This document discusses mental health issues in people with intellectual disabilities. It covers several common psychiatric conditions seen in this population including schizophrenia, depression, mania, and dementia. Key points include:
- People with intellectual disabilities are at high risk for mental illness, though symptoms can be overlooked.
- Schizophrenia symptoms like hallucinations and delusions may present differently than in the general population.
- Depression and mania can also affect people with intellectual disabilities but may be expressed differently.
- Dementia is also more common in some populations like those with Down syndrome.
- Caregivers play an important role in monitoring for changes that could indicate mental illness.
Group Therapy is a form of psychotherapy given to group of carefully selected people under supervision of professional therapist to fulfill a common therapeutic objective. It is briefly discussed in this session
Psychosocial rehabilitation is the process that facilitates opportunities for persons with chronic mental illness to reach their optimal level of independent functioning in society and for improving their quality of life.
Institutionalization involved placing mentally ill patients in residential institutions for long-term care and protection. Deinstitutionalization began in the mid-20th century due to overcrowding in institutions, advances in medication, and new laws. It aimed to transition patients from institutions into community-based care but often lacked adequate support services. While it improved integration and independence, it also increased homelessness, revolving hospital visits, and incarceration among the mentally ill. A balanced approach with improved institutions and strengthened community programs is now advocated.
Mood disorders are a category of mental illnesses that involve serious changes in mood. There are several types of mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. Mood disorders are among the most common mental illnesses and have a lifetime prevalence of 5-20%. Females are twice as likely as males to experience a mood disorder. The highest incidence rates occur between the ages of 20-40 years old. Mood disorders are a major cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Biological, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development of mood disorders.
This document discusses insight and judgment in psychiatry. It defines insight as conscious awareness and understanding of one's own mental condition and symptoms, while judgment involves evaluating choices within a set of values to choose an action. Insight and judgment are interrelated, as good judgment requires adequate insight. The document describes factors that influence insight like culture, intelligence, and symptoms. It also discusses assessing levels of insight from complete denial to true emotional insight. Judgment is assessed through social situations and test questions. Various psychiatric disorders can impair insight and judgment.
The document discusses therapeutic communication and the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. It defines therapeutic communication as an interpersonal interaction between the nurse and patient that focuses on meeting the patient's specific needs. The principles of therapeutic communication include maintaining focus on the patient, using self-disclosure appropriately, and avoiding social relationships with patients. Effective therapeutic communication techniques include listening, clarification, reflection, and informing. The phases of developing a therapeutic relationship are the pre-interaction, orientation, working, and termination phases. Maintaining proper boundaries and addressing resistance, transference, and countertransference are important for overcoming therapeutic impasses.
This document outlines models of preventive psychiatry, including Caplan's model of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention aims to reduce incidence of mental illness through programs targeting at-risk groups. Secondary prevention focuses on early identification and treatment of symptoms to reduce duration and prevalence of illness. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce impairments through rehabilitation services and promotion of maximum functioning. The levels of prevention target individuals and environments to promote mental health.
Group Therapy is a form of psychotherapy given to group of carefully selected people under supervision of professional therapist to fulfill a common therapeutic objective. It is briefly discussed in this session
Psychosocial rehabilitation is the process that facilitates opportunities for persons with chronic mental illness to reach their optimal level of independent functioning in society and for improving their quality of life.
Institutionalization involved placing mentally ill patients in residential institutions for long-term care and protection. Deinstitutionalization began in the mid-20th century due to overcrowding in institutions, advances in medication, and new laws. It aimed to transition patients from institutions into community-based care but often lacked adequate support services. While it improved integration and independence, it also increased homelessness, revolving hospital visits, and incarceration among the mentally ill. A balanced approach with improved institutions and strengthened community programs is now advocated.
Mood disorders are a category of mental illnesses that involve serious changes in mood. There are several types of mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. Mood disorders are among the most common mental illnesses and have a lifetime prevalence of 5-20%. Females are twice as likely as males to experience a mood disorder. The highest incidence rates occur between the ages of 20-40 years old. Mood disorders are a major cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Biological, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development of mood disorders.
This document discusses insight and judgment in psychiatry. It defines insight as conscious awareness and understanding of one's own mental condition and symptoms, while judgment involves evaluating choices within a set of values to choose an action. Insight and judgment are interrelated, as good judgment requires adequate insight. The document describes factors that influence insight like culture, intelligence, and symptoms. It also discusses assessing levels of insight from complete denial to true emotional insight. Judgment is assessed through social situations and test questions. Various psychiatric disorders can impair insight and judgment.
The document discusses therapeutic communication and the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. It defines therapeutic communication as an interpersonal interaction between the nurse and patient that focuses on meeting the patient's specific needs. The principles of therapeutic communication include maintaining focus on the patient, using self-disclosure appropriately, and avoiding social relationships with patients. Effective therapeutic communication techniques include listening, clarification, reflection, and informing. The phases of developing a therapeutic relationship are the pre-interaction, orientation, working, and termination phases. Maintaining proper boundaries and addressing resistance, transference, and countertransference are important for overcoming therapeutic impasses.
