This document provides an overview of theories of European integration including federalism, functionalism, and transactionalism. It discusses key thinkers like Altiero Spinelli, David Mitrany, and Karl Deutsch. It covers concepts like political communities, security communities, and factors that influence integration and disintegration. Theories discussed include Spinelli's strategy for a United States of Europe, Mitrany's functional alternative, and Deutsch's work on political community in the North Atlantic area. It also summarizes Ernst Haas' analysis of the uniting of Europe from 1950-1957 focusing on political integration and community.
African perspectives on Africa-Europe relations
Geneva Centre for Security Policy, European Training Course in Security Policy
Dr. Damien Helly
Policy Officer, ECDPM
19 March 2014
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Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
This presentation talks about the introduction, scope, benefits, types and a lot more about International Organisation.
Hope you like the ppt.Good Luck :)
*content referred from another source*
African perspectives on Africa-Europe relations
Geneva Centre for Security Policy, European Training Course in Security Policy
Dr. Damien Helly
Policy Officer, ECDPM
19 March 2014
This ppt file contains complete information about galobalization and its very simple to present because its very relitive to the topic.
I present this to my class and got 10/10.
Its well designed and much easy to view the whole globalization .Its contains detaid information about globalization causes of globalization effects of globalization law of globalization and analysis of advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
I you pick this presentation you just need to change the name because it don't have unrelated constants.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
This presentation talks about the introduction, scope, benefits, types and a lot more about International Organisation.
Hope you like the ppt.Good Luck :)
*content referred from another source*
Regionalism and Global Politics : European Union as an example.REBIN SHERWANI
The European Union faces challenges in regionalism and international politics due to the complexities of its interactions with other regions (Scazzieri, 2023). The EU's policy model, based on economic determinism and financial market anticipation, was shaken by the crisis, highlighting its inability to counter crises effectively (Sindzingre, 2012). Additionally, the EU's response to regional issues like the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) countries through Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) has faced obstacles due to discrepancies between goals and outcomes, as well as structural constraints in poorer regions like Sub-Saharan Africa (Orpo, 2018). Furthermore, the EU's foreign policy has been questioned by recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic and conflicts such as Russia's actions in Ukraine, emphasizing the need for a reevaluation of security and policy responses (Віткова, 2019) These challenges underscore the necessity for the EU to navigate regional complexities while preserving its model in a rapidly evolving international landscape.
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
The Role of Civil Society in EU Migration Policy2One
Civil society provides a crucial link between governments and the communities they represent. Thus far, civil society organisations have had a limited role in European policy debates.
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
Thesis and Summary Statement LebanonThesis The curre.docxssusera34210
Thesis and Summary Statement: Lebanon
Thesis:
The current Republic government in Lebanon shows lack of any hope for the country to up rise as a liberal democracy because of conflicts with neighboring Syria spilling into Lebanon’s government and the current fragile political institutions.
Summary:
With a horrible war going on in Syria, refugees have made their way into Lebanon. Lebanon has gotten caught in the crossfire of their conflicts. Lebanon is warned that they are rapidly being drawn in to the Syrian civil war. Leaders give no encouragement to citizens, they warn that the worst is yet to come. The problem has been made worse by Hezbollah’s military intervention in Syria, where the party’s fighters are battling alongside President Bashar Assad’s army to defeat rebel groups seeking to overthrow the regime. Because of this spillover, Lebanon has witnessed a serious escalation of sectarian and political tensions and a deterioration of the security situation. The country is looking at economic detieration because of lack of efficient security. The resignation of Prime Minister Najib Mikati’s Cabinet has thrown the political institution into a cabinet deadlock. Also, fear of terrorism has already taken place, being that there has been car bombings and a suicide attack against the Lebanese army. With that there has been a rise of Al-Qaeda-affiliated “takfiri” factions.
Overall, with a weak and unstable government and security, Lebanons control of the Syria conflict does not show efficient democracy.
ACCOUNTING 211
FALL 2014 SEMESTER
Questions for Twitter Article
The attached article appeared in a recent edition of the New York Times.
Please answer the following questions:
1. What is this company Twitter? Trace its’ history from inception up to its initial public offering in November 2013.
2. Indicate how the company is organized, its officers and its revenue sources.
3. Which companies compete with Twitter? How does it compare in size to them?
4. What issues is Twitter facing regarding future growth, privacy and competition?
5. What has been its stock high and low range and what is it currently trading at?
6. Do you use Twitter? If so, for what purposes?
You may use any outside sources to bring depth to your answer as long as you reference your sources.
