a common ancestor around 25-30 million years ago.
2) Early humans likely originated in Central Asia, based on where the oldest fossils have been found.
3) Early hominid species included Orrorin tugenensis from 6-5 million years ago, Sahelanthropus tchadensis from 7-6 million years ago, and Ardipithecus from 4.4-5.6 million years ago.
4) Australopithecus, the first "ape man", lived from 4
Adaptive radiation occurs when a single ancestral species diversifies rapidly into several new species with distinct ecological niches. This can happen when a group enters a new environment with unoccupied niches. Examples include Darwin's finches in the Galapagos, which diversified beak shapes to exploit different food sources, and mammals, which radiated into arboreal, aquatic, fossorial and other forms from a common ancestor. Adaptive radiation allows organisms to fill ecological space and drives evolutionary diversification.
The horse evolved over 50 million years, starting as a small forest-dwelling animal called Hyracotherium with multiple toes and browsing dentition. As the climate dried in North America, horses like Mesohippus and Miohippus developed tougher teeth and longer legs suited for browsing open woodlands. Later forms like Merychippus evolved grazing dentition and spring-loaded feet for running, with some lines retaining three toes. Pliocene genera like Pliohippus and Dinohippus had one toe and increasingly horse-like skulls. Modern Equus emerged in the Pleistocene with rigid spines, long legs and straight grazing teeth, diversifying into zebras, asses and domestic horses before dying out in the
- Birds evolved from reptiles and Archaeopteryx possessed both reptilian and avian features. Key avian traits include feathers, hollow lightweight bones, beaks, endothermy, and amniotic eggs.
- Birds have highly specialized organ systems for flight including strong heart and respiratory systems. Their feathers provide insulation and flight abilities.
- There are many orders of birds with varied traits like waterfowl that are aquatic, owls with keen vision and hearing, and songbirds that communicate through song.
This document provides information about birds, including:
- There are 27-29 orders of birds, with some exclusively marine like penguins and albatrosses and others containing both coastal and terrestrial species.
- Bird evolution began with Archaeopteryx in the Cretaceous period, which had claws, teeth, and a long tail, and was a weak flyer. The evolution of birds is still debated among scientists.
- Modern birds have developed efficient flight through features like feathered wings, a lightweight skeletal structure, and specialized respiratory, vision, and hearing abilities.
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, the horse evolved over time from small forest-dwelling mammals with multiple toes to the modern one-toed horse. The evolution of the horse is well documented through the fossil record. There were five main stages: Eohippus was the earliest horse, about the size of a small dog with 14 toes; Mesohippus had 12 toes and was sheep-sized; Merychippus was pony-sized with three toes but walked on the middle one; Pliohippus was the first one-toed horse; and Equus was the modern horse and ancestor of additional equine species. Modern horses evolved from Pliohippus in North and South America but went extinct there before developing further
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
Mammalogy introduction and history, Mammalogy definition, Aims of mammalogy, Scope of mammalogy, careers in mammalogy, Branches of mammalogy, mammal definition, history of mammalogy.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
Rhacophorus or flying frog or gliding frog is a natural marvel, which can be considered as our understanding behind various adventurous activities like gliding and sailing, understanding the physics of this animal can give clue to as to how we are able to sail and glide through air and enjoy beautiful views.
This document lists 26 wildlife acts and laws in Pakistan that regulate the protection and management of wildlife. It also describes 4 schedules that are part of the laws: Schedule I details wild animals that can be hunted with an ordinary permit, Schedule II lists animals that require certificates for possession, transfer or export, Schedule III protects wild birds and animals year-round, and Schedule IV lists unprotected wild birds and animals. The main focus of the laws is to protect and conserve Pakistan's wildlife populations through restrictions on hunting and regulating the trade and transport of protected species.
Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.
Mammals evolved from reptiles called Therapids during the Mesozoic era. They increased rapidly during the Cenozoic era. Mammals are characterized by having hair, mammary glands to feed young, and being warm-blooded. They are classified into monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. Placental mammals carry young to term in the uterus. There are 19 orders of mammals including rodents, bats, whales, carnivores, even-toed and odd-toed ungulates, primates, and more. Each order has distinct characteristics related to their evolution, habitats, diets and behaviors.
This document summarizes key information about flightless birds. It discusses how flightless birds have evolved to lose the ability to fly through changes like smaller wing bones and more feathers. It provides details on major groups of flightless birds like ostriches, emus, kiwis, cassowaries and rheas. Specific characteristics and behaviors are described for different species within these groups. The document concludes that over 60 flightless bird species exist today, with ostriches being the largest and an island rail being the smallest.
This document summarizes the process of pearl formation. It begins by introducing pearls as a round concretion produced biologically by molluscs. Pearls form when a foreign object or nucleus becomes enclosed in nacreous material secreted by the mollusc. The document then describes the multi-layered structure of mollusc shells. It discusses natural and artificial pearl production methods and the chemical composition and quality assessment of pearls. Key stages in pearl formation like nucleus insertion and convalescence are outlined. Finally, the document lists common pearl-producing mollusc species and their distribution.
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
The document presents a classification of mammals, outlining 18 orders of mammals including their defining characteristics and examples. It describes the distinguishing features of major groups like monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. Examples of different orders are provided, highlighting anatomical adaptations of mammals like bats, whales, primates, and more.
Comparative anatomy involves comparing the body structures of different species to understand evolutionary relationships and physiological similarities and differences. The document discusses key topics in comparative anatomy including homologous and analogous structures, directional terms, skeletal systems in humans and other vertebrates like fish, birds and cattle. Examples are provided of skeletal features like pneumatic and medullary bones that are specialized adaptations for respiration and calcium storage.