This document outlines models of preventive psychiatry, including Caplan's model of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention aims to reduce incidence of mental illness through programs targeting at-risk groups. Secondary prevention focuses on early identification and treatment of symptoms to reduce duration and prevalence of illness. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce impairments through rehabilitation services and promotion of maximum functioning. The levels of prevention target individuals and environments to promote mental health.
Group therapy involves two or more clients interacting with each other and a therapist to address psychological issues. It has roots in the early 1900s for treating tuberculosis patients, and was later used for soldiers in WWII and those seeking personal growth. The main goals are to help clients identify maladaptive behaviors, address emotional difficulties through feedback, and provide a supportive environment. Types include psychoeducational, counseling, and psychotherapy groups. Key therapeutic factors include universality, altruism, and developing social skills. Group therapy can benefit those struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression, and OCD.
This document provides an overview of community psychiatry and the roles of nurses in community mental health services in Zambia. It defines key terms in community psychiatry like institutionalism, deinstitutionalization, and levels of prevention. It describes the introduction of community mental health services in Zambia in the 1970s with the roles of community health workers. It outlines the current community services provided and the levels of intervention as mental health promotion, primary prevention through education, secondary prevention through treatment, and tertiary prevention through rehabilitation. Finally, it lists the various roles of nurses in delivering community mental health services.
The Mental Health Act 2014 aims to reform Victoria's mental health system by placing individuals with mental illness at the center of their treatment and recovery. The Act promotes supported decision making, voluntary treatment, and protects individuals' rights, dignity and autonomy. It establishes principles like providing the least restrictive care and prioritizing individual needs and safety. The Act covers areas like advance statements, nominated persons, compulsory and voluntary treatment orders, treatment requirements, restrictive interventions and oversight of the mental health system.
The document provides an overview of community psychiatry, including definitions, services, and developments in various countries. It focuses on the development of community psychiatry in India. Key points include:
- Community psychiatry aims to provide mental healthcare in community settings rather than institutions.
- It originated in the US and Italy in the mid-20th century with deinstitutionalization and a shift toward community-based care.
- In India, community psychiatry developed through initiatives like the National Mental Health Programme in 1982, which integrated mental healthcare into primary care.
- Notable experiments included training general physicians in Ranchi and community programs run by NGOs. The Indian Mental Healthcare Act of 1987 also supported
This document discusses psychotherapy, including its objectives, classification, and treatment modes. Psychotherapy aims to help patients relieve symptoms, resolve problems, and promote personal growth through a structured relationship with a trained therapist. It can help patients accept themselves, empower life changes, and cope more effectively, though it cannot change their environment. Psychotherapy classifications include individual, group, couple, and family therapies. Therapies also differ in content and methods, such as analytic, interpersonal, cognitive, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. Psychotherapy provides a safe setting, working alliance, and confidential therapeutic relationship to help patients identify and change unhelpful behaviors/thoughts, improve relationships, learn problem-solving skills, and set realistic goals
The document discusses the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. It defines the relationship as an ongoing communication between nurse and patient built on mutual respect and trust. The goals are to help patients gain insight, change behaviors, and achieve developmental goals. Key aspects include empathy, genuineness, respect, concern and good communication skills. Challenges include resistance, transference, and countertransference, which the nurse must manage to maintain a therapeutic relationship.
This document provides an overview of the components of a mental status examination (MSE). It describes 8 components that are assessed during an MSE: general appearance and behavior; speech; mood and affect; thought; perception; cognition; judgement; and insight. Each component is then defined and examples are provided of the types of observations, questions, and tests used to evaluate the patient's status in that area. The goal of the MSE is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the patient's overall emotional and cognitive functioning.
Family therapy is a family oriented psychotherapy that is aomed at resolving the conflicts and poor communication pattern among the family members. It also aid them in learning coping strategies to deal with distress and deal with the stress related to psychiatric illness of the family member.
Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur, as well as auditory hallucinations. Symptoms include paranoia from beliefs that one is being harmed, hearing voices, and seeing things that do not exist. These symptoms are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and require lifelong treatment including antipsychotic drugs, though there is no cure.
These slides contain detailed description of family therapy including : Introduction, Definition, Aims/Goals, Indication, Contraindication, Functions, Types, Nursing diagnosis and interventions, Nursing responsibilities, Research.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
The document discusses the components and process of conducting a mental status examination. It describes the mental status examination as an assessment of a patient's cognitive abilities, appearance, mood, and speech patterns. The summary includes identifying data, appearance, behavior, mood, thought content, cognition, insight, and conclusion. The examination is used to obtain a comprehensive understanding of a patient's current mental state in order to make diagnoses and develop treatment plans.
PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION-PRINCIPLES AND METHODSANCYBS
Psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) promotes personal recovery and community integration for those with mental illness. PSR services are individualized, collaborative, and help develop skills to improve social, occupational, and living environments. PSR utilizes the recovery model which sees recovery as a process rather than an outcome, focusing on hope, empowerment, and coping skills. Treatment may include occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy to help regain skills. The recovery, respite, rescue, and retention models provide a framework for rehabilitation services.