NOTES
September 9, 2014
This Class: The nature, explanations and consequences of the various ways in which societies determine who has the power to make collective decisions
This requires a method…
· Political science
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1) Empirical, not normative (the way things should be)
· Definitions – describing the world as we see it
· Empirical statements help us..
· Describe phenomena accurately
· Explain and generalize
2) Clearly defined concepts
· Ideas we use to think about the processes we study
· Good conceptrs are:
· Clear, consistent and useful for measuring in the real world
· Example: “Democr ...
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on Political Development and Civil Society in the Third World for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Ideg publication this week newsletter june 2016IDEGGhana
IDEG This Week will feature one major topical is-sue which could be considered as central to the current political discourse. This underlies the IDEG mandate, and should nourish whatever debate and discussions the article on the topical issue could generate.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
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This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
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Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
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3. Siraj Maryan
Contents:
• The Meaning of Integration
• Federalism, Functionalism and Transactionalism
• Neofunctionalism and the Architects of the
European Unity
• Neofunctionalism as the general Theory of
European Integration
4. Siraj Maryan
Readings for theAssignment
• Haas B. Ernst. (2004) The Uniting of Europe. Political, Social
and Economic Forces, 1950-1957. Published by the University of
Notre dame Press;
• The abridged version of Haas E.B. The Uniting of Europe.
Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957. 1958. in The
European Union. Readings on the Theory and Practice of
European Integration, Nelsen B.F. and Alexander C – G. Stubb
(eds.), Palgrave, 1998;
• Rosamond Ben. (2000) Theories of European Integration. The
European Union Series. Palgrave; Introduction, Chapter 2,
Chapter 3;
5. Siraj Maryan
Readings for the Assignment
• Mitrany D. A Working Peace System. 1943; The European
Union. Readings on the Theory and Practice of European
Integration, Nelsen B.F. and Alexander C – G. Stubb (eds.),
Palgrave, 1998;
• Deutsch Karl W. et al. Political Community and the North
Atlantic Area. The European Union. Readings on the Theory and
Practice of European Integration, Nelsen B.F. and Alexander C –
G. Stubb (eds.), Palgrave, 1998;
• Lindberg L.N. Political Integration: Definitions and Hypotheses
(1963). The European Union. Readings on the Theory and
Practice of European Integration, Nelsen B.F. and Alexander C –
G. Stubb (eds.), Palgrave, 1998.
6. Siraj Maryan
Genesis of contemporary theoretical
analysis of European integration
The three early schools of thought and
intellectual ancestors of modern theories:
• Federalism – Altiero Spinelli
• Functionalism – David Mitrany
• Transactionalism – Karl Deutsch
7. Siraj Maryan
Spinelli’s Strategy for
the United States of Europe
The three main theses
1. The autonomous nature of the pan – European
movement for the European federation
2. The European Constituent Assembly to
command necessary democratic legitimacy
3. Exploitation of the contradictions of the
functional approach to European integration
8. Siraj Maryan
1. The independent movement for the
European federation - a subjective
condition for effective federalist action
• should unite all supporters of a European federation
irrespective of their political believes, should not be a
political party;
• should be supranational, uniting federalists beyond national
allegiances;
• should seek direct influence on public opinion to be strong
enough to exercise pressure on national governments which
by their nature are both the means and the obstacles to
European integration, resistant to transfer of power
9. Siraj Maryan
2. Constituent Assembly versus
intergovernmental method as an instrument of
federal unification will:
• Represent the public opinion in favor of genuine
unification;
• Represent the parties and the principle democratic
trends with an international orientation and in favor
of creation of transnational groups;
• Be free of the vested interests of the permanent
agents of executive power directly dependent on the
maintenance of absolute national sovereignty;
11. Siraj Maryan
Spinelli’s model of a European constituent
procedure
• the national governments initiate a democratic constituent
procedure by conferring the constituent mandate on a
Convention
• the Convention draws the Constitution acting by majority
voting
• the Constitution is submitted for ratification to the
appropriate constitutional organs of the member states
coming into force after ratification by the majority of them
12. Siraj Maryan
3. Spinelli’s critique of the functional theory
• European institutions will be deprived of the capacity to overcome special
interests arising from the exercise of unfettered national sovereignty and to
ensure the common European interests and the principle of the national veto
will be retained by refusing to start with a supranational authority of a
democratic character;
• the chaos and inefficiency as the result of lack of common governance of
the interdependent economies and foreign and defense policies;
• functional institutions established by the unanimous decisions of national
government are weak in times of crisis;
• the democratic deficit which arises when important powers and
responsibilities are transferred to the supranational level without effective
democratic control.
