HISTOLOGY OF THE OVARY LECTURE.pptx
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The document summarizes the histology of the ovary. It describes the ovary's location, hormonal control of development, follicular growth and development through different stages, the process of ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum, and clinical correlates such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian failure.
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Female reproductive hormones
The female reproductive system undergoes a monthly cycle of maturation and release of eggs, regulated by hormones. During ovulation, a mature egg is released from the ovaries and travels to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation, starting a new cycle. Key hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH fluctuate according to negative feedback loops to control follicle development, ovulation, and the preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy each month until menopause.
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This is a presentation of ovarian follicles made by mohamed alzayat - mansoura faculty of medicine.
Hopefully it would help you.
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The menstrual cycle has four phases and is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. The average cycle is 28 days long. It begins with menstruation where the uterine lining is shed. Next is the follicular phase where an egg is selected and matured. Ovulation then occurs around day 14 when the egg is released. Finally, the luteal phase follows where the corpus luteum forms and progesterone is produced in preparation for potential pregnancy.
Oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process by which ova (egg cells) are produced in female organisms. It begins with primordial germ cells that proliferate into millions of oocytes through mitosis after birth. During puberty, a few oocytes begin to develop each month, though usually only one is released. The oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division, producing a secondary oocyte and polar body. If fertilized by a sperm, it will complete the second meiotic division.
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- The hypothalamus secretes GnRH in pulses, stimulating the pituitary to release FSH and LH. These regulate follicle development and ovulation.
- Estrogen levels rise in the follicular phase, triggering the LH surge and ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus if implantation occurs.
- If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle. A complex feedback system precisely regulates hormone production throughout
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Menstrual cycle ppt nitin
The menstrual cycle is regulated by fluctuating sex hormones from the pituitary gland. It consists of four phases: the follicular phase where follicles in the ovaries mature and estrogen levels rise, ovulation where a mature egg is released, the luteal phase where the corpus luteum produces progesterone, and menstruation where the uterine lining sheds if pregnancy does not occur. The cycle typically lasts around 28 days and involves changes in the ovaries and uterus governed by hormones that prepare the body for potential pregnancy each month.
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Female reproductive hormones
The female reproductive system undergoes a monthly cycle of maturation and release of eggs, regulated by hormones. During ovulation, a mature egg is released from the ovaries and travels to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation, starting a new cycle. Key hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH fluctuate according to negative feedback loops to control follicle development, ovulation, and the preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy each month until menopause.
Ovarian follicles
This is a presentation of ovarian follicles made by mohamed alzayat - mansoura faculty of medicine.
Hopefully it would help you.
The menstrual cycle- Mr. panneh
this lecture was presented to the December 2016 Midwifery class of the school for Enrolled Nurses and Midwives- The Gambia.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle has four phases and is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. The average cycle is 28 days long. It begins with menstruation where the uterine lining is shed. Next is the follicular phase where an egg is selected and matured. Ovulation then occurs around day 14 when the egg is released. Finally, the luteal phase follows where the corpus luteum forms and progesterone is produced in preparation for potential pregnancy.
Oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process by which ova (egg cells) are produced in female organisms. It begins with primordial germ cells that proliferate into millions of oocytes through mitosis after birth. During puberty, a few oocytes begin to develop each month, though usually only one is released. The oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division, producing a secondary oocyte and polar body. If fertilized by a sperm, it will complete the second meiotic division.
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The document summarizes the physiology of the human menstrual cycle. It describes the hormonal interplay between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries that regulates the cycle. Key points include:
- The hypothalamus secretes GnRH in pulses, stimulating the pituitary to release FSH and LH. These regulate follicle development and ovulation.
- Estrogen levels rise in the follicular phase, triggering the LH surge and ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus if implantation occurs.
- If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle. A complex feedback system precisely regulates hormone production throughout
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The document summarizes the physiology of menstruation, including the hormonal interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries that regulate the menstrual cycle. It describes the follicular phase of follicle development and selection of the dominant follicle, ovulation, and the luteal phase when the corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone. It also discusses changes in the endometrium across the menstrual cycle in response to rising and falling hormone levels.
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The menstrual cycle is regulated by fluctuating sex hormones from the pituitary gland. It consists of four phases: the follicular phase where follicles in the ovaries mature and estrogen levels rise, ovulation where a mature egg is released, the luteal phase where the corpus luteum produces progesterone, and menstruation where the uterine lining sheds if pregnancy does not occur. The cycle typically lasts around 28 days and involves changes in the ovaries and uterus governed by hormones that prepare the body for potential pregnancy each month.
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Endocrinology of pregnancy
Fertilization of the ovum prevents the regression of the corpus luteum. Instead, the corpus luteum enlarges, stimulated by the glycoprotein hormone, hCG, produced by the trophoblast (the developing placenta).