This document discusses group therapy, outlining its definition, functions, types, selection criteria, physical considerations, size, membership, the therapist's role, approaches, therapeutic factors, and techniques. Group therapy is a form of psychosocial treatment where clients meet together with a therapist to share experiences, gain insight, and improve interpersonal skills. It serves important functions like socialization, support, task completion, and empowerment. The document provides guidance on setting up effective group therapy sessions.
Psychiatric Rehabilitation, definition, indication, principles, approaches, steps, advantages, types, rehabilitation team and role of nurse in rehabilitation.
This document provides an overview of psychosocial rehabilitation. It defines rehabilitation as enabling individuals to return to their highest possible level of functioning. Psychosocial or psychiatric rehabilitation specifically aims to restore community functioning for those with mental health disorders. It discusses the history of deinstitutionalization and increased focus on community support. Key aspects of psychosocial rehabilitation covered include definitions, approaches, rehabilitation teams, steps, principles, facilities like day care centers, halfway homes, sheltered workshops, and the roles of nurses.
Cognitive therapy is a type of psychotherapy developed by Aaron T. Beck that aims to change problematic feelings and behaviors by altering the way patients think about themselves and significant life events. It is based on the assumption that a person's thoughts and perceptions influence their emotions and behaviors more so than external factors. Cognitive therapy uses techniques like thought challenging and journaling to help patients identify and replace maladaptive or negative cognitions with more balanced perspectives in order to treat various mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. The overall goal of cognitive therapy is to increase a patient's sense of self-efficacy and control over their life.
This document provides an introduction to the field of psychiatry. It begins with definitions of key terms like psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. It then discusses the history of psychiatry, from early views of mental disorders as supernatural to modern biological perspectives. Famous figures in the field like Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Jean Piaget are mentioned. The document outlines concepts in phenomenology like delusions, hallucinations and classification systems like ICD-10 and DSM-5. It describes various sub-specialties within psychiatry such as addiction, biological, child and adolescent psychiatry.
This document provides information and guidance for caregivers of people with bipolar disorder. It discusses the different types of bipolar episodes including manic, hypomanic, depressive and mixed episodes. It outlines common symptoms, warning signs, triggers and lifestyle factors that can affect the disorder. The document provides tips for caregivers on supporting someone during an episode, setting limits, monitoring their mood and encouraging engagement in small activities during depressive periods to help reduce symptoms and promote wellness.
The document defines intellectual disability according to the 2010 AAIDD definition. Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, including conceptual, social, and practical skills. This disability originates before age 18. Intellectual functioning refers to general mental capabilities like learning, reasoning, and problem solving, with limitations referring to an IQ score of around 70 or below. Adaptive behavior represents the conceptual, social, and practical skills people use in everyday life.
Group therapy involves two or more clients interacting with each other and a therapist to address psychological issues. It has roots in the early 1900s for treating tuberculosis patients, and was later used for soldiers in WWII and those seeking personal growth. The main goals are to help clients identify maladaptive behaviors, address emotional difficulties through feedback, and provide a supportive environment. Types include psychoeducational, counseling, and psychotherapy groups. Key therapeutic factors include universality, altruism, and developing social skills. Group therapy can benefit those struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression, and OCD.
This document provides an overview of community psychiatry and the roles of nurses in community mental health services in Zambia. It defines key terms in community psychiatry like institutionalism, deinstitutionalization, and levels of prevention. It describes the introduction of community mental health services in Zambia in the 1970s with the roles of community health workers. It outlines the current community services provided and the levels of intervention as mental health promotion, primary prevention through education, secondary prevention through treatment, and tertiary prevention through rehabilitation. Finally, it lists the various roles of nurses in delivering community mental health services.
The Mental Health Act 2014 aims to reform Victoria's mental health system by placing individuals with mental illness at the center of their treatment and recovery. The Act promotes supported decision making, voluntary treatment, and protects individuals' rights, dignity and autonomy. It establishes principles like providing the least restrictive care and prioritizing individual needs and safety. The Act covers areas like advance statements, nominated persons, compulsory and voluntary treatment orders, treatment requirements, restrictive interventions and oversight of the mental health system.
The document provides an overview of community psychiatry, including definitions, services, and developments in various countries. It focuses on the development of community psychiatry in India. Key points include:
- Community psychiatry aims to provide mental healthcare in community settings rather than institutions.
- It originated in the US and Italy in the mid-20th century with deinstitutionalization and a shift toward community-based care.
- In India, community psychiatry developed through initiatives like the National Mental Health Programme in 1982, which integrated mental healthcare into primary care.
