The document provides information on behavioral observations and clinical syndromes related to neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses:
1) Four primary areas of clinical concern when taking a patient's history including presence of behavioral changes indicating organic dysfunction and possibility of a functional psychiatric disorder.
2) Examples of conditions with overlapping organic and psychiatric features like tumors presenting as depression.
3) Important points to assess in a patient's history including premorbid functioning and medical comorbidities.
4) Behavioral observations including appearance, mood, and tests to assess frontal lobe functioning.
Higher cognitive functions rely on intact cerebral cortex but are not as localized as other functions. Impairments can be seen due to damage in various brain regions but are prominent in widespread bilateral disease. Focal lesions in the dominant parietal lobe can produce deficits in verbal and abstract thinking as well as calculations. Frontal lobe lesions impair social awareness and judgment. Assessment of higher cognitive functions provides information about social and vocational prognosis and the effects of neurological disease.
1. Constructional ability refers to the capacity to draw or construct 2D and 3D figures and involves the integration of visual, sensory, and motor functions across different brain regions.
2. Tests of constructional ability can help detect subtle brain damage as even small early lesions frequently disrupt performance on tasks like copying simple line drawings.
3. Despite their clinical usefulness, constructional tasks are often omitted from mental status exams but can yield valuable information, especially in detecting dementia.
Intellectual and Neuropsychological AssessmentMingMing Davis
Charles Spearman proposed the concept of general intelligence or the "G factor" after analyzing mental aptitude tests using factor analysis. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured numerically. Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence. Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence consisting of analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Contemporary theories of intelligence include the CHC theory, PASS model, theory of multiple intelligences, theory of successful intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Intelligence tests like the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale are used to measure intelligence through subtests that evaluate verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual
1. Clinical neuropsychological testing involves assessing intelligence, personality, and neurocognitive abilities through objective and projective tests.
2. Common intelligence tests include the WAIS, which measures verbal and performance skills, and intelligence is quantified as an IQ score.
3. Personality is often assessed through self-report measures like the MMPI or projective tests like the Rorschach inkblots and TAT cards which analyze responses.
4. Neuropsychological tests evaluate specific cognitive domains like memory, attention, language, and visual-spatial skills which can localize brain dysfunction when impaired. Test results must be interpreted carefully and discussed therapeutically with the patient.
Dr. Harneet presented on neuropsychological assessment in severe mental illness. Neuropsychological assessment comprehensively evaluates cognitive, psychological, emotional, and behavioral functioning through detailed interviews and standardized testing to identify strengths and weaknesses. It can aid in diagnosis, distinguish psychiatric and neurological symptoms, inform treatment planning, and assess rehabilitation potential. Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia and include impairments in attention, memory, intelligence, and executive functions. Neuropsychological assessment is important for understanding the cognitive impact of severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia.
The document provides a history of personality, psychopathology, and projective tests from 1890 to the present. It discusses early mental tests developed in the late 19th/early 20th century and the emergence of projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test in the 1920s-1940s. It also summarizes common criticisms of projective tests regarding their lack of standardized administration and difficulties with validation and reliability.
The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery are comprehensive test batteries used to evaluate cognitive abilities and detect brain impairment. The Halstead-Reitan Battery contains 10 tests assessing various functions including category learning, tactile skills, rhythm, motor speed and more. The Luria-Nebraska Battery contains 269 test items across 11 clinical scales and is based on Luria's neuropsychological methods. Both batteries provide profiles of impaired areas to help locate brain lesions and measure recovery.
Clinical neuropsychology examines the relationship between brain functioning and behavior in domains like cognition, motor skills, senses, and emotions. Neuropsychological assessment purposes include identifying brain lesions, diagnosing conditions, determining strengths and weaknesses, making rehabilitation recommendations, and predicting prognosis. Assessments evaluate domains such as attention, memory, language, processing speed, and more using standardized tests. Performance in these domains can indicate damage to left or right brain hemispheres. Neuropsychological assessment batteries systematically evaluate cognitive functioning.
Higher cognitive functions rely on intact cerebral cortex but are not as localized as other functions. Impairments can be seen due to damage in various brain regions but are prominent in widespread bilateral disease. Focal lesions in the dominant parietal lobe can produce deficits in verbal and abstract thinking as well as calculations. Frontal lobe lesions impair social awareness and judgment. Assessment of higher cognitive functions provides information about social and vocational prognosis and the effects of neurological disease.
1. Constructional ability refers to the capacity to draw or construct 2D and 3D figures and involves the integration of visual, sensory, and motor functions across different brain regions.
2. Tests of constructional ability can help detect subtle brain damage as even small early lesions frequently disrupt performance on tasks like copying simple line drawings.
3. Despite their clinical usefulness, constructional tasks are often omitted from mental status exams but can yield valuable information, especially in detecting dementia.