13. Siraj Maryan
Critique of the federalist approach
• Creation of a state-like institutional order at the European
level results in significant governance capacity at the
European level and creates a dangerous distance between
the governors and governed.
• External projection of the federalist logic results in
reproduction on the interregional level of the flaws of
the nation state based international system – on a bigger
scale.
• Conceptual elasticity of the theory resulting in uncertainty
/ absence of consensus on the terminal outcome of
European integration.
14. Siraj Maryan
David Mitrany’s
Functional Alternative
A quest for a peaceful change
“What the modern world, so closely interrelated, must have
for its peaceful development, is some system that would
make possible automatic and continuous social action,
continually adapted to changing needs and conditions,
in the same sense and of the same general nature as any
other system of government. Its character would be the
same for certain purposes; only the range would be new.”
15. European Presentation
Main questions:
• Why the Covenant of the League failed to steady international relations by
bringing them within the framework of a written pact?
• Would another written pact, if only more elaborate, come to grips with the
pressure for change?
• Can a federation become an alternative to a League, which proved
inadequate and ineffective as an instrument of furthering the process of
continuous adjustment and settlement?
• Can we take a system which has worked well in one field and transplant it to
another?
• If the conflict springs from the division of the world into detached and
competing political units, will it be exorcised simply by changing the lines
of division?
• Which is the more immediately practicable and promising in merging the
states: whether a general political framework should be provided in
advance, on some theoretical pattern, or left to grow branch by branch
from action and experience and so find its natural bent?
16. European Presentation
The underlying propositions
• Peace will not be secured if we organize the world by what divides it.
• Positive view of human nature: conflict is not endemic to the world.
• Some needs would be better served by transnational institutions.
• Effective provision of welfare by transnational institutions can result in
population loyalty transfer away from the nation state.
• Functional cooperation and coordination will result in conflict reduction.
• The elements of functional system could begin to work without a general
political authority, but a political authority without active social functions
would remain an empty temple.
• The function will determine the executive instrument suitable for its activity
and provide for a need for reform of the instrument at every stage.
• Economic unification would build up the foundation for political
agreement.
• Pragmatic approach to the means and flexibility, especially in the period of
historical transition, flexibility for adaptation.
17. European Presentation
The major principle
Universal versus regional approach/
Functional versus territorial approach
European integration – a case of functional or
territorial approach?
18. European Presentation
A break away from traditional
political ideas
“…overlay political divisions with a spreading web of
international activities and agencies, in which and through
which the interests and life of all nations would be gradually
integrated.
This is the fundamental change to which any effective
international system must aspire and contribute: to make
international government coextensive with international
activities.”
19. European Presentation
Transition from power politics to
functional order is achieved by:
“organizing governments for common action along the lines
of specific ends and needs, and according to the
conditions of the time and place, in lieu of the traditional
organization on the basis of a set constitutional division of
jurisdiction and rights and powers”…without a
comprehensive political framework.
20. European Presentation
Possible lines of functional organization
• Continental (railway)
• Intercontinental (shipping)
• Universal (aviation and broadcasting)
The types and grades of coordination
• Technical coordination within the same group of functions
• Coordination of several groups
• International planning for investment and development
21. European Presentation
The seven criticisms of functionalism
• The determination of needs is not an objective and technocratic exercise,
but fundamentally political and inherently contestable task.
• Underestimation of the salient nature of politics and unreasonable
assumption of the ability of people and governments to move in rational
directions coupled with lack of communicative action /cognitive process
elements.
• Poor record of prediction.
• Lack of scientific rigor.
• Neglect of the distinction between background variables prevailing at the
launch of the integration (initiation cycle) and after the initial experience
(priming cycle).
• Neglect of external determinants/stimuli.
• Underestimation of the influence on integration of the massive changes in
economic and social organization.
22. European Presentation
Friendly endorsement from a contesting
school of thought
Deutsch’s definition of functionalism
a case of partial amalgamation where some
governmental functions are delegated by the
participating units on a low or high level of decision
making,
as an approach to integration it seems less hazardous than
any sudden attempt at over amalgamation.