- Notable experiments included training general physicians in Ranchi and community programs run by NGOs. The Indian Mental Healthcare Act of 1987 also supported
This document discusses psychotherapy, including its objectives, classification, and treatment modes. Psychotherapy aims to help patients relieve symptoms, resolve problems, and promote personal growth through a structured relationship with a trained therapist. It can help patients accept themselves, empower life changes, and cope more effectively, though it cannot change their environment. Psychotherapy classifications include individual, group, couple, and family therapies. Therapies also differ in content and methods, such as analytic, interpersonal, cognitive, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. Psychotherapy provides a safe setting, working alliance, and confidential therapeutic relationship to help patients identify and change unhelpful behaviors/thoughts, improve relationships, learn problem-solving skills, and set realistic goals
The document discusses the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. It defines the relationship as an ongoing communication between nurse and patient built on mutual respect and trust. The goals are to help patients gain insight, change behaviors, and achieve developmental goals. Key aspects include empathy, genuineness, respect, concern and good communication skills. Challenges include resistance, transference, and countertransference, which the nurse must manage to maintain a therapeutic relationship.
This document provides an overview of the components of a mental status examination (MSE). It describes 8 components that are assessed during an MSE: general appearance and behavior; speech; mood and affect; thought; perception; cognition; judgement; and insight. Each component is then defined and examples are provided of the types of observations, questions, and tests used to evaluate the patient's status in that area. The goal of the MSE is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the patient's overall emotional and cognitive functioning.
Family therapy is a family oriented psychotherapy that is aomed at resolving the conflicts and poor communication pattern among the family members. It also aid them in learning coping strategies to deal with distress and deal with the stress related to psychiatric illness of the family member.
Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur, as well as auditory hallucinations. Symptoms include paranoia from beliefs that one is being harmed, hearing voices, and seeing things that do not exist. These symptoms are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and require lifelong treatment including antipsychotic drugs, though there is no cure.
These slides contain detailed description of family therapy including : Introduction, Definition, Aims/Goals, Indication, Contraindication, Functions, Types, Nursing diagnosis and interventions, Nursing responsibilities, Research.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
The document discusses the components and process of conducting a mental status examination. It describes the mental status examination as an assessment of a patient's cognitive abilities, appearance, mood, and speech patterns. The summary includes identifying data, appearance, behavior, mood, thought content, cognition, insight, and conclusion. The examination is used to obtain a comprehensive understanding of a patient's current mental state in order to make diagnoses and develop treatment plans.
PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION-PRINCIPLES AND METHODSANCYBS
Psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) promotes personal recovery and community integration for those with mental illness. PSR services are individualized, collaborative, and help develop skills to improve social, occupational, and living environments. PSR utilizes the recovery model which sees recovery as a process rather than an outcome, focusing on hope, empowerment, and coping skills. Treatment may include occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy to help regain skills. The recovery, respite, rescue, and retention models provide a framework for rehabilitation services.
This document discusses group therapy, outlining its definition, functions, types, selection criteria, physical considerations, size, membership, the therapist's role, approaches, therapeutic factors, and techniques. Group therapy is a form of psychosocial treatment where clients meet together with a therapist to share experiences, gain insight, and improve interpersonal skills. It serves important functions like socialization, support, task completion, and empowerment. The document provides guidance on setting up effective group therapy sessions.
Psychiatric Rehabilitation, definition, indication, principles, approaches, steps, advantages, types, rehabilitation team and role of nurse in rehabilitation.
This document provides an overview of psychosocial rehabilitation. It defines rehabilitation as enabling individuals to return to their highest possible level of functioning. Psychosocial or psychiatric rehabilitation specifically aims to restore community functioning for those with mental health disorders. It discusses the history of deinstitutionalization and increased focus on community support. Key aspects of psychosocial rehabilitation covered include definitions, approaches, rehabilitation teams, steps, principles, facilities like day care centers, halfway homes, sheltered workshops, and the roles of nurses.
Cognitive therapy is a type of psychotherapy developed by Aaron T. Beck that aims to change problematic feelings and behaviors by altering the way patients think about themselves and significant life events. It is based on the assumption that a person's thoughts and perceptions influence their emotions and behaviors more so than external factors. Cognitive therapy uses techniques like thought challenging and journaling to help patients identify and replace maladaptive or negative cognitions with more balanced perspectives in order to treat various mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. The overall goal of cognitive therapy is to increase a patient's sense of self-efficacy and control over their life.
This document provides an introduction to the field of psychiatry. It begins with definitions of key terms like psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. It then discusses the history of psychiatry, from early views of mental disorders as supernatural to modern biological perspectives. Famous figures in the field like Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Jean Piaget are mentioned. The document outlines concepts in phenomenology like delusions, hallucinations and classification systems like ICD-10 and DSM-5. It describes various sub-specialties within psychiatry such as addiction, biological, child and adolescent psychiatry.
This document provides information and guidance for caregivers of people with bipolar disorder. It discusses the different types of bipolar episodes including manic, hypomanic, depressive and mixed episodes. It outlines common symptoms, warning signs, triggers and lifestyle factors that can affect the disorder. The document provides tips for caregivers on supporting someone during an episode, setting limits, monitoring their mood and encouraging engagement in small activities during depressive periods to help reduce symptoms and promote wellness.
The document defines intellectual disability according to the 2010 AAIDD definition. Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, including conceptual, social, and practical skills. This disability originates before age 18. Intellectual functioning refers to general mental capabilities like learning, reasoning, and problem solving, with limitations referring to an IQ score of around 70 or below. Adaptive behavior represents the conceptual, social, and practical skills people use in everyday life.