Intellectual and Neuropsychological AssessmentMingMing Davis
Charles Spearman proposed the concept of general intelligence or the "G factor" after analyzing mental aptitude tests using factor analysis. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured numerically. Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence. Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence consisting of analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Contemporary theories of intelligence include the CHC theory, PASS model, theory of multiple intelligences, theory of successful intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Intelligence tests like the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale are used to measure intelligence through subtests that evaluate verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual
1. Clinical neuropsychological testing involves assessing intelligence, personality, and neurocognitive abilities through objective and projective tests.
2. Common intelligence tests include the WAIS, which measures verbal and performance skills, and intelligence is quantified as an IQ score.
3. Personality is often assessed through self-report measures like the MMPI or projective tests like the Rorschach inkblots and TAT cards which analyze responses.
4. Neuropsychological tests evaluate specific cognitive domains like memory, attention, language, and visual-spatial skills which can localize brain dysfunction when impaired. Test results must be interpreted carefully and discussed therapeutically with the patient.
Dr. Harneet presented on neuropsychological assessment in severe mental illness. Neuropsychological assessment comprehensively evaluates cognitive, psychological, emotional, and behavioral functioning through detailed interviews and standardized testing to identify strengths and weaknesses. It can aid in diagnosis, distinguish psychiatric and neurological symptoms, inform treatment planning, and assess rehabilitation potential. Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia and include impairments in attention, memory, intelligence, and executive functions. Neuropsychological assessment is important for understanding the cognitive impact of severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia.
The document provides a history of personality, psychopathology, and projective tests from 1890 to the present. It discusses early mental tests developed in the late 19th/early 20th century and the emergence of projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test in the 1920s-1940s. It also summarizes common criticisms of projective tests regarding their lack of standardized administration and difficulties with validation and reliability.
The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery are comprehensive test batteries used to evaluate cognitive abilities and detect brain impairment. The Halstead-Reitan Battery contains 10 tests assessing various functions including category learning, tactile skills, rhythm, motor speed and more. The Luria-Nebraska Battery contains 269 test items across 11 clinical scales and is based on Luria's neuropsychological methods. Both batteries provide profiles of impaired areas to help locate brain lesions and measure recovery.
Clinical neuropsychology examines the relationship between brain functioning and behavior in domains like cognition, motor skills, senses, and emotions. Neuropsychological assessment purposes include identifying brain lesions, diagnosing conditions, determining strengths and weaknesses, making rehabilitation recommendations, and predicting prognosis. Assessments evaluate domains such as attention, memory, language, processing speed, and more using standardized tests. Performance in these domains can indicate damage to left or right brain hemispheres. Neuropsychological assessment batteries systematically evaluate cognitive functioning.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It notes that the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions like planning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is linked to these executive abilities, while the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in social cognition, emotion, and inhibitory control. Damage to different parts of the frontal lobe can result in distinct syndromes - dorsolateral damage causes a dysexecutive syndrome with impaired problem-solving, while orbitofrontal damage leads to disinhibition and inappropriate behaviors. The medial frontal lobe is associated with motivation and apathy when damaged. Frontal lobe functions are complex and not fully captured by current assessment methods.
Examination of mental functions by Dr. Pandian M.Pandian M
The document discusses examination of higher cerebral functions including:
- Performing standardized tests like the Mini-Mental State Examination to assess cognition, attention, memory, and mood.
- Using bedside tests to evaluate attention, memory, language, reasoning, affect, and hemispheric dominance.
- Attention should be assessed systematically starting from level of consciousness to directed attention and cognition.
- Thorough history taking and observation of patient behavior during examination provides important information.
Cognitive changes have been a defining feature of Sz since onset. A lot of research has been done in understanding these changes and its implication in developing novel methods of treatments. This ppt summarises the cognitive changes occurring in the brain.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s. It consists of a series of picture cards presented to examinees who are asked to tell stories about each picture. Examinees' stories are analyzed to understand their inner thoughts, feelings, and personality traits. The TAT was developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan and consists of 20 picture cards depicting ambiguous scenes. Examinees' stories are interpreted to gain insight into their inner conflicts, motivations, attitudes, and views of relationships and the world. The TAT is still commonly used by psychologists and therapists today to better understand patients on an individual level.
Unit 08 intelligence in educational psychologyDARSGHAH
This document discusses theories of intelligence and intelligence testing. It describes Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence comprising a general factor (G) and specific factors (S). It also summarizes Thurstone's group factor theory identifying seven primary mental abilities. The document outlines characteristics of intelligence tests and their uses, including selection, classification, guidance, and improving learning.