This document summarizes the structure of gametes in frogs. Male frog gametes are sperm produced in the testes, while female frog gametes are eggs produced in the ovaries. Sperm are microscopic and about 0.03 mm long with an elongated flagellated body consisting of a head, neck, and tail. The head contains an acrosome and nucleolus, the neck contains two centrioles and mitochondria, and the long tail facilitates movement through a spiral coil of filaments arranged in a 9+2 configuration. Eggs are the female gametes located in the ovaries.
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
This document provides information on various wild animals found in Pakistan, including dolphins, wild asses, wild boars, and various deer species. It describes the physical characteristics, habitats, populations, and conservation status of each animal. The Indus blind dolphin is a unique freshwater dolphin found primarily in the Indus River, and its numbers have declined from 150 in 1974 to 429 currently. The wild ass was historically found in Tharparkar but is now believed to be extinct in Pakistan. Deer species described include the hog deer, musk deer, cheetal, and barking deer.
This document summarizes flightless birds. It begins by defining flightless birds as belonging to the superorder Palaeognathae, characterized by a Palaeognathous plate. These birds are flightless, with small heads, rudimentary wings, and well-developed legs adapted for running rather than flying. The document then discusses four orders of flightless birds - ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and kiwis. Examples are provided for each, describing their physical characteristics and habitats. In closing, the document briefly mentions penguins as another type of flightless bird found in cold southern climates.
This document provides an overview of the history of comparative vertebrate anatomy. It discusses how early scientists like Aristotle classified and compared animal anatomies. Important figures like William Harvey advocated for the study of comparative anatomy by dissecting different animals. Later, Darwin used comparative anatomy and the study of animal structures to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection. The field continued to advance with contributions from scientists such as Richard Owen, Thomas Huxley, and Karl Heinrich Heackel.
Define comparative anatomy.
Classifiy the phylum chordata.
Discuss the limb development of tetrapods.
Describe the features of tetrapods.
Explain the structure and function of the limb of tetrapods.
Discuss homology and analogy in relation to the limb of tetrapods.
Presented by Dr. Farhana Taher Sumya
Guided by Dr. Zinnat Ara Yesmin
This document provides information on game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries located across Pakistan. It discusses 14 specific protected areas, including Kilik/Mintaka Game Reserve, Tooshi Game Reserve, Kargah Wildlife Sanctuary, Naltar Wildlife Sanctuary, Astor Wildlife Sanctuary, Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sukkar and Guddu Barrage Dolphin Reserve, Mahal Kohistan Wildlife Sanctuary, Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Reserve, Ram of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary, and Baluchistan Wildlife Sanctuary. For each area, it briefly describes the location, size, and key wildlife species found there.
This document summarizes primate evolution from the Paleocene to Miocene epochs. It describes how primates diverged after the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. During the Eocene epoch 55-35 million years ago, there was a radiation of prosimians including adapoids and omomyoids in North America and Europe. By the Oligocene epoch 35-24 million years ago, prosimians had gone extinct everywhere except Africa and Madagascar, and the first anthropoids radiated. During the Miocene epoch 24-5 million years ago, there was a major radiation of hominoids in Africa and Eurasia, including early hominoid genera like Proconsul and Dryopit
Over 60 million years, horses evolved from small fox-sized animals with multiple toes to the modern horse. The early Eohippus, or "dawn horse", stood 14 inches tall and resembled a deer, with 5 toes on front feet and 3 on back. Later varieties such as Mesohippus and Merychippus grew larger with fewer toes and longer legs and necks adapted for running and grazing. Pilohippus was the first single-toed horse and resembled a pony. The modern Equus emerged around 5 million years ago and is the only surviving branch of the horse family.
Horses have evolved over time from small forest-dwelling animals to the domesticated animals we know today. The earliest evidence of horses dates back 32,000-24,000 BC in France. Around 4000 BC in Central Asia, people began taming and domesticating horses for transportation, warfare, and agriculture. Horses were a key part of human civilization until the advent of automobiles in modern times. Today, horses are used for various sports like racing, dressage, show jumping, and polo, as well as leisure activities like trail riding.
Mammalogy introduction and history, Mammalogy definition, Aims of mammalogy, Scope of mammalogy, careers in mammalogy, Branches of mammalogy, mammal definition, history of mammalogy.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
Rhacophorus or flying frog or gliding frog is a natural marvel, which can be considered as our understanding behind various adventurous activities like gliding and sailing, understanding the physics of this animal can give clue to as to how we are able to sail and glide through air and enjoy beautiful views.
This document lists 26 wildlife acts and laws in Pakistan that regulate the protection and management of wildlife. It also describes 4 schedules that are part of the laws: Schedule I details wild animals that can be hunted with an ordinary permit, Schedule II lists animals that require certificates for possession, transfer or export, Schedule III protects wild birds and animals year-round, and Schedule IV lists unprotected wild birds and animals. The main focus of the laws is to protect and conserve Pakistan's wildlife populations through restrictions on hunting and regulating the trade and transport of protected species.
Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.
Mammals evolved from reptiles called Therapids during the Mesozoic era. They increased rapidly during the Cenozoic era. Mammals are characterized by having hair, mammary glands to feed young, and being warm-blooded. They are classified into monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. Placental mammals carry young to term in the uterus. There are 19 orders of mammals including rodents, bats, whales, carnivores, even-toed and odd-toed ungulates, primates, and more. Each order has distinct characteristics related to their evolution, habitats, diets and behaviors.
This document summarizes key information about flightless birds. It discusses how flightless birds have evolved to lose the ability to fly through changes like smaller wing bones and more feathers. It provides details on major groups of flightless birds like ostriches, emus, kiwis, cassowaries and rheas. Specific characteristics and behaviors are described for different species within these groups. The document concludes that over 60 flightless bird species exist today, with ostriches being the largest and an island rail being the smallest.