Intellectual disability is defined as below average intelligence and adaptive functioning that manifests during childhood, affecting educational performance. It is categorized by mild, moderate, severe or profound levels based on IQ scores. Intellectual disability can be caused by genetic conditions, pregnancy/birth complications, illness/injury, or in many cases the cause is unknown. Signs include delays in meeting developmental milestones as well as difficulties with problem solving, memory, and behavior.
The document discusses intellectual disabilities and their causes, characteristics, and impact on cognitive functioning. It explains that intellectual disabilities can be caused by genetic abnormalities, problems during pregnancy like illness/infections, complications during birth like lack of oxygen, premature birth, or brain infections after birth. Those with intellectual disabilities often have problems with memory, learning rates, attention, generalization of skills, and motivation. They may take longer to learn and recall information, have trouble focusing on tasks, and applying skills in new contexts without support. The document provides details on how intellectual disabilities affect different areas of cognitive development and learning.
This document discusses intellectual disability, including definitions, classifications, prevalence, causes, assessment, management, and issues faced by children with intellectual disability in the MENA region. It provides details on the DSM-5 and ICD-11 classifications and describes the assessment process. It notes that intellectual disability is often co-occurring with other neurological or mental health conditions. The document also discusses prevention, early intervention, education, and support services that can help children with intellectual disability and their families.
This document discusses teaching students with mental retardation. It begins by defining mental retardation as a level of functioning significantly below average. It emphasizes the importance of culturally responsive special education that integrates a student's cultural values into their education plan. It discusses factors to consider for students, such as views of independence. It outlines levels of support needs from intermittent to pervasive. It proposes a framework for diagnosis, classification, and support planning. It stresses the importance of transition planning starting early and involving meaningful student and family participation. It discusses challenges and adaptations for including students with mental retardation in general education, such as providing necessary supports and modifying the curriculum. Finally, it discusses how assistive technology can enhance learning.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in neural communication and brain anatomy and function. It discusses neurons and how they communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters. It describes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also covers the endocrine system and hormones. Regarding the brain, it outlines structures like the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and describes techniques used to study the brain like PET scans and MRI scans.
Mental retardation is a developmental disability characterized by below average intelligence and impaired daily living skills. It is typically present from birth or early childhood. There are four levels of mental retardation based on IQ scores: mild, moderate, severe, and profound. Common causes include genetic conditions like Down syndrome, problems during pregnancy such as alcohol exposure, and infectious diseases. Prevention strategies include improving nutrition, universal immunization, and avoiding pregnancy in very young or older women.
Levett Johnson has a BA in History/Sociology from Texas A&M Kingsville and an M.Ed. in Special Education from UT Austin. The document discusses schizophrenia, including its symptoms, diagnostic criteria, subtypes, and presentation in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Treatment involves reducing symptoms through medication and behavioral interventions, with success measured by decreased symptoms and improved functioning rather than complete removal of psychotic symptoms. Caregivers are advised to document behaviors, provide a supportive environment, and encourage mental health recovery.
This document provides information about specific mental disorders and their treatment. It discusses schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and nightmare disorder. For each disorder, it describes symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. It also includes facts, case studies, and questions. The document is presented by students and contains sections on various topics related to understanding and treating mental illnesses.
Maintaining a positive mental health and treating any mental health conditions is crucial to stabilizing constructive behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Focusing on mental health care can increase productivity, enhance our self-image, and improve relationships.
Do you want to know more about Mental Illnesses/disorders? Then click this link and learn more about these topics!
(Kindly react "❤️" to this post, for educational purposes only, thank you!)
This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Types include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and schizoaffective. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy with the goal of controlling symptoms.
This document provides information on schizophrenia, including its definition, prevalence, causes, symptoms, types, and treatment. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder marked by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior.
- About 1% of people will develop schizophrenia, most often appearing between ages 15-30. Genetic factors are strongly implicated in its causes.
- Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, negative symptoms like reduced emotional expression.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to manage acute symptoms and prevent relapse, as well as psychosocial therapies to address functional impairments. Prognosis
PsychologicalDisorders to create lcelh local lanONLYDOWNLOAD1
Psychological disorders are defined by the APA as significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that lead to distress or disability. The DSM-5 classifies and diagnoses disorders based on symptoms. Perspectives include biological factors like genetics or brain abnormalities and psychosocial factors like learning or environment. The diathesis-stress model suggests some people are predisposed to disorders when faced with stressors. Common disorders are anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD, schizophrenia, and personality disorders.
The document discusses mental health and mental illness. It begins with an overview of a 4 module program covering introduction to mental health, anxiety disorders, depression and treatment, and suicide. It then discusses definitions of mental health and illness, causes such as biological and psychological factors, and common disorders like anxiety and depression. Key topics covered include the stigma of mental illness, myths about mental illness, and scales to measure anxiety symptoms.
Depression is a common mood disorder that causes severe symptoms affecting feelings, thoughts and daily activities. Symptoms must last at least two weeks to be diagnosed. It has various forms that may develop under unique circumstances. Treatment involves support, psychotherapy like CBT, and antidepressant drugs. Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by abnormal behavior and confused thinking. Symptoms typically begin in young adulthood and may never resolve. It involves positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative and cognitive symptoms. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and involves memory loss and problems with language and reasoning. It gets progressively worse over time.