This document discusses various theories and aspects of intelligence. It first outlines properties of intelligence such as problem-solving abilities and learning from experience. It then discusses early intelligence testing developed by Alfred Binet. The document also summarizes theories of multiple intelligences including Sternberg's triarchic theory of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence as well as Gardner's identification of eight specific types of intelligence. Finally, it examines extremes of intelligence including intellectual disability, giftedness, and creativity.
Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and House-Tree-Person (HTP) test use ambiguous stimuli like inkblots or pictures to reveal hidden emotions and unconscious conflicts by analyzing subjects' responses. The Rorschach and HTP involve drawing interpretations while the TAT and other tests involve telling stories about pictures. These tests are used to assess personality traits, intelligence, and psychological disorders but require administration by trained professionals and subjective interpretation carries some risk of bias.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
The document provides information on neuropsychological tests, including:
- Psychological tests must be reliable, valid, and have norms to be considered tests.
- Tests are used to assess intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality traits, and more.
- Objective tests use standardized questions while projective tests allow subjective responses.
- Tests can be individual, group-based, or use batteries of assessments.
- Examples of tests described include the Bender Gestalt Test for perception, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for executive functions, and others.
Mental state examination abstract thinking, insight and judgmentDr. Sunil Suthar
The document discusses abstract thinking and how it involves dealing with concepts voluntarily in various complex ways. It provides methods to test abstract thinking, such as proverb tests and assessing similarities between objects. The stages of cognitive development are outlined, with the stage of formal operations characterized by abstract thinking. The document also discusses intelligence, judgment, and insight, and how they relate to abstract thinking and are assessed.
This document provides information on conducting a mental status exam (MSE). The MSE is used to assess a patient's mental state and includes objective observations by the clinician as well as subjective reports from the patient. It evaluates various components of a patient's physical, emotional, and cognitive functioning, including appearance, behavior, mood, thought processes, cognition, insight, and judgment. Properly administered, the MSE provides a snapshot of a patient's mental health at a given time and can help monitor changes over the course of treatment.
This document defines and outlines the components of a mental status examination (MSE), which is used by psychiatrists and other mental health professionals to evaluate a patient's mental wellbeing. The MSE systematically evaluates elements such as appearance, attitude, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought processes, thought content, insight, and risk of harm. It provides a standardized way to describe a patient's mental state at the time of evaluation to inform diagnosis and treatment planning.
Cognition in schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in multiple domains that are present early in the illness and persist over time. These include impairments in attention/vigilance, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, speed of processing, verbal fluency, immediate/working memory, and social cognition. Deficits in these areas of cognition are associated with functional disability and poor outcomes.
This document discusses various techniques used to assess personality, including subjective methods, objective methods, and projective techniques. It provides details on 5 categories of techniques: observation, self-report, reports from others, reactions to imaginative situations, and physiological responses. Important individual techniques discussed include interviews, questionnaires, personality inventories, rating scales, Rorschach tests, TAT tests, CAT tests, word association tests, and sentence completion tests. Scoring, administration, and interpretation are described for several of the objective and projective techniques.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
PSY 352 Week 1 Assignment Attention and Perception
Attention and Perception. Due by Day 7. Prior to completing this assignment, please read Chapter 3 carefully.
This document provides an overview of the components and process of conducting a mental status examination (MSE). It defines an MSE as a standardized format for clinicians to record a patient's signs and symptoms during an interview. The key components of an MSE that are assessed include appearance, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, and insight. Each component is evaluated based on specific criteria like quality, intensity, and congruence. The document also provides definitions for various clinical terms relevant to findings on MSE and conditions that may present with abnormal findings.
This document discusses cognition and cognitive syndromes. It covers several topics:
1. Definitions of cognition and cognitive domains like executive function, memory, and social cognition.
2. Cognitive syndromes like dysexecutive syndrome resulting from frontal lobe lesions.
3. Assessment of different cognitive domains using tests like verbal fluency tasks, trail making, and memory tests that evaluate working memory, recall vs recognition.
The psychological approaches and examples are outlined and evaluated. The treatments and therapies for each approach are given and also evaluated. Based on the Third Edition for Psychology AS 'The Complete Companion Student Book' by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan for AQA 'A'
Dementia is a syndrome that leads to deterioration in cognitive abilities beyond normal aging, affecting memory, thinking, orientation, and judgment. It has many causes, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common, accounting for 60-70% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and mixed dementia. Assessment involves taking a history, physical and neurological exams, lab tests, neuroimaging, and functional and cognitive assessments like the MMSE. Physiotherapy aims to improve function and quality of life through exercises and activities.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It notes that the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions like planning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is linked to these executive abilities, while the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in social cognition, emotion, and inhibitory control. Damage to different parts of the frontal lobe can result in distinct syndromes - dorsolateral damage causes a dysexecutive syndrome with impaired problem-solving, while orbitofrontal damage leads to disinhibition and inappropriate behaviors. The medial frontal lobe is associated with motivation and apathy when damaged. Frontal lobe functions are complex and not fully captured by current assessment methods.