This document summarizes the process of pearl formation. It begins by introducing pearls as a round concretion produced biologically by molluscs. Pearls form when a foreign object or nucleus becomes enclosed in nacreous material secreted by the mollusc. The document then describes the multi-layered structure of mollusc shells. It discusses natural and artificial pearl production methods and the chemical composition and quality assessment of pearls. Key stages in pearl formation like nucleus insertion and convalescence are outlined. Finally, the document lists common pearl-producing mollusc species and their distribution.
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
The document presents a classification of mammals, outlining 18 orders of mammals including their defining characteristics and examples. It describes the distinguishing features of major groups like monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. Examples of different orders are provided, highlighting anatomical adaptations of mammals like bats, whales, primates, and more.
Comparative anatomy involves comparing the body structures of different species to understand evolutionary relationships and physiological similarities and differences. The document discusses key topics in comparative anatomy including homologous and analogous structures, directional terms, skeletal systems in humans and other vertebrates like fish, birds and cattle. Examples are provided of skeletal features like pneumatic and medullary bones that are specialized adaptations for respiration and calcium storage.
This document summarizes the structure of gametes in frogs. Male frog gametes are sperm produced in the testes, while female frog gametes are eggs produced in the ovaries. Sperm are microscopic and about 0.03 mm long with an elongated flagellated body consisting of a head, neck, and tail. The head contains an acrosome and nucleolus, the neck contains two centrioles and mitochondria, and the long tail facilitates movement through a spiral coil of filaments arranged in a 9+2 configuration. Eggs are the female gametes located in the ovaries.
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
This document provides information on various wild animals found in Pakistan, including dolphins, wild asses, wild boars, and various deer species. It describes the physical characteristics, habitats, populations, and conservation status of each animal. The Indus blind dolphin is a unique freshwater dolphin found primarily in the Indus River, and its numbers have declined from 150 in 1974 to 429 currently. The wild ass was historically found in Tharparkar but is now believed to be extinct in Pakistan. Deer species described include the hog deer, musk deer, cheetal, and barking deer.
This document summarizes flightless birds. It begins by defining flightless birds as belonging to the superorder Palaeognathae, characterized by a Palaeognathous plate. These birds are flightless, with small heads, rudimentary wings, and well-developed legs adapted for running rather than flying. The document then discusses four orders of flightless birds - ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and kiwis. Examples are provided for each, describing their physical characteristics and habitats. In closing, the document briefly mentions penguins as another type of flightless bird found in cold southern climates.
This document provides an overview of the history of comparative vertebrate anatomy. It discusses how early scientists like Aristotle classified and compared animal anatomies. Important figures like William Harvey advocated for the study of comparative anatomy by dissecting different animals. Later, Darwin used comparative anatomy and the study of animal structures to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection. The field continued to advance with contributions from scientists such as Richard Owen, Thomas Huxley, and Karl Heinrich Heackel.
Define comparative anatomy.
Classifiy the phylum chordata.
Discuss the limb development of tetrapods.
Describe the features of tetrapods.
Explain the structure and function of the limb of tetrapods.
Discuss homology and analogy in relation to the limb of tetrapods.
Presented by Dr. Farhana Taher Sumya
Guided by Dr. Zinnat Ara Yesmin
This document provides information on game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries located across Pakistan. It discusses 14 specific protected areas, including Kilik/Mintaka Game Reserve, Tooshi Game Reserve, Kargah Wildlife Sanctuary, Naltar Wildlife Sanctuary, Astor Wildlife Sanctuary, Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sukkar and Guddu Barrage Dolphin Reserve, Mahal Kohistan Wildlife Sanctuary, Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Reserve, Ram of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary, and Baluchistan Wildlife Sanctuary. For each area, it briefly describes the location, size, and key wildlife species found there.
This document summarizes primate evolution from the Paleocene to Miocene epochs. It describes how primates diverged after the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. During the Eocene epoch 55-35 million years ago, there was a radiation of prosimians including adapoids and omomyoids in North America and Europe. By the Oligocene epoch 35-24 million years ago, prosimians had gone extinct everywhere except Africa and Madagascar, and the first anthropoids radiated. During the Miocene epoch 24-5 million years ago, there was a major radiation of hominoids in Africa and Eurasia, including early hominoid genera like Proconsul and Dryopit
Over 60 million years, horses evolved from small fox-sized animals with multiple toes to the modern horse. The early Eohippus, or "dawn horse", stood 14 inches tall and resembled a deer, with 5 toes on front feet and 3 on back. Later varieties such as Mesohippus and Merychippus grew larger with fewer toes and longer legs and necks adapted for running and grazing. Pilohippus was the first single-toed horse and resembled a pony. The modern Equus emerged around 5 million years ago and is the only surviving branch of the horse family.
Horses have evolved over time from small forest-dwelling animals to the domesticated animals we know today. The earliest evidence of horses dates back 32,000-24,000 BC in France. Around 4000 BC in Central Asia, people began taming and domesticating horses for transportation, warfare, and agriculture. Horses were a key part of human civilization until the advent of automobiles in modern times. Today, horses are used for various sports like racing, dressage, show jumping, and polo, as well as leisure activities like trail riding.
The document discusses the 5 most popular horse breeds which are the Morgan Horse, Arabian Horse, Thoroughbred Horse, American Quarter Horse, and American Paint Horse. It also covers the most common uses for horses such as riding, working in fields, trail rides, and jumping. The document then lists the four components horses need for food as water, hay, grain, and other nutrients. It includes links to animated clips of trail riding and pictures of horses in action for different riding styles.
