1. The document discusses political development theory including Parson's "pattern variables" and elements of democratization like the rule of law, civil society, and protection of minority rights. 2. It also discusses factors that enable or hinder democracy, such as per capita income, experience with pluralism, and commitment to reform. Freedom House surveys measure political rights and civil liberties. 3. Problems that can hinder development are discussed, as well as alternative approaches like viewing it as an interactive process between government and civil society focused on power dispersion and responsiveness.

1. Political Development Dr. Christopher S. Rice

2. Political Development + Modernization Theory

3. Parson’s “Pattern Variables” Affective vs. affective-neutral relationship Particularistic vs. Universal relationship Collective orientation vs. self-orientation Ascription vs. Achievement Functionally diffused vs. functionally specific relationships

4. Democratization The progressive extension of the citizenship principle to encompass a wider range of eligible participants and a wider scope of domains in which collective choice among equals or their representatives can make binding decisions on all.

5. Elements of Democratization Institutionalization of the Rule of Law. Creation of a Vibrant Civil Society. Institutionalization of procedures which protect minority rights. Fostering a sense of moderation and tolerance among competing political forces. Development of an economically and politically independent broadcast media. Effective citizen control over police and military.

6. Retrenchment, “Illiberal Democracy” & Corporatism

7. Necessary Ingredients for (Liberal) Democracy Per Capita income in the “middle range” Experience with “pluralism” – multiparty politics and other democratic practices. Belonging to a region which looks to the Western industrialized countries for social and political models or seeks integration with the West. When regimes are genuinely committed to reform, democracy-related assistance” also tends to help the process.

8. Freedom House Surveys

9. Political Rights free to form parties which represent a range of voter choice, leaders may be allowed to compete for, and be elected to, positions of power in government.

10. Civil Liberties protection of religious, ethnic, linguistic, economic rights, as well as gender and family rights, personal freedoms, freedom of press, belief and association.

11. PROBLEMS

12. The “Syncratic Alliance” (A.F.K. Organski-1965)

13. How to weaken the Syncratic Alliance: Civil wars & ethnic conflict Marxist revolutions Exceptional Leaders Democratization

14. Alternative approaches to Political Development

15. Political Development An interactive, public decision-making and learning process, within and between government and civil society, based on power creation and dispersion. This process leads to increasing individual and group autonomy from below and more responsiveness from above.

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17. #1: A definition of political development should not equate the process with the goal.

18. #2: A definition of political development should be based on an expanded understanding of political systems that encompasses civil society.

19. #3: The concept of political development should be based on an open acknowledgement of the value of institutional autonomy and its relationship to democratic values, broadly defined.

20. #4: A definition of political development should be based on both the centrality of power and the interaction of the state and civil society.

21. #5: An understanding of political development needs to describe the content and not just the structure of the interaction between state and society. Need to create a dialog around problem-solving.

22. Civil Society and the NGO Movement

24. GROs and GRO Networks

25. GRSOs and GRSO Networks

26. NGOs and Civil Society

27. Government Responses to Growth of NGOs Repression/Harassment Ignoring NGOs Co-optation The Golden Goose Approach – Taking Advantage State & NGO cooperation in an Autonomous Partnership

28. Three Strategies of NGOs Toward Government NGO can completely isolate themselves from the state Engage the state in confrontational or non-confrontational advocacy Cooperate with the state on parallel or collaborative projects

29. Three Strategies of NGOs Toward Government NGO can completely isolate themselves from the state Engage the state in confrontational or non-confrontational advocacy Cooperate with the state on parallel or collaborative projects

30. Common Advocacy Methods Friendly Persuasion Acupuncture Legal Efforts Lobbying Electoral Politics Advocacy Networks Mass Advocacy

31. Three Strategies of NGOs Toward Government NGO can completely isolate themselves from the state Engage the state in confrontational or non-confrontational advocacy Cooperate with the state on parallel or collaborative projects

32. Models of Cooperation Field Cooperation Parallel Cooperation