Examination of mental functions by Dr. Pandian M.Pandian M
The document discusses examination of higher cerebral functions including:
- Performing standardized tests like the Mini-Mental State Examination to assess cognition, attention, memory, and mood.
- Using bedside tests to evaluate attention, memory, language, reasoning, affect, and hemispheric dominance.
- Attention should be assessed systematically starting from level of consciousness to directed attention and cognition.
- Thorough history taking and observation of patient behavior during examination provides important information.
Cognitive changes have been a defining feature of Sz since onset. A lot of research has been done in understanding these changes and its implication in developing novel methods of treatments. This ppt summarises the cognitive changes occurring in the brain.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s. It consists of a series of picture cards presented to examinees who are asked to tell stories about each picture. Examinees' stories are analyzed to understand their inner thoughts, feelings, and personality traits. The TAT was developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan and consists of 20 picture cards depicting ambiguous scenes. Examinees' stories are interpreted to gain insight into their inner conflicts, motivations, attitudes, and views of relationships and the world. The TAT is still commonly used by psychologists and therapists today to better understand patients on an individual level.
Unit 08 intelligence in educational psychologyDARSGHAH
This document discusses theories of intelligence and intelligence testing. It describes Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence comprising a general factor (G) and specific factors (S). It also summarizes Thurstone's group factor theory identifying seven primary mental abilities. The document outlines characteristics of intelligence tests and their uses, including selection, classification, guidance, and improving learning.
This document discusses various theories and aspects of intelligence. It first outlines properties of intelligence such as problem-solving abilities and learning from experience. It then discusses early intelligence testing developed by Alfred Binet. The document also summarizes theories of multiple intelligences including Sternberg's triarchic theory of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence as well as Gardner's identification of eight specific types of intelligence. Finally, it examines extremes of intelligence including intellectual disability, giftedness, and creativity.
Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and House-Tree-Person (HTP) test use ambiguous stimuli like inkblots or pictures to reveal hidden emotions and unconscious conflicts by analyzing subjects' responses. The Rorschach and HTP involve drawing interpretations while the TAT and other tests involve telling stories about pictures. These tests are used to assess personality traits, intelligence, and psychological disorders but require administration by trained professionals and subjective interpretation carries some risk of bias.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
The document provides information on neuropsychological tests, including:
- Psychological tests must be reliable, valid, and have norms to be considered tests.
- Tests are used to assess intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality traits, and more.
- Objective tests use standardized questions while projective tests allow subjective responses.
- Tests can be individual, group-based, or use batteries of assessments.
- Examples of tests described include the Bender Gestalt Test for perception, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for executive functions, and others.
Mental state examination abstract thinking, insight and judgmentDr. Sunil Suthar
The document discusses abstract thinking and how it involves dealing with concepts voluntarily in various complex ways. It provides methods to test abstract thinking, such as proverb tests and assessing similarities between objects. The stages of cognitive development are outlined, with the stage of formal operations characterized by abstract thinking. The document also discusses intelligence, judgment, and insight, and how they relate to abstract thinking and are assessed.
This document provides information on conducting a mental status exam (MSE). The MSE is used to assess a patient's mental state and includes objective observations by the clinician as well as subjective reports from the patient. It evaluates various components of a patient's physical, emotional, and cognitive functioning, including appearance, behavior, mood, thought processes, cognition, insight, and judgment. Properly administered, the MSE provides a snapshot of a patient's mental health at a given time and can help monitor changes over the course of treatment.
This document defines and outlines the components of a mental status examination (MSE), which is used by psychiatrists and other mental health professionals to evaluate a patient's mental wellbeing. The MSE systematically evaluates elements such as appearance, attitude, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought processes, thought content, insight, and risk of harm. It provides a standardized way to describe a patient's mental state at the time of evaluation to inform diagnosis and treatment planning.
Cognition in schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in multiple domains that are present early in the illness and persist over time. These include impairments in attention/vigilance, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, speed of processing, verbal fluency, immediate/working memory, and social cognition. Deficits in these areas of cognition are associated with functional disability and poor outcomes.
This document discusses various techniques used to assess personality, including subjective methods, objective methods, and projective techniques. It provides details on 5 categories of techniques: observation, self-report, reports from others, reactions to imaginative situations, and physiological responses. Important individual techniques discussed include interviews, questionnaires, personality inventories, rating scales, Rorschach tests, TAT tests, CAT tests, word association tests, and sentence completion tests. Scoring, administration, and interpretation are described for several of the objective and projective techniques.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
PSY 352 Week 1 Assignment Attention and Perception
Attention and Perception. Due by Day 7. Prior to completing this assignment, please read Chapter 3 carefully.