23. European Presentation
Karl Deutsch
Political Community and the North
Atlantic Area (1957)
Study of “possible ways in which men
someday might abolish war.”
“How can men learn to act together to eliminate
war as a social institution?”
24. European Presentation
The basic concepts
• Political communities – social groups with a process of political
communication, some machinery for enforcement, and some
popular habits of compliance.
• Security community – a group of people which has become
integrated.
• Integration – attainment within a territory of a sense of
community and of institutions and practices strong enough and
widespread enough to assure dependable expectation of peaceful
change among its population. Integration is a matter of fact, not
of time, though the length of time over which it persists may
contribute to its consolidation.
25. European Presentation
The basic concepts
• Sense of community – a belief on the part of the individuals in a
group that they have come to an agreement that common social
problems must and can be resolved by process of “peaceful
change”.
• Amalgamated security community – a formal merger of
previously independent units into a larger one with some type
of common government, which may be unitary or federal.
• Pluralistic security community – retains the legal independence
of separate governments.
26. European Presentation
Popular assumptions revisited
• Is modern life with its transportation/communication trends
conducive to growth of supranational institutions?
• Would successful growth in the past accelerate the rate of
expansion of the amalgamated political community in the future?
• Is establishment of strong community-wide laws, courts, police
forces and armies for enforcement against potential aggression
one of the most important features of the newly amalgamated
security-community?
• Is it necessary to maintain a balance of power among the
member states in order to prevent any one state becoming much
stronger than the others?
27. European Presentation
General findings
1. Both types of communities are practicable ways
towards integration, whereas the pluralistic
community is easier to achieve, the amalgamated
community is more effective in its capacity to act.
2. The integration may have a rather broad zone of
transition, the states may cross and recross the
threshold several times over a period of decades or
generations.
28. European Presentation
General findings
3. The sense of community relevant to integration is a
matter of mutual trust and loyalties, mutual
consideration; partial identification in self images and
interests; mutually successful prediction of behavior,
cooperative action - a perpetual dynamic process of
mutual attention, communication, perception of
needs and responsiveness in the decision making.
Habits of political behavior are acquired in the process
of social learning.
The sense of community among states would be a function
of the level of communication between states.
29. European Presentation
Factors of integration
4. Integrative processes develop around the cores of strength
possessing integrative capabilities closely connected with the
general capabilities of the given political unit for action in the fields of
politics, economy, administration, cultural and social development.
5. The increase in the integrative capability of the political organizations /
governments is essential for dynamic political process leading to
amalgamation. Power - capacity to act and responsiveness - the ability
to control and redirect its attention is fundamental to the dynamics.
6. The relationship between the two rates of change – the growing rate of
claims and burdens on the central governments should be met by
sufficiently growing level of capabilities of the amalgamated political
community.
30. European Presentation
Factors of integration
7. Values and expectations
• Compatibility of values held by politically relevant strata, incorporated
in political institutions and habits of political behavior.
• Transfer of loyalties from the old to the new institutions occurs under
condition that a great number of political and social habits are in a state
of change.
• Expectations of joint rewards through stronger economic ties or other gains
envisaged for the future.
8. Capabilities and Communication process
• Economic growth
• Links of social communication between the political units and politically
relevant strata within them
• Broadening of the political, social and economic elite
31. European Presentation
Factors of Integration
9. Mobility of persons
10. Multiplicity and balance of transactions
• Wide range of different common functions and services
• Balance in the flow of communication and transactions
between the political units in terms of rewards, initiatives,
services and opportunities.
11. Mutual predictability of behavior
• Common culture
• Dependable interchanging
• Compatible behavior
32. European Presentation
Conditions conducive to disintegration
Conditions which increase the burdens on the
amalgamated governments
• Excessive burdens as the result of military commitments
• Increase in political participation on the part of population
• Increase in ethnic or linguistic differentiation or rise of
awareness of existing political differentiation
33. European Presentation
Conditions conducive to disintegration
Conditions which reduce the capacity of the amalgamated
governments to cope with the burdens put on them
• Prolonged economic decline or stagnation
• Relative closure of political elite and the rise of frustration
of the counter elites
• Excessive delay in social, economic, political reform
34. European Presentation
Critique of transactionalist approach
• Problems of measurement and operationalization
• Lack of clarity on mechanisms through which the
key processes operate
• Lack of evidence to support the assumption that
increased communication would necessarily lead
to cognitive change
36. European Presentation
The key concepts of Ernst B.Haas’
analysis: Political community
“Political community is a condition in which specific groups
and individuals show more loyalty to their central political
institutions than to any other political authority, in a specific
period of time and in a definable geographic space.