Horses have existed for millions of years, evolving from small multi-toed creatures to the large single-toed animals of today. There are over 300 horse breeds worldwide that fall into hot blood, cold blood, and warm blood categories. While horses are prey animals with a fight-or-flight response, they will stand their ground to defend themselves or offspring. Popular horse breeds include the American Quarter Horse, Arabian, Tennessee Walking Horse, Morgan, and Thoroughbred, each with distinct characteristics and uses such as racing, riding, or farming. Horses live in herds led by a dominant mare and stallion, and can live up to 30 years.
Horseback riding has a long history dating back to 1600 BC when it was first recorded in Egypt and used for war purposes. It later developed into a recreational activity and competitive sport in Europe. People are drawn to horseback riding for reasons such as recreation, love of animals, and competitive sports. There are two main types of competitive horseback riding sports - Olympic and other disciplines. Olympic sports include dressage, cross country, and show jumping which involve training horses to perform movements and jumping obstacles within time limits. Other competitive disciplines include combined driving, endurance riding, horseball, reining, vaulting, and tent pegging.
This document discusses various types of horseback riding sports and activities. It describes the main goals and equipment used in dressage, which involves training a horse to perform movements in an obedient and balanced way. Cross-country riding involves riding over natural terrain and jumping obstacles within a time limit. Show jumping has horses clear a course of 15-20 obstacles of varying designs. Other discussed disciplines include combined driving, endurance riding, horseball, reining, tent pegging and vaulting.
This document provides important numerical facts about equine anatomy and physiology. It lists numbers related to vertebrae, teeth, gestation length, temperature, chromosomes, ribs, Triple Crown winners, digestive system measurements, and intestinal capacities. The numbers given are meant to be useful for knowledge competitions where a specific number within a range is required.
The document summarizes Earth's geologic history from its formation 4.6 billion years ago to the present. It is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The earliest eons included the Hadean and Archean, when Earth was molten and the first life formed. The Proterozoic saw continued formation of continents and oxygen buildup. The Phanerozoic eon saw the rise of complex life, including during the Paleozoic era of the Cambrian, Ordovician, and other periods. During the Mesozoic era, life included dinosaurs and the breakup of Pangaea. The Cenozoic era is the current one including the C
Equestrianism, also known as horseback riding, involves sitting on a horse's back and controlling its movements. Horse riding has been practiced for many decades for recreation, sports, and transportation. There are two main types of horse riding: English riding, which is more formal, uses less decorative and smaller horses, while western riding is more informal and uses taller, more decorated horses. Horseback riding attracts many people and is featured in sports like show jumping, dressage, cross country, and horse racing. Equipment like saddles, stirrups, bridles, spurs, whips, and halters are used. Riders can have beginner, intermediate, or advanced experience levels depending on their skills.
Horses were originally wild in North America but went extinct there after people began traveling globally. People first domesticated horses in Central Asia around 4000 BC to use for transportation and food. Various equestrian sports and competitions developed involving skills like navigating obstacle courses, dressage, jumping, and trick riding. There are many breeds of horses and factors like coat color are based on genetics. Important historical uses of horses included warfare and establishing settlements through nomadic herding.
Horse riding can be an enjoyable sport and means of transportation, but it also carries risks. If a horse loses control, one should hold on tight until the horse stops or try to calmly regain control. While horse riding provides entertainment and movement, it can also be dangerous and unstable, potentially leading to injury or death. Overall, horse riding is both fun and risky.
Asian and African Elephant, Classification, Evolution, Difference, Distribution, Diet and Foraging, Vocalization and Communication, Social organization, Reproduction, Threats and Conservation.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations during a voyage aboard the HMS Beagle. He noticed variations between species on different islands that helped some individuals survive and reproduce more than others. Over generations, beneficial variations became more common in populations through the natural selection process. Evolution can occur gradually over a long period of time or in short bursts through punctuated equilibrium. The fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA provide evidence that evolution has occurred.
This document discusses cell membrane transport mechanisms. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the importance of cell membranes, types of transport mechanisms, and details on active and primary/secondary active transport. It then provides information on the structure of the cell membrane, including the lipid bilayer and membrane proteins. Various types of membrane transport mechanisms are defined, such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and vesicular transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. Factors influencing diffusion rates and osmotic concepts like tonicity are also examined.
The horse, once hunted and later domesticated, helped advance human communication and transportation, accelerating global change.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The Caspian horse is an ancient breed thought to be extinct but rediscovered in 1965 in Iran. It has the characteristics of a small horse, standing around 9-11 hands, and has a kind disposition. Evidence shows Caspian-type horses existed as early as 3000 BC and were prized for ceremonial and practical uses. They depicted on artifacts from Mesopotamia and were gifts to ancient Persian kings. Genetic research indicates the Caspian and Turkoman horses that existed in 3000 BC are likely the ancestors of modern oriental horse breeds like Arabians.
Horses have been running across landscapes for over 50 million years, long before humans existed. When humans first encountered horses around 6,000 years ago, the two species became closely linked. Humans have since domesticated horses and bred over 200 breeds to suit various needs like farming, transportation, and warfare. Horses have helped shape human history and capture our imagination. Today, while not as widely used for transportation, horses are still enjoyed through activities like racing, rodeos, hunting, and recreational riding.