This document provides an overview of the components and process of conducting a mental status examination (MSE). It defines an MSE as a standardized format for clinicians to record a patient's signs and symptoms during an interview. The key components of an MSE that are assessed include appearance, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, and insight. Each component is evaluated based on specific criteria like quality, intensity, and congruence. The document also provides definitions for various clinical terms relevant to findings on MSE and conditions that may present with abnormal findings.
This document discusses cognition and cognitive syndromes. It covers several topics:
1. Definitions of cognition and cognitive domains like executive function, memory, and social cognition.
2. Cognitive syndromes like dysexecutive syndrome resulting from frontal lobe lesions.
3. Assessment of different cognitive domains using tests like verbal fluency tasks, trail making, and memory tests that evaluate working memory, recall vs recognition.
The psychological approaches and examples are outlined and evaluated. The treatments and therapies for each approach are given and also evaluated. Based on the Third Edition for Psychology AS 'The Complete Companion Student Book' by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan for AQA 'A'
Dementia is a syndrome that leads to deterioration in cognitive abilities beyond normal aging, affecting memory, thinking, orientation, and judgment. It has many causes, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common, accounting for 60-70% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and mixed dementia. Assessment involves taking a history, physical and neurological exams, lab tests, neuroimaging, and functional and cognitive assessments like the MMSE. Physiotherapy aims to improve function and quality of life through exercises and activities.
1. Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is diagnosed based on symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations that have persisted for at least one month.
2. The causes are unknown but involve both genetic and environmental factors. It often has a devastating social and emotional impact on patients.
3. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications. First generation medications include chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Second generation options include risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). It defines psychological disorders and discusses the DSM-IV-TR's role in diagnosis. It then summarizes several disorder categories and examples, prevalence of disorders, theories of anxiety, mood, eating, personality, dissociative, and schizophrenia disorders, and their potential causes.
This document discusses various psychological disorders that may impact maxillofacial patients, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and others. It then examines the psychological effects of acquired, congenital, and developmental maxillofacial defects, including loss, grief, depression, and reduced self-esteem. The document recommends that healthcare providers consider a patient's psychological state and refer them to appropriate support services or mental health treatment if needed.
Disorganized schizophrenia is a severe subtype of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent and illogical thoughts and behaviors that prevent daily functioning. Signs include disorganized thinking and speech, inappropriate behavior, lack of emotion, and delusions or hallucinations. It is diagnosed using criteria from the DSM including evidence of disorganized speech, behavior, blunted emotions, and emotions inappropriate for situations. The causes are likely genetic and environmental factors combined with imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
This document discusses neurocognitive disorders including delirium, major neurocognitive disorders such as dementia and amnestic syndrome, mild neurocognitive disorder, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. It provides details on the diagnostic criteria, clinical features, epidemiology, treatment, and prognosis of these conditions. Case studies are also presented to illustrate delirium and complex partial seizures.
Homeopathic Doctor - Dr. Anita Salunke homeopathic clinic for DimentiaShewta shetty
Homeopathic Doctor Anita Salunke practices in Chembur, Mumbai, India in her homeopathic clinic Mindheal. Find more information about homeopathic treatment at Mindheal. Welcome to safe, sure and effective homeopathic treatment Dimentia
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that causes psychosis, including hallucinations and delusions. It typically develops in late teens to early 30s in men and late 20s to 30s in women. There is no definitive medical test, so diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms. Symptoms include positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms like lack of emotion and interest, and cognitive symptoms like memory and concentration problems. There are different types of schizophrenia including paranoid, disorganized, and residual.
This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Types include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and schizoaffective. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy with the goal of controlling symptoms.
Seminar on approach to schizophrenia.pptxfiraolgebisa
This document summarizes a seminar on the approach to schizophrenia. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, including introduction, definition, clinical diagnosis, and management principles. It then provides details on the introduction, definition, clinical manifestations, outcome, etiology, diagnosis, and management of schizophrenia. Key points include that schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling mental illness characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms, cognitive impairment, and mood symptoms. Treatment involves acute stabilization with antipsychotic medication followed by long-term management to prevent relapse.
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a mental status examination (MSE). An MSE systematically evaluates a patient's appearance, behavior, mood, thought processes, cognition and insight. It covers domains like speech, thought content, perception, orientation, attention/concentration, memory, intelligence and judgment. The MSE gives clinicians a snapshot of a patient's current mental well-being and helps with diagnostic formulation and treatment planning. A thorough MSE is an important psychiatric evaluation tool.
This document summarizes common childhood psychiatric disorders presented by doctors in Bangladesh. It discusses:
1. The increasing prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children worldwide and in Bangladesh based on epidemiological studies.
2. Common disorders seen in Bangladeshi children including anxiety disorders, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, somatic symptom disorder, and elimination disorders.