Sure, let's calculate the cumulative GPA based on the provided SGPA for each semester. I'll assume that each semester has the same number of credit hours for simplicity. If the credit hours vary, you would need to provide that information as well.
Here's the calculation:
\[ \text{Cumulative GPA} = \frac{(3.78 \times \text{Credits}) + (3.75 \times \text{Credits}) + (3.56 \times \text{Credits}) + (3.5 \times \text{Credits}) + (3.61 \times \text{Credits}) + (3.57 \times \text{Credits})}{6 \times \text{Credits}} \]
If the credit hours for each semester are the same, you can simplify this to:
\[ \text{Cumulative GPA} = \frac{3.78 + 3.75 + 3.56 + 3.5 + 3.61 + 3.57}{6} \]
Now, you can calculate the value:
\[ \text{Cumulative GPA} = \frac{21.77}{6} \approx 3.6283 \]
So, your cumulative GPA based on the provided SGPA for the first six semesters is approximately \(3.63\) on a scale of 4.0.Certainly! I can help you calculate your GPA based on the SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average) of your first 6 semesters. To calculate the cumulative GPA, you need to use the following formula:
\[ \text{Cumulative GPA} = \frac{\text{Sum of (SGPA * Credits)}}{\text{Total Credits}} \]
Here, SGPA is the Semester Grade Point Average, and Credits represent the credit hours for each course. You sum up the products of SGPA and Credits for all your semesters and then divide by the total number of credits.
If you provide me with the SGPA and the corresponding credits for each semester, I can assist you in calculating your cumulative GPA.Certainly! I can help you calculate your GPA based on the SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average) of your first 6 semesters. To calculate the cumulative GPA, you need to use the following formula:
\[ \text{Cumulative GPA} = \frac{\text{Sum of (SGPA * Credits)}}{\text{Total Credits}} \]
Here, SGPA is the Semester Grade Point Average, and Credits represent the credit hours for each course. You sum up the products of SGPA and Credits for all your semesters and then divide by the total number of credits.
If you provide me with the SGPA and the corresponding credits for each semester, I can assist you in calculating your cumulative GPA.Certainly! I can help you calculate your GPA based on the SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average) of your first 6 semesters. To calculate the cumulative GPA, you need to use the following formula:
\[ \text{Cumulative GPA} = \frac{\text{Sum of (SGPA * Credits)}}{\text{Total Credits}} \]
Here, SGPA is the Semester Grade Point Average, and Credits represent the credit hours for each course. You sum up the products of SGPA and Credits for all your semesters and then divide by the total number of credits.
If you provide me with the SGPA and the corresponding credits for each semester, I can assist you in calculating your cumulative GPA. Certainly! I can help you calculate your GPA based on the SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average) of your first 6formesters.
This document discusses psychotic disorders and their pharmacotherapy. It defines psychotic disorders as illnesses that make it difficult to think clearly and behave appropriately. It describes several types of psychosis including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, and dissociative disorders. Symptoms are outlined along with possible causes such as genetics and drug abuse. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and scans. Treatment involves antipsychotic drugs which work to reduce disturbed behaviors associated with delusions and hallucinations. Atypical antipsychotics are most commonly used now due to their better efficacy and safety profile.
Mental illness is an emotional disturbance that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves, making it difficult to live a normal life. It can be caused by organic factors like physical illnesses or injuries affecting the brain, or functional factors like environmental conditions or poor coping skills. There are several types of mental disorders, including affective disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, somatoform disorders, and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia involves a split from logical thought processes that can result in unusual behaviors and withdrawing from reality, with one type being paranoid schizophrenia where the individual has delusions of persecution or grandeur.
Disorganized schizophrenia is a severe subtype of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent and illogical thoughts and behaviors that prevent daily functioning. Signs include disorganized thinking and speech, inappropriate behavior, lack of emotion, and delusions or hallucinations. It is diagnosed using criteria from the DSM including evidence of disorganized speech, behavior, blunted emotions, and emotions inappropriate for situations. The causes are likely genetic and environmental factors combined with imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that causes difficulties distinguishing reality from fantasy, impaired thinking, emotional expression, social behavior, and normal functioning. It typically develops in late teens to early adulthood. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms like lack of emotion, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. There is no medical test for diagnosis, which is based on psychiatric evaluation and presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration.
1. Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is diagnosed based on symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations that have persisted for at least one month.
2. The causes are unknown but involve both genetic and environmental factors. It often has a devastating social and emotional impact on patients.
3. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications. First generation medications include chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Second generation options include risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine.
Schizophrenia is a metal disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness and social interaction. Here the etiology, epidemiology, types, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, complications, diagnosis as well as management of schizophrenia is explained.