More important: sufficient body of general consensus imposes
limitations upon the violence of group conflict. These
limitations are the basic agreement on the means for setting
differences, even if consensus as to the ends of political action
can be achieved only at such high level of abstraction as to be
irrelevant to the analysis of political conduct.”
37. European Presentation
The key concepts of Ernst B.Haas’
analysis: Political integration
“Political integration is the process whereby political actors in
several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their
loyalties, expectations and political activities towards a new
center, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over
the pre-existing national states.
The end result of political integration is a political community,
superimposed over the pre-existing ones.”
38. European Presentation
The key concepts of Ernst B.Haas’ analysis:
Group conflict
Group conflict is inherent to the process
Competing activities of permanently organized interest groups and
political parties are carriers of values and ideologies whose
opposition, identity or convergence determine the success or
failure of a transnational ideology.
Central political institutions
Central political institutions capable of translating ideologies into law
and a collective national consciousness are the cornerstones of
the political community concept
39. European Presentation
The key concepts of Ernst B.Haas’ analysis
Central – Federal - Supranational
Supranationality means the existence of
government authorities closer to the archetype of
federation than any past international organization,
but not yet identical with it.
40. European Presentation
Conceptualization of political integration
relies on the perceptions of interests by the political
actors participating in the process
• National governments
• Political elites (national and supranational parties, interest
groups, industrialists)
• Supranational institutions
41. European Presentation
Indicators of established community sentiment
(based on political behavior analysis / process focused)
• Interest groups and political parties endorse supranational action in
preference to the action of the national government
• Interest groups and political parties organize on the transnational level to
function effectively vis-à-vis the national governments or central authorities
• Interest groups and political parties cooperate on the basis of common
ideology beyond the national level
• Interest groups and political parties succeed in evolving a doctrine common
to all, a “new nationalism”
• Interest groups, political parties and governments accept the rule of law of the
supranational court decisions, when opposing the decision they channel their
objection through the legal avenues provided
• Governments negotiate with one another in good faith, and give way in
negotiations finding themselves in the minority refraining from the veto
right.
42. European Presentation
Indicators of development towards the political
community
• The starting positions of the key interest groups, political parties
and governments towards intention to integrate or to a treaty
formalizing the action:
Agreement? Identity of aspirations? Convergence of interests?
Opposition? Identity of aspirations? Convergence of interests?
• Shifts of positions after the advent of the central institutions.
Positive or negative?
Are the new patterns attributed to national or supranational
influence?
Assessing the political community development:
in terms of community sentiment indicators and relating the findings
back to the earlier positions.
43. European Presentation
The nature of the ECSC
• “Sui generis not only in the legal and institutional sense but also in the
form of the relationships it sets up among civil servants and ministers,
trade unionists and cartel executives, coal consumers and administrative
lawyers.
• 1957 “Even though supranationality in practice has developed into a
hybrid in which neither the federal nor the intergovernemental
tendency has clearly triumphed, these relations have sufficed to
create expectations and shape attitudes which will undoubtedly
work themselves out in the direction of more integration. As
compared with conventional international organizations the
supranational variety clearly facilitates the restructuring of expectations
and attitudes far more readily”.
• Thus, the early years of the central institutions development proved
their role and capacity to act as a “precipitating unity”.
44. European Presentation
The key general findings of the analysis (1958)
1. The initiation of the integration process does not require
absolute majority support, nor need it rest on identical aims on
the part of the key participants.
2. Acceptance of a federal scheme is facilitated if the participating
state units are already fragmented ideologically and socially.
3. Acceptance of the integration scheme is facilitated if the
participating groups, political, industrial, labor, have a tradition
of consultations and shared values.
4. Integration process is facilitated by existence of an external
threat, real or imagined.
45. European Presentation
The key general findings of the analysis (1958)
5. The central institution once established will affect political
integration process if it acquires the capacity to raise positive
expectations.
6. Group pressure will spill over into the federal sphere and add
to the integrative impulse.
7. National governments may attempt to sidestep, or sabotage the
decisions of the federal authority, however, in the long run they
tend to defer to federal decisions.