3. The causes of rising psychiatric disorders in children such as modern life stresses, technology overuse, and family changes. Treatment approaches including behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy are mentioned.
This document discusses mental health issues in people with intellectual disabilities. It covers several common psychiatric conditions seen in this population including schizophrenia, depression, mania, and dementia. Key points include:
- People with intellectual disabilities are at high risk for mental illness, though symptoms can be overlooked.
- Schizophrenia symptoms like hallucinations and delusions may present differently than in the general population.
- Depression and mania can also affect people with intellectual disabilities but may be expressed differently.
- Dementia is also more common in some populations like those with Down syndrome.
- Caregivers play an important role in monitoring for changes that could indicate mental illness.
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, focusing on delirium and dementia. It defines delirium as an acute, transient disturbance in attention, cognition and consciousness that is usually reversible. Dementia is described as a chronic or persistent decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. The document outlines the prevalence, causes, signs/symptoms and diagnostic criteria for delirium. It also discusses the types and characteristics of dementia. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches are summarized for delirium, including addressing underlying causes and maintaining behavioral control.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that causes difficulties distinguishing reality from fantasy, impaired thinking, emotional expression, social behavior, and normal functioning. It typically develops in late teens to early adulthood. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms like lack of emotion, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. There is no medical test for diagnosis, which is based on psychiatric evaluation and presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration.
Neurological system examination 22-1.pptxHarmonyOyiko
This document provides information on assessing the neuro-musculoskeletal system. It discusses examining various components including mental status, cranial nerves, motor functions, sensory systems, peripheral nerves, and reflexes. Specific aspects of mental status assessment are outlined, including appearance, consciousness, attention, memory, orientation, speech, emotional status, and behavior. Different types of abnormal beliefs like delusions and hallucinations are also described.
Psychological Diseases and conditions WPS Office.pptxnandithapradeep92
Psychological disorders are classified into 11 categories including anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Anxiety disorders are the most common and include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias. Depressive disorders involve depressed mood and loss of interest, with major depressive disorder being defined by a collection of symptoms. Neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and specific learning disorders manifest early in life and involve difficulties with social skills, attention, and academic performance.
Similar to Chapter 2 History and behavioural observations (20)
To remember components of Beck's suicide intent scale. helps in identifying high intent suicide from parasuicides and self harm behaviours and impulsives acts.
This scale helps assessment of suicide survivor by psychiatrist in emergency room. Triaging self harm behaviour patients.
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale CIWA- ArDr Amala Musti
The document describes the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-AR), which is used to assess alcohol withdrawal. It has 10 items that assess symptoms across 4 systems of the brain: cognitive, perceptual, motor, and autonomic. The items cover orientation, agitation, tactile disturbances, auditory disturbances, visual disturbances, tremors, headaches, sweating, anxiety, and nausea/vomiting. A score of less than 10 on the scale means tapering medication is not needed for alcohol withdrawal.
The document discusses memory and its evaluation. It describes the process of memory as having steps of reception, registration, short-term storage, and long-term storage through practice and repetition. Memory can be subdivided based on the time between stimulus and recall, such as immediate, recent, and remote memory. The document provides details on tests to evaluate different aspects of memory, including orientation, short-term recall, remote memory recall, new learning ability, and visual memory tests. The goal of evaluation is to distinguish the type and degree of any memory deficits.
ADHD symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are thought to arise from pathology in the prefrontal cortex. Attention has two components - focus and sustain - and deficits in these are linked to deficient activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorso lateral prefrontal cortex respectively, as shown by tests like the Stroop test and n-back test. Impulsivity is linked to issues with the orbitofrontal cortex, while motor hyperactivity involves the supplemental motor area. Overall, ADHD appears to be a disorder caused by inefficient tuning of dopamine and norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex.
Neurology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. It involves the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Common neurological disorders include Alzheimer's disease, stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
This document provides information on evaluating language skills in patients. It discusses evaluating spontaneous speech, fluency, comprehension, repetition, naming, reading and writing. It also covers handedness and its relationship to language dominance. Specific aphasia syndromes are described like Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction and transcortical aphasias. Differentiating psychotic language from aphasic language is also covered.
This document describes different levels of consciousness and how they are evaluated. It begins by defining five principal levels from full alertness to deep coma: alertness, lethargy, obtundation, stupor/semicoma, and coma. Each level is then defined based on the stimulus needed to arouse the patient and their behavioral responses. Additional coma-like states are also described such as akinetic mutism, persistent vegetative state, and locked-in syndrome. These involve brain injuries that result in awake but non-responsive patients. The roles of the ascending reticular activating system and different brain regions in maintaining consciousness are also discussed.
1) Attention and vigilance must be established before evaluating more complex cognitive functions like memory and language.