Elderly individuals are at risk of psychiatric problems like dementia and depression. Dementia affects 5-7% of those over 65 and 40% over 85, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common type. Depression is also common in the elderly. Treatment involves identifying the precise condition, using drugs like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for dementia or antidepressants for depression, and providing psychosocial support. Psychiatric disorders in the elderly like schizophrenia require careful use of antipsychotic drugs and family psychoeducation.
A short slide share on the topic schizophrenia, a mental health condition Its discusses the types oy schizophrenia, sign and symptoms, causes and treatment with management .
Somatic symptom disorder is a condition where psychological stressors manifest as physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained medically. It affects 5-7% of the population, with women experiencing somatic pain about 10 times more often than men. Anyone can develop the disorder due to factors like a chaotic lifestyle, difficulty expressing emotions, childhood neglect, substance abuse, or other mental health conditions. Common physical symptoms include fatigue, pain, digestive issues, and skin problems. While the exact causes are unknown, stress is thought to release hormones that damage the body. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and working with mental health specialists to address the underlying psychological issues contributing to the somatic symptoms.
Similar to Mental Health Issues in Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability (20)
3. Introduction
“You treat a disease, you win, you lose. You treat a person, I
guarantee you’ll win, no matter what the outcome”.
-Patch Adams (1998)
4. Mental Illness & Intellectual Disability
• People with ID are at least as susceptible to mental health
problems as the rest of society
• Often times, their problems remain undetected because the
symptoms can be lost amongst the various other behaviors which
they may exhibit
• Thus, its essential to be as aware as possible of potential mental
health problems and to get them assessed and treated with
minimum delay
5. What is Mental Illness?
The essential feature of mental illness is a clinically
recognizable set of symptoms or behaviors,
Usually associated with distress and interference in personal
functioning
6. Psychiatric Conditions Common In Persons
With Intellectual Disability
• Non-Affective Psychotic Disorders
• Affective Psychotic Disorders
• OCD
• Dementia
8. Schizophrenia
• A chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks,
feels, and behaves
• People with schizophrenia may seem like they have partially or
completely lost touch with reality.
• Although not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can
be very disabling.
9. Signs and Symptoms
• Start between ages 16 and 30. In rare cases, children have
schizophrenia too
• Fall into three categories:
• Positive
• Negative
• Cognitive
10. Positive Symptoms
• People with positive symptoms may “lose touch” with some aspects
of reality
• Symptoms include:
• Hallucinations: Auditory or Visual
• Delusions: fixed belief that is clearly false
• Can range from bizarre to realistic
• Disorganized/Bizarre Speech or Behaviour
• represents a noticeable change from individual’s typical functioning
11. Negative Symptoms
• Associated with disruptions to normal emotions and behaviours
• Symptoms include:
• “Flat affect” (reduced expression of emotions via facial expression or
voice tone)
• Reduced feelings of pleasure in everyday life
• Difficulty beginning and sustaining activities
• Reduced speaking
12. Cognitive Symptoms
• For some patients, the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are subtle,
but for others, they are more severe and patients may notice changes
in their memory or other aspects of thinking
• Symptoms include:
• Poor “executive functioning” (the ability to understand information and
use it to make decisions)
• Trouble focusing or paying attention
• Problems with “working memory” (the ability to use information
immediately after learning it)
13. What is a Delusion?
False beliefs, that are held to a firm unshakeable extent
14. Types Of Delusions
Erotomanic Type: Delusions
that another person, usually of higher
status, is in love with the individual
Somatic Type: Delusions that the person has
some physical defect or general medical
condition
Grandiose Type: Delusions of inflated
worth, power, knowledge, identity or
special relationship to a deity of famous
person
• Jealous Type: Delusions that individual’s
sexual partner is unfaithful
• Persecutory Type: Delusions that the
person (or someone to whom the
• person is close) is being malevolently
treated in some way
Mixed Type: Delusions characteristic of more
than one of the above types but no one theme
predominates
Unspecified Type: persecutory and jealous types
are most common and Erotomanic and somatic
types are most unusual
15. Psychosis In People With Intellectual
Disabilities
• Key component of psychosis is based on internal experiences and their
description
• Cannot reliably diagnose in people who are non-verbal and/or those with
low-Moderate/Severe/Profound ID
• Higher prevalence in ID than in general population:
• 1-3% vs. 2-4.4% (2005)
16. What’s Different Among People With
Id?
Delusions:
• More likely to be mundane in nature
• May include new avoidance or new fears
• Irrational beliefs not expressed before
• Glaring with intense anger at strangers or previously liked others
• Sudden medication refusal
17. What’s Different Among People With Id?
Hallucinations:
• Auditory most common (voices)
• Similar to rate in general population but people with ID are more likely to
report symptoms
• More likely to observe interaction with hallucinations
• May include agitation or SIB in response to hallucinations
• May see covering of eyes or ears to ‘block out’ hallucinations
• May include sniffing the air, as if smelling something not smelt by others
18. Symptoms Not Indicative Of Psychosis
• There are some symptoms which, although sometimes dramatic in
presentation, are almost never indications of psychosis.
• Volitional self talk and self answering
• Shouts and screeches are almost always vocal tics
• Symptoms which are modelled by others and are very clearly being copied.