This essay discusses the evolution of horses from small forest-dwelling animals to domesticated creatures used for transportation and farming. It notes that early horses lived in North America but went extinct there, with surviving horses evolving in Central America. When humans arrived in Central America around 4000 BC, they began hunting horses for food and skins. Eventually, Central Americans started domesticating horses to pull farm equipment and for transportation, though the first horses were too small. Through selective breeding, people produced larger horses better suited to pulling wagons. The domestication of horses then spread from Central America, with horses going on to be used in wars to transport troops and supplies more quickly. The essay also briefly mentions some modern horse equipment like saddles, brushes
The wheel was one of the most important inventions in human history. Evidence suggests wheels were independently invented around 3500-3350 BC in parts of Europe and Asia, with the earliest depictions showing up in ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Over thousands of years, the wheel evolved from being used only on pottery to being applied to transportation with carts and chariots. Major innovations like spoked wheels in 2000 BC and iron rims in 1000 BC improved the wheel's design and function. Today the wheel remains a ubiquitous mechanical component found in vehicles, machines, and other applications.
The wheel is one of the most important inventions in human history. It allows for the easy movement of heavy objects using axles and rolling motion. Wheels were likely invented separately in many ancient cultures during the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age period between 3500-3000 BCE. Evidence from sites in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and Europe from this time period suggest wheels were used for pottery, wagons, and other applications to facilitate transportation and labor. The wheel spread rapidly after its invention and transformed how people and societies functioned.
Dogs were the first domesticated animal, descending from wolves. Cattle such as cows and oxen were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 5,000 BC for milk, meat, and labor. Horses, originally domesticated for transportation and warfare, came in breeds like draft horses for farm work and thoroughbreds for racing. Other domesticated animals discussed include turkeys, pigs, sheep, goats, and llamas.
Profesor Steven E. Jones and Ancient American EquusRuben LLumihucci
1) The document discusses evidence from radiocarbon dating of horse bones in North America that suggests horses were present before Columbus, challenging the prevailing view.
2) Several horse bones from sites in Texas, Colorado, Wyoming and Canada have been directly radiocarbon dated to periods between 6000 BC to 1481 AD, before Spanish arrival.
3) DNA analysis of ancient horse remains has potential to provide further evidence about whether these horses were domesticated species brought by Europeans or inhabited North America earlier.
This document summarizes the evolution of horses from early ancestors like Hyracotherium to modern Equus. It describes how horses evolved over 50 million years from small, forest-dwelling browsers with multiple toes to large grazing animals adapted to open grasslands with a single toe. Key evolutionary adaptations included increasing size, lengthening limbs, toe reduction, teeth modification for grazing, and skull changes allowing faster running. Transitions like Hyracotherium to Hypohippus to Merychippus to Equus are outlined, showing how horses gradually evolved to be well-suited to grassland environments.
The document discusses several artifacts from Anglo-Saxon and Viking cultures including a round fibula from the 7th century AD decorated with gemstones, a purse lid from the Sutton Hoo ship burial decorated with gold and garnet plaques depicting animals, and a carved animal head found on the Oseberg ship burial in Norway from the 9th century AD. The artifacts demonstrate the importance of animals and animal-style artwork in Norse and Anglo-Saxon culture as symbols of strength and depictions on functional objects like weapons, jewelry, and ships.
Transportation has evolved significantly over time due to technological advances. Early humans developed basic tools like footwear and sleds to travel farther on land. The development of animal-drawn wheeled vehicles and pack animals further expanded land transport capabilities. Major improvements like Roman roads and modern rail systems increased land transport efficiency. Water transport also evolved from primitive boats to advanced sailing vessels and steamships. Aviation progress includes experimentation with kites and gliders as well as breakthroughs like powered aircraft. Continued innovation aims to reduce costs and improve transport.
The document discusses the role of horses in the Assyrian Empire between 700 BC and 650 BC. Horses were integral to the Assyrian army, being used to pull chariots into battle and as mounts for cavalrymen. The Assyrians acquired horses through conquests, tribute payments, and trade, obtaining many horses from the Kingdom of Kush in particular. Kushites also lived in Assyria and worked with horses there, as shown on ivory artifacts depicting Kushites and in records mentioning Kushites caring for horses. Horses grew larger and stronger over this period to meet the increasing demands of Assyria's growing military.
The document summarizes the evolution of the horse over 50 million years from Eohippus to modern Equus. Key stages included Mesohippus which lived 38 million years ago in North America and had 3 toes, with the middle toe larger. Merychippus originated 12-6 million years ago and was the first single-toed horse with strong legs to increase speed and power. Pliohippus resembled a pony and lived in the late Miocene period in North America, being considered a direct link to modern Equus horses.
Paper presented to Archaeological Institute of America at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago on Saturday, October 8, 2011. Lisa presented a paper on Horses in the Kushite Kingdom (the Sudan).
Aksum was a kingdom located in modern-day Ethiopia from around AD 100 to 700. It controlled much of Ethiopia as well as territories in South Arabia and Sudan. Aksum had a hierarchical society led by a powerful king. The capital city of Aksum covered around 75 hectares and had an estimated population of 20,000. It contained royal palaces, religious structures, and cemeteries. Tall stone obelisks called stelae, some over 30 meters high, were erected throughout the capital and surrounding areas as symbols of prestige.
This document provides a summary of black history in Europe from prehistoric times to modern era. It describes how Homo erectus and Neanderthals inhabited Europe hundreds of thousands of years ago. Around 45,000 BC, modern humans known as Grimaldi people crossed into Europe from Africa as the ice sheets retreated. They inhabited all of Europe. Skeletal remains show Grimaldi people had Negroid features. Cro-Magnon humans also migrated from Africa into Europe around 35,000 years ago. Many ancient civilizations arose in Europe with origins tracing back to North Africa and the Middle East, including Minoan, Etruscan, and Greek civilizations. Later invasions by pale-skinned groups from
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization and its influence on Western culture. It discusses how the Greeks developed ideas around competition, politics, democracy, mathematics, philosophy, art, and theater. Politically, Greece was made up of small city-states like Athens and Sparta. Greek art sought to represent both realistic and idealized forms, focusing on symmetry, proportion and harmony. The rapid development of Greek art represented a major break from previous artistic traditions.