2) An inattentive or distracted patient cannot efficiently process information during testing.
3) Attention involves the ability to focus on a single stimulus without distraction, whereas alertness involves responding to any stimulus.
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
2. HISTORY
• 4 Primary areas of clinical concern
• 1) Presence of classic behavioural changes indicative of organic
dysfunction eg memory or language impairement
• 2)Possibility of functional psychiatric disorder considered
• Overlap or mesquarading features
• eg mesquarading conditions: tumor of left frontal lobe, presenting as
major functional illness/depression/mania/schizophrenia
3. • Conditions with overlapping features established organic syndromes
also develop secendary depression or anxiety eg post stroke
depression.
• Schizophrenia presenting with cognitive deficits.
• 3)Establish Pt’s premorbid level of functioning and behaviour.
4. • 4) Pt’s general medical status comorbidities
prescriptions
5. HISTORY OUTLINE
(only important points)
Poor social judgement discarding new clothes in trash or being verbally
abusive at social gatherings without provocation.
6. BEHAVIOURAL OBSERVATION
• Only important/new points
• Physical appearance
Habits of dress
a. Type of clothing
b. Cleanliness of clothing
c. Sloppiness in dressing
d. Excessive fastidiousness in dressing and grooming
e. Indication of unilateral neglect
7. MOOD AND GENERAL
EMOTIONAL STATUS
• Mood (longitudinal)
Normal for situation
Constancy or fluctuations of mood
Inappropriate mood: expressed affect inconsistent with the content
of thought.
Emotional status(crossectional)
Degree of cooperation with examiner
8. Clinical syndromes
• Acute confusional state
• Main crux clouding of consciousness
ie not awake ie not alert
Ie no awareness on many things
dulling of cognitive process
general impairement of alertness
inattentive
incoherent speech
drift from central point
9. • Mild confusion detected by systematic examination
• Difficulty in holding a coherent conversation
• On specific probing admit nocturnal hallucinations
• Confusional behaviour rarely is stable characteristically waxes and
wanes
• Confusion behaviour results from wide spread cortical and subcortical
neuronal dysfunction
10. • Cortical dysfunction presents as ------ deviance in content of
consciousness. (?hyperactive delirium)
• Subcortical dysfunction –ascending reticular activating system leads
to disturbance in basic arousal(hypoactive delirium).
• As changes are biochemical in origin delirium is reversible.
11. • Systematesized delusions and organized paranoid delusions are
infrequent in pt in acute confusion state.
12. • Frontal lobe syndrome
• Frontal related to personality
• Features pointing personality disturbances
Apathy – towards examiner
towards family
in work
Irritability
Inappropriateness in social circumstances
13. • Apathetic patients when consistently stressed become irritable and
argumentative.
• Conversly other pts have inappropriate intrusiveness, loud jocular,
socially aggressive
• Euphoric and energetic behaviour that is non constructive.
14. • Pt with frontal damage loose social drive
loose interest in their environment
fail to maintain job performance, family relations or
even personal cleanliness.
• Other deficits with frontal damage
high order cognitive problems
In attention
Memory disorder
Executive motor deficits
15. Behavioural symptoms depends on location
of leison
• Basal orbital –disinhibited euphoric behaviour.
lack of concern
quick irritability (+ve symptoms)
• Dorsolateral convexities –apathy , reduced drive,
depressed mentation
impaired planning(-ve symptoms)
16. • Case vignette 58yr old decreased interest in caring for home and personal
needs for a year
observed by daughter –lack of interest in conversation
unkempt appearance
lack of concern of family affairs
total neglect of personal and
household cleanliness
stopped attending church
17. • Mr N 65yrs old brought by wife C/o since 4 years
Premorbid behaviour Recent change in behaviour
Jovial and joker with social restrain Loss of restrain with being more open in remarks(noti
ki edi vasthe adi aneyadam)
Outgoing person Flippancy (lacking seriousness)
Well balanced person Aggressive egotism, show off and boast
Loss of personal cleanliness
Falling memory,unable to follow instructions
18. • In later course he became agitated and paranoid.
• He wandered around neighborhood and would tell tales to strangers,
eg of being undercover agent.
• Going through stop sign when drove a car and joked about it with his
wife.
• Last events prompted for medical referral.
19. • On examination
• Appearance uncut nails, uncombed hair(in relevence to his socio
culture background)
• Messy clothes
• Behaviour was trying to leave room often during the
interview(agitated), inappropriate with the doctor
• Speech content whether risperidone was some poison
• Thought process extremely concrete.
21. Clinical tests to assess frontal lobe functioning
• They are primarily alternating motor sequencing tasks.
• Visual pattern completion test
• Motor pattern completion test
23. Instructions Must be able to do
First tell the pt to reproduce the pattern as given
Later tell to continue the pattern with additional
instructions if needed, to ensure pt understands
pattern of test.