• Gestures that the person can start and stop at will or when asked to start and
stop.
• Gestures and vocalizations which have been explicitly taught to the person
19. What Do Some People With Psychosis Go Through?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SN1GCoVzxGg
21. Depression
• Symptoms to observe for:
• Failure to maintain the persons usual mood state through the day
• Irritability
• Reduced level of tolerance
• Physical or verbal aggression in response to minor things that the person
would usually tolerate
• Loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities
• OR Social Withdrawal
• OR Reduction of self-care
• OR Reduction in quantity of speech
22. Depression
• What to consider before we even think its depression?
• Drug Induced
• Hypothyroidism
• Other physical causes
23. Drug Induced Causes
High-dose caffeine or
ephedrine
nervousness , panic-
like symptoms , frank
psychosis , or mania
NSAIDs (i.e. Ibuprofen)
elicit depressive
symptoms and paranoia in
patients with prior
psychiatric diagnosis
25. Depression (Additional Features)
• Additional symptoms :
• Loss of energy
• Increased reassurance-seeking behaviour, anxiety or fearfulness
• Increased tearfulness
• Increase in somatic symptoms/physical complains , preoccupation with physical
illness, repeatedly showing different parts of the body for the carer to check
• Poor concentration or increased indecisiveness
• Onset of sleep disturbance
27. Manic Episode
• Symptoms to observe for:
• Abnormally elevated, expansive or irritable mood (physical or verbal aggression)
• Over-activity, increased energy
• Increased talkativeness or vocalization
• Flight of ideas
• Inappropriate social behaviour – engaging in non-sexual bodily functions in public, over-familiarity,
intrusiveness)
• Reduced sleep
• Increased self-esteem
• Reduced concentration
• Reckless behaviour – excessive spending, giving away belongings
• Increased libido
28. Manic Episode
• Before considering a diagnosis of manic disorder, think of:
• Drug-induced causes (i.e. Steroids)
• Hyperthyroidism
29. Mixed-affective State
• Rapid alteration of symptoms that would meet the criteria for both depressive
episode and manic episode and changes every few minutes to hours
• Must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks
31. Dementia
• What to consider before thinking Dementia:
• Rule out depression
• Rule out hypothyroidism, infection, folate and B12 deficiency
• Assess for hearing impairment, visual impairment
• cataract or conditions such as keratoconus is common in individuals with Down’s
syndrome
• Rule out malignancy such as leukaemia, joint problems of neck, knee or
hip and sleep apnoea
34. How often to monitor?
• The frequency of prospective monitoring for dementia should be
matched to the rising risk with age.
• For example, the baseline assessment should take place at 30
years; then every two years for those in their 40s; and annually
for those aged 50 and over.
35. Impact of Life Events
• People with intellectual disabilities in their middle age can face a number of
life events such as loss of a parent or long-term carer, moving away from
home or loss of day activities.
• In some individuals, the impact of life events may lead to a regressive state
with apparent loss of skills.
• Changes in routine such as new structure to day opportunities or changes in
support staff can cause profound reactions in an individual with intellectual
disabilities leading to functional decline and a dementia- like presentation.
36. Epilepsy in Persons with Intellectual Disability
The prevalence rate of epilepsy amongst people with learning disabilities
(IQ<70) has been reported as 26% (Kerr et al. 2009), compared to prevalence
rates for the general population of 0.4%-1% (Chadwick, 1994)
37. Implications of Epilepsy in Persons with
Intellectual Disability
• Not only is epilepsy more common in those with ID than in the rest of the
population: it tends to have a worse prognosis, with lower rates of seizure
freedom.
• There is a high rate of multiple antiepileptic drug use, incurring more side-
effects
• Adults with ID and epilepsy have high rates of morbidity and mortality,
including sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP)
38. Physical Health
• Management of weight
• Management of pain
• Management of sleep
• Management of epilepsy
• Management of medication
39. What Can I Do To Help?
• Help with record keeping and monitoring of symptoms and bring these
documents to the treating professionals.
• Think about how you’ve successfully coped with stress, and try to
teach/encourage them to do the same.
• Know that change takes time, and appreciate small steps and successes.
• Praise the person for any small steps they make and remind them of this
if/when they get down.
• Make a ‘brag book’ so they can look at it often
40. Other Strategies That Can Help
• Do not argue or try to reason with the person about the validity of
hallucinations/delusions Instead, remain supportive, listen to their
concerns, and identify how that might make you feel if you had that
experience.
• Offer suggestions for how to deal with that feeling (ex., fear, sadness,
anger, etc.)
• Offer safe distractions and soothing alternatives to help de-escalate the
person and redirect their attention
41. More That You Can Do
• Remind the person of strategies that have worked for them in the past (a few hours ago,
yesterday, last week, last month…).
• Pointing out their successes can be helpful.
• Physical exercise can be helpful.
• Learn and practice proper sleep hygiene and nutrition
• Encourage them to avoid substance use/abuse
• Minimize known stressors in the environment whenever possible
42. SELF-CARE IS IMPORTANT TOO
If you are feeling stressed, get support for
yourself!
Don’t try to handle everything on your own.