- The document discusses how ancient civilizations aligned with the precession of the equinoxes and signs of the zodiac, with Vishnu appearing every 6,480 years to destroy evil and reestablish dharma.
- It notes major civilizations and megalithic sites that developed during each age, with recurring cycles of destruction roughly every 6,000 years related to floods, earthquakes, volcanoes and cosmic events.
- According to the document, human evolution and civilization proceed in cycles, with an overall de-evolution in technology and understanding of astronomy between 13,000-700 years ago, though ancient peoples demonstrated advanced technologies through non-written means of communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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2. Prehistoric Horse
The horse as we know it today
is descended from a small,
primitive, four-toed animal.
Prehistoric horses stood only
about 4.5 feet high at the shoulder.
Approximately fifteen million generations later, Equus
evolved as the first “true horse.”
Equus migrated from North America throughout the
world. Fossil remains have been discovered in Asia,
Europe, and Africa as well as throughout North and
South America.
3. Historical Background of Fossils
In the 1870's, the paleontologist O.C. Marsh
published a description of newly discovered
horse fossils from North America. At the
time, very few transitional fossils were known
The sequence of horse fossils that Marsh
described was a striking example of evolution
taking place in a single lineage. Here, one could
see the fossil species quot;Eohippusquot; transformed
into an almost totally different-looking (and very
familiar) descendent, Equus
4. Fossils
As new fossils were discovered, though, it became clear
that the old model of horse evolution was a serious
oversimplification. It was misleading to portray horse
evolution in a smooth straight line, for two reasons:
First, horse evolution didn't proceed in a straight line. We
now know of many other branches of horse evolution.
Our familiar Equus is merely one twig on a once-
flourishing bush of equine species. We only have the
illusion of straight-line evolution because Equus is the
only twig that survived.
Second, horse evolution was not smooth and gradual.
Different traits evolved at different rates, didn't always
evolve together, and occasionally reversed quot;directionquot;.
Also, horse species did not always come into being by
gradual transformation of their ancestors;
instead, sometimes new species quot;split offquot; from
ancestors and then co-existed with those ancestors for
some time. Some species arose gradually, others
5.
6. Extinction?
Because there were no horses in the western
hemisphere when it was discovered by
Europeans, the extinction of the horse after it had
flourished there for 60 million years remains one of
the unsolved mysteries of history.
For the first time in tens of millions
of years, there were no equids in
the Americas.
7. Extinction?
Extinction cannot be attributed directly to the
effect of glacial cold. The horse actually
survived the ice ages, only to disappear as
the ice was retreating.
8. Cave paintings in Lascaux France
Keys to this unsolved mysteries may be in these Stone
Age cave paintings located in France and Spain Very
often these paintings reveal the horse as an object of prey.
These depictions may be a reflection of why he
disappeared from the New World when other grazing
animals such as the bison survived.
9. Man and Horse
The earliest association between man and
horse was one-sided. Man hunted and
subsisted on the flesh
of horses.
The bones of 40,000
horses that existed
25,000 years ago,
found outside a rock shelter at Solutre,
France, provide evidence of the cave man’s
dependence on the horse.
10. Evidence for Extinction in
North America
In the last few years, evidence found at
St. Mary’s Reservoir in southern
Alberta, Canada suggests that humans
played a significant role in the horse’s
extinction.
11. Evidence for Extinction in
North America
The floor of the reservoir was covered with animal tracks;
as was the remains of a prehistoric horse with several
smashed vertebrae and bones that bore evidence of
butchering.
“Clovis points,” the spearheads associated with some of
the first humans to reach the continent, were also found
and dated back 11,000 years. After being analyzed the
spearheads revealed signs of the residue of horse protein;
the points had apparently been thrust into the horse.
“Environment and climate change were definitely factors in
the extinction event, but there had been numerous
instances of glaciers advancing and retreating during the
Pleistocene, and this is the only time we see a magafaunal
extinction. The arrival of humans is the only real new
factor” (Dr. Paul McNeil).
12. Domestication of the Horse
It is difficult to establish exact dates of domestication. Some
believe the evidence found at several sites shows equine
tooth wear that only could appear from the friction of a bit
against the molars. Sites include Dereivka, a Ukrainian
settlement site dated 4500 – 3500 B.C., and the Botai
culture, dated 3500 – 3000 B.C. in the northern steppes of
Kazkhstan.
Evidence also suggests that China and Mesopotamia were
among the first civilizations involved in the domestication of
the horse between 4500 – 2500 B.C.
13. Harnessing the Power
When we consider the greatest
significance in building civilizations, the
horse’s harnessed power has no equal.
Even today we
evaluate performance
of the automobile in
terms of horsepower.
14. Early Cart Horses
The prevailing view among paleo-historians is that
the first horses to be tamed were hitched to carts before
being mounted. They base their conclusions on skeletal
remains, which indicate that Bronze Age horses were
only about the size of large ponies, about 14 hands (56quot;)
at the shoulder.
15. There were four primeval types of horses which
were domesticated at different times and places.
PONY I
Pony I developed in Northwest Europe. He was
approximately 12 hands tall, had very thick skin, was
brown or bay in color, and was quot;waterproofquot;. His direct
descendant is the Shetland Pony.
PONY II
Pony II developed in North Eurasia. He was heavier in
build than Pony I and was quot;frostproofquot;. He was dun or
cream color and had the dorsal stripe and bars on the
legs associated with the quot;dun factorquot;.
He was the forefather of Przewalski's
Horse.