Perform without error
24. • Loss of sequence or perservance suggest loss ability to shift sets
• Eg
25. Test items for alternating motor pattern
• 1.Fist-palm-side test
26. • Fist palm side test: Hit the top of the desk repeatedly with fist-palm-
side repeatedly.
• Demonstarate once then tell the pt to perform until told to stop.
• Performance 15-20 secs should be suffice to assess adequacy.
27. • FIST RING TEST:
• Instruct the pt to extend his arm several times, first with hand in a
fist, and then thumb and forefinger opposed to form a ring.
• Demonstrate and then tell to perform.
28.
29. • RECIPROCAL CORDINATION TEST:
• Both hands placed on desk with one hand in a fist and another extend
palm down.
• Tell the pt to alternate position of both hands.
30.
31. • Denial and Neglect:
Clinically spectrum of denial and neglect ranges
From explicit denial of illness as the most severe behavioural
abnormality mild inability to recognize stimulation on one side
when during bilateral simultaneous stimulation.
Implicit denial can be addressing the illness but not apperiaciating the
situation in areal manner.
Eg was brought to hospital for regular check ups
brought to a rest facility rather than hospital
32. • Clinical presentation can be pt grooming only 1 side of the body eg:
shaving only one side
• Most subtle form of unilateral neglect is inattention to one side when
both sides are stimulated simultaneously.
33. • Leison is located non dominant hemisphere, parietal.
• Vascular etiology
• Gross explicit denial is usually seen in acute stages after a vascular
accident with associated confusion.
35. • APATHY Vs DEPRESSION or DYSTHYMIA
• Characteristic of organic brain lesion– dementia, frontal lobe lesion,
and lesions in non dominant hemisphere.
• Mistaken with depression.
• Apathy in isolation never justifies diagnosis of depression.
• Should fullfill the criteria with associated symptoms.
36. • Diagnostic dilemma is differentiating apathy with ealy dementia.
• To tell a depressed pt that he or she is demented is a devastating
error.
• Also mistake of overlooking a frontal menigioma, while treating a pt
with depression.
37. • Elderly pt presenting with depression do not always manifest an
obviously depressive mood as dramatically as do younger pts.
• Elderly depressive pt also typically demonstrate
fewer crying spells
less expressed sadness
less expressed guilt
less self deprecation
38. • Show subtle cognitive deficits on formal mental status testing.
• No specific pattern of deficits is seen and deficits are mild
• Mild problems with concentration, memory and arthimetics.
• In general impaired performance on any task that requires the
marshaling of significant mental energy.
39. • Many elderly depressive pts are initially diagnosed as having a
dementia.
• Term pseudodementia has been applied to those pts in whom the
initial diagnostic impression is of dementia.
• Yet on careful evaluation and follow up the symptoms prove to be
secondary to depression or another emotional disorder and improve
with appropriate treatment.
40. Wells tabulated major features
Pseudodementia dementia
Clinical course and history Onset fairly well demarcated Onset indistinct
History short (?time period) History quite long (?time period)
Rapidly progressive Early deficits go unnoticed
Past h/o of psychiatric episode
or recent life crisis +nt
Uncommon occurrence of previous
psychiatric problem
41. Pseudodementia Dementia
Clinical behaviour Detailed elaborate complaints of
cognitive dysfunction
Little complaint of cognitive loss
Little effort expended on examination
items
Struggles with cognitive tasks
Affect change often present Usually apathetic with shallow
emotions
Behaviour doesnot reflect cognitive
task
Behaviour compatible with cognitive
loss
Nocturnal exacerbation rare Nocturnal accentuation of dysfunction
common
42. Pseudodementia Dementia
Examination findings Frequently answers I don’t know ,
before even trying
Usually tries items
Inconsistent memory loss for both
recent and remote
Memory loss for recent items
worse than for remote items
May have particular memory gaps No specific memory gaps exist
Generally inconsistent performance Rather consistently impaired
performance
43. • If the examiner takes sufficient time and encourages optimum
performances from the pt…
depressed pt with complaints of memory loss will show near normal
performance that is far better than would be expected from the nature
and severity of complaints.
44. • In some significantly depressed pts, mental status seems to verify
initial impression of dementia, hence pseudodementia.
• Cognitive performance demonstrates impairement that seems
organic probably because of neurotransmitter abnormalities…
• Term depressive dementia or dementia of depression are used.
45. • The problem of pseudodementia is most common in depressed pt,
but…
• Somatoform disorders, manic episode, high levels of anxiety and any
psychotic disorder can all produce picture of dementia on mental
status examination.
46. • Treating pseudodementia id rewarding because with appropriate
treatment pt gets his life back.
• Mental status reverts to normal premorbid levels.