46. European Presentation
The key general findings of the analysis (1958)
8. The major interest groups determine their support or opposition
to the central institutions policies on the basis of a calculated
advantage.
9. The process of community formation will succeed if the crucial
expectations, ideologies and behavior patterns of the key interest
groups can be refocused on a new set of central symbols and
institutions.
10. The “spill over” is not automatic and requires a measure of
political activism.
47. European Presentation
These factors can serve as propositions
concerning the political communities formation
provided:
• The economies are industrialized and deeply involved in
international trade and finance.
• The societies are politically mobilized and tend to express their
aspirations through interest groups and political parties.
• The societies’ elites are identifiable and competing for
influence.
• The relations among these elites are governed by traditions of
democracy and constitutionalism.
49. European Presentation
The Haas-Schmitter model for investigation of
conditions for “automatic politicization” prospects
Background conditions Conditions at the time of
economic union
Process conditions
Size of unit Possible government
purposes
Decision making style
Rate of transactions Rate of growth of
transactions
Pluralism Powers and functions of
new region-level
institutions
Adaptability of
governmental/private
actorsElite complementarity
Haas, E.B. and Schmitter, P.C. (1964) “Economics and Differential patterns of Political
Integration: Projections About unity in Latin America”, International organizations 18 (4).
51. European Presentation
I. Development of central institutions.
Precipitating unity
• The scope of competences and roles, tasks of the central
institutions enabling them to activate socioeconomic processes.
• Affecting policy making through generation of consensus and
new patterns of interaction impacting the overall system.
• Activation of elites: actors create political pressures for deeper
integration as they become involved in the process.
52. European Presentation
II. The inherently expansive nature of the central
institutions’ tasks - the “spill over” principle
“Spill over” - functional linkage pressures for related
sectors integration - a situation in which the initial task
and grant of power to the central institutions can only be
dealt with by further expanding the task and the grant of
power.
These tasks need to
• be economically significant,
• connect to felt needs and expectations,
• belong to the areas of functional low politics which have a day-to-day
impact on people’s lives
53. European Presentation
Types of “spill over”
• Sector “spill over “ – ECSC – Euratom - EEC
• Sphere “spill over” - EPC
• Geographic “spill over” – enlargements
54. European Presentation
III. Continuity of national policy aims
• Commitment of the member states
• The decision making patterns in which conflict of interest
between states is resolved, which define the nature of
positive convergence and the mode of interests
accommodation:
The minimum common denominator
Splitting the difference
Upgrading common interests
55. European Presentation
Critique of neofunctionalism
• The integration process is not an automatic, linear and/or
inevitable phenomenon.
• Underestimation of the importance of nationalism.
• Reliance on a highly rational and utilitarian notion of how agents
operate and perceive and hence overestimation of the loyalty
transfer factor.
• Overestimation of the political actors pragmatism and
technocratic method as the integration process foundation.
56. European Presentation
Critique of neofunctionalism
Background conditions though important factors for political
integration should be subdivided into structural and perceptual
categories:
Perception of the equity of distributions of the
benefits;
Perceptions of external situations and strategies to
deal with those chosen by the states;
Perception of the costs of integration.
• Nye J.S. (1971) “Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in International Organization” (Boston,
MA: Little, Brown and Co).
• Nye J.S. (1971) “Comparing Common Markets: A Revised Neo Functionalist Model” in L.N.
Lindberg and S.A. Scheingold (eds), (1971) Regional Integration: Theory and Research
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press).
58. Schmitter’s adaptation of the “spill over” concept
Alternative actor integration strategies
spillover Increase in scope and level of the actors’ commitment
spill- around Increase in scope with the level of authority constant
buildup Increase in decisional autonomy and capacity of the central
institutions without expansion into new areas
retrench Increase of the level of joint deliberations withdrawing the
institutions
muddle about Decrease of the actual capacity of regional bureaucracies to
allocate values allowing them debate on a variety of issues
spill-back Retreat on level and scope of authority returning to status quo
prior to integration
encapsulate Respond to crisis by marginal modifications
Schmitter Ph. (1971) “ A Revised Theory of European Integration” in L.N. Lindberg and S.A. Scheingold (eds),
Regional Integration: Theory and Research (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press)
European Presentation
59. European Presentation
What are the lessons from the first decade of
European integration process?
• Key impulses, prerequisites, success factors, actors,
methods.
• Give a neofunctionalist and a federalist analysis.