16. HORSE III
Horse III developed in central Asia and west into Europe.
He had a long, narrow, Roman head, a long neck, long
ears, slab sides and a sparse tail and mane. He was
quot;drought proofquot;. He was the forefather of the Andalusian.
HORSE IV
Horse IV developed in the western area of Asia. He was
about 12 hands, was quot;heat proofquot; and provided the
quot;qualityquot; in today's breeds - he was fineboned, had a
high-set tail and abundant mane and tail. He was the
forefather of the Arabian.
17. The Mounted Steed
The first record of riding came from Persia
in the third millennium B.C. By 1580 B.C.
this trend had spread to Egypt, and 250
years later it was found in Greece. In fact,
the first horse training book, the Kikkuli
Text, was written in 1360 B.C.
18. The Horse in the East
By the Han dynasty (475-221 BC)
Mounted cavalry had become the
dominate military use of the horse.
The Chinese produced three of the
most significant inventions in
equestrian history:
The breast-strap harnesses
The stirrup
The horse collar
19. Oriental Technology
The Chinese harnessing system was the first to effectively
utilize the horse’s power without hampering its ability to
breathe. This piece of equipment allowed for the
development of shafted horse-drawn vehicles which were
far more advanced and efficient than those of their
counterparts in the West.
The invention of the stirrup allowed
mounted cavalry for the first time to have a
secure platform when they fought.
20. The Classical Horse
The horse inspired such awe in ancient man that he
included him in his mythology.
Apollo’s Chariot drawn by his four fiery horses, pulled the sun across the sky. Apollo
granted the son one wish, he wanted to go across the sky in father’s chariot. Apollo tried
to dissuade his son, but at last Apollo agreed. At first everything went smoothly, Phaeton
managed the horses. But then he was scared of the height, he lost control of the horses.
The chariot dropped too low and the Sun nearly burnt the Earth. To save it, Zeus struck
the boy with a thunderbolt.
Pegasus: The winged horse, born from the blood of the
Gorgon Medusa when she was slain by Perseus
The Centaur: A magnificent creature who had a body which was
half horse and half man. He was renowned for both extreme
physical strength and great wisdom.
21. The Classical Horse
The Trojan Horse: The Greeks left
the huge wooden horse behind
when they retreated from the siege
of the walls of Troy. Rejoicing at
the war’s apparent end, the Trojans
brought the wooden horse within the walls of the
city. That night the Greek warriors within the
horse’s belly crept out and opened the gates to
renewed attack, and the great Illiam/Troy fell to
the Greek army.
22. Xenophon
Xenophon: 427-355 BC was a soldier, mercenary and
Athenian student of Socrates. He is known for his writings
on the history of his own times, the sayings of Socrates, and
a fully preserved manual on the horsemanship.
On the Art of Horsemanship comes to us from 360 BC, the
work of the Athenian cavalryman Xenophon. It is the oldest
known text on horseback riding still in existence, and the first
work known to emphasize training techniques that account
for the state of the horse's psyche as well as
his body. The work is divided into eleven
chapters, and deals with the purchase, care
and training of horses. It also deals, to some
extent, with the construction of stables and
the equipment needed for several aspects
of horsemanship.
23. On the Art of Horsemanship
In examining his body, we say
you must first look at his feet.
For, just as a house is bound
to be worthless less if the
foundations are unsound,
however well the upper parts
may look, so a war-horse will
be quite useless, even though
all his other points are good, if
he has bad feet; for in that
case he will be unable to use
any of his good points.
If anything worries him. Let the groom be
under orders also to lead him through
crowds, and accustom him to all sorts of
sights and all sorts of noises. If the colt shies
at any of them, he must teach him, by
quieting him and without impatience, that
there is nothing to be afraid of.
24. The one best rule and practice in dealing with a horse is never
to approach him in anger; for anger is a reckless thing, so that it
often makes a man do what he must regret. Moreover, when
the horse is shy of anything and will not come near it, you
should teach him that there is nothing to be afraid of, either with
the help of a plucky horse--which is the surest way--or else by
touching the object that looks alarming yourself, and gently
leading the horse up to it. To force him with blows only
increases his terror; for when horses feel pain in such a
predicament, they think that this too is caused by the thing at
which they shy.
25. From 336 to 323 BC, Alexander the Great
arguably was the most successful military
commander in world history, conquering most of
the known world before his death.
26. Alexander and Bucephalus
There are few legends that
capture man’s love of the horse
as Alexander the Great and his
beloved Bucephalus. Son to
King Philip of Macedonia,
Alexander was tutored by
Aristotle in academic matters
and studied horsemanship with
his father. At the tender age of twelve, Alexander bonded
with Bucephalus and was credited with being the horse’s
only rider. Inspired by his equestrian abilities, Alexander
set out to conquer the world astride the mighty horse.
Bucephalus carried the young ruler from Greece to Egypt
to India. When Bucephalus died, Alexander honored the
horse by naming a city in central Asia after him.
27. The Roman Race Horse
The Circus Maximus: Latin for largest arena . Built during the
second century BC. At one-third of a mile long and 150 yards
wide, the Circus Maximus allegedly held 250,000 people. Julius
Caesar expanded the Circus around 50 BC. The remains
suggest that there may have only been 150,000 seats there;
people came from all over the empire to watch these
races, sometimes over great distances Similar to modern
harness racing, there were usually twelve races with four
28. THE MIDDLE AGES, 600 A.D.
The fall of the Roman Empire began the Middle Ages
which lasted some seven hundred years. The early
portion of this period is sometimes called the Dark Ages
since the glories of the former Roman Empire virtually
vanished. These were times of religious wars and
barbarian invasion.
The horse became largely a vehicle for battle or the hunt
since the Roman roads, which had previously united
Europe, fell in disrepair. Travel from one area to another
was dangerous due to the hostile relations between
kingdoms. For the most part, chariots fell from use and
the wagon remained a farm vehicle. Despite a decline in
the quality of technological innovation in many spheres
of life, the Middle Ages saw the horse adapted to new
roles in such diverse areas as warfare and agriculture
29. Medieval Horses
In the Middle Ages, Horses were
specially bred to meet the requirements
of warfare and chivalry and the needs of
the mounted knight
It is commonly believed that the great
war-horses, were developed during the Middle Ages to
support the great weight of the armored knight. Actually,
the real reason large horses were useful was because
their weight gave greater force to the impact of the
knight's lance, both in warfare and in the tournament.
The war-horse was sometimes shod with sharp nail
heads protruding so that he could trample foot-soldiers in
his path. He was a very potent weapon, and yet his
descendants are the mild mannered and docile work
horses of today who put their strength to less brutal use.
30. Tournaments
From War to Sport
Many sports have historically prepared the individual both
physically and emotionally for battle. In the Middle Ages, the
quot;tournamentquot; became the most popular form of recreation for
knights all over Europe. The events of the tournament kept the
knight in condition for the role he played in warfare. The
tournament lasted well after the heavily armored knight became
tactically obsolete and remained a sport in which nobility, valor,
and grandeur were a continuing reality.
31. RENAISSANCE
Renaissance literally means quot;re-birth.quot; Between 1450 and
1650, re-birth represented a renewed interest in the laws of
man's world and the universe.
Leonardo Da Vinci Draws the Horse, 1452-1519: Da Vinci's
art ranks at the very top of the long list of Renaissance masters.
Of particular interest to those studying the history of the horse
are his drawings of the horse's anatomy. Leonardo studied the
horse's skeletal and muscular systems, as
well as its motion, with both insight and
accuracy
32. The Spanish Riding School
The mere mention of the Spanish Riding School brings to mind
elegant white horses performing at majestic heights. Today, just
as when the school was founded centuries ago, the art of
training and exhibiting schooled horses is carried on with
rigorous disciplined finesse.
Why is the School Called quot;Spanishquot; but Located in
Vienna, Austria?
In 1580, the Archduke Charles organized the royal stud at
Lipissa, and there he bred horses acquired from Spain to
Arabian, Barb and Andalusian mares from Naples. The horses
which resulted from careful breeding were named Lipizzaner
after the stud. These became the horses exclusively used in the
Austrian court, and the horses' Spanish
ancestry gave the school its name.
33. RETURN TO THE NEW WORLD
The Spanish Return Equus to its Prehistoric Home
The first horses to reach the North American
continent were the mounts of the Spanish
conquistadores. However, it is a myth that the vast
Mustang herds that roamed the West by the 1880s
were strays from the expeditions of Cortez 1519,
Coronado 1540 or DeSoto 1541.
Spanish missions that followed the explorers into
the Rio Grande Valley in the early 1600s brought
numerous horses.
34. Indian Ponies
The century from 1650 to 1750 was a period during which the
Spanish horses were dispersed over the plains, and among the
Indians a great “horse culture” developed.
35. Chickasaw Horses
These horses came from a
series of Franciscan missions
that were established in the
Southeast (Georgia)
They provided a Spanish base in the
native herds that were later used to
breed the Quarter Horse, American
Saddle Horse and the Tennessee
Walking Horse
36. The Appaloosa
The Palouse River country of the
northwestern United States has given its name
to this breed.
The name Appaloosa derived from the slurring
of “ A Palouse.”
Because of their colorful markings the Nez
Perce bred the Appaloosa. The breed
nearly disappeared after the surrender of
Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to the
United States Army in the Bear Paw
Mountains of Montana in 1877.
37. The Calvary Horse
Comanche, The Only Survivor
After the Battle of the Little Big Horn, a
horse was found in a thicket with seven
arrows in his body. The horse, named
Comanche, was a gelding ridden by
Captain Keogh, one of Custer's officers.
The horse's wounds were treated and he
was carefully loaded onto a riverboat.
Comanche was sent back to Fort Lincoln
in the Dakota Territory, where he was
given great attention until he recovered.
The Seventh Cavalry's commanding
officer insisted that Comanche be saddled
for all engagements and official occasions,
but he could never be ridden again.
Comanche became a national celebrity.
On his death, his obituary appeared in
newspapers throughout the country.
Comanche was taxidermied after his
death, and is now exhibited at the
Museum of Kansas University.
38. P ONY EXPRESS, 1860 TO 1862
Rapid Western growth demanded a fast and reliable postal
system. In 1860, the Pony Express was created to carry letters
over a route of 1,966 miles between St. Joseph, Missouri, and
Sacramento, California. The average total trip took 10 days.
The riders carried only saddlebags containing mail and
sidearms to fight off the Indians. A one-half ounce letter cost $5
to send by the Pony Express, and a mailbag would therefore be
worth $3,200 in postal fees.
At relay stations located every
25 miles, the rider picked up a
fresh horse. After only two
years, the Pony Express was
replaced by the telegraph and
the railroad. In spite of its brief
existence, the Pony Express
played a flamboyant and
significant role in the opening of
the American West.
39. The Horse in America Today
Comprehensive study reveals horse industry
has a nearly $40 billion impact on the US
economy
(6/29/2005) by American Horse Council
The horse industry in the United States
contributes $39 billion in direct economic
impact to the US economy and supports 1.4
million jobs on a full-time basis, according to a
new study released today by the American
Horse Council (AHC). When indirect and
induced spending are included, the industry's
economic impact reaches $102 billion. The
study also estimates the horse population in this
country has reached 9.2 million