The menstrual cycle
The female reproductive cycle, also known as the menstrual cycle, occurs regularly in fertile women and involves changes in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium. The average cycle is 28 days and includes the menstrual, proliferative, ovulatory, and secretory phases. During the cycle, levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone rise and fall, regulating the thickening and shedding of the uterine lining. If pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins and the cycle repeats.
Puberty
Puberty is the period when a child's body matures into an adult through hormone-driven changes. The pituitary gland and gonads produce hormones that stimulate growth and development during puberty. For girls, estrogen production begins around age 10-12 which causes breast development and menstrual periods. For boys, testosterone production around age 12-14 triggers growth of facial hair and deepening of the voice. Both sexes experience physical, sexual, and emotional changes as their bodies become capable of reproduction.
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Histology of ovaries
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Endocrine glands
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, regulates the endocrine system. It is located at the base of the brain and consists of the anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and intermediate lobe. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and more. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus that influence milk release and water balance. The intermediate lobe's function in mammals is unclear but it may regulate skin color. Endocrine glands communicate via feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
The normal menstrual cycle
The normal menstrual cycle involves hormonal signaling between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. During the follicular phase, FSH causes follicles to mature and produce estrogen in the ovaries. Rising estrogen triggers a LH surge, causing ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone, which prepares the endometrium for potential implantation during the luteal phase. If implantation does not occur, falling progesterone triggers menstruation and shedding of the endometrial lining. This begins a new cycle.
Fertilization
1. After ovulation, the ovum passes into the uterine tube where it meets sperm, usually in the ampulla. If fertilization occurs, the zygote divides and travels to the uterus.
2. In the uterus, the zygote continues to divide and develops into a blastocyst containing an inner cell mass and trophoblast. The trophoblast implants in the endometrium.
3. Implantation is complete by day 11, and the fertilized egg is now called an embryo. The trophoblast forms the placenta and chorion to exchange nutrients from the mother's blood.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
Pre embryonic development
This document summarizes the stages of human gestation from conception through birth in three trimesters. The first trimester involves major organ development, as the embryo grows to about 5cm by the end of the trimester. In the second trimester, rapid growth occurs as the fetus lengthens to about 30cm and develops further. Fetal movement becomes noticeable. In the third trimester, growth continues rapidly until birth, when the average baby weighs 3kg and measures 52cm. Premature birth is defined as occurring before 37 weeks of gestation.
fetal membrane : Yolk sac
The fetal membranes include the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, connecting stalk, allantois, vitelline duct, and placenta. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that is formed from hypoblast cells next to the embryonic disk. It undergoes several modifications from a primitive yolk sac at 9 days to a final yolk sac by 8 weeks as the embryo develops.
Placenta embryology
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition, aid respiration, perform excretion, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium. In early development, chorionic villi form and connect to the embryo's circulatory system. Later, the villous chorion develops into the fetal part of the placenta while the decidua basalis forms the maternal part. At term, the placenta has a discoid shape and cotyledons, and the umbilical cord connects it to the fetus for nutrient/waste exchange across the placental membrane.
EMBRYOLOGY
Embryology is the science of development from fertilization to the fetus stage. Gametogenesis is the development of sex cells or gametes in the gonads through meiosis. This results in haploid sperm in males through spermatogenesis in the testes and haploid eggs in females through oogenesis in the ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally when sperm meets an egg either in the fallopian tubes or uterus, forming a zygote which becomes an embryo after the first cell division.
Second week of development
The document summarizes key events in implantation and early embryonic development during the first and second weeks. In the first week, the blastocyst undergoes a series of cellular and molecular events to adhere and embed into the endometrium, including degradation of the zona pellucida, adhesion to the epithelium, differentiation of trophoblast layers, erosion of tissues, and establishment of uteroplacental circulation. By the end of the second week, the embryo has undergone rapid proliferation and differentiation, formation of extraembryonic structures like the yolk sac and coelom, emergence of the amniotic cavity and bilaminar disc, and development of the prechordal plate as an organizer of the cranial
Embryo 2nd week
The document summarizes the key developmental changes that occur during the 2nd week of human development from days 8 to 13. During this period, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall and differentiates into the trophoblast and inner cell mass. The trophoblast secretes HCG and further differentiates into the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers. The inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast layers that make up the bilaminar embryonic disc. By day 13, the blastocyst is fully embedded and utero-placental circulation is established as maternal blood enters the lacunar network. Germ layers also begin to form the basis for future tissues and organs.
Third week of development.pdf
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
Endo Repro Anatomy and Histology
The female reproductive system produces eggs and provides an environment for fertilization and embryo development. The ovaries contain primordial follicles which mature through various stages in response to hormones. Most follicles undergo atresia, while one becomes dominant and ovulates monthly. The released egg is transported by the uterine tubes to the uterus. If fertilized, it implants and the placenta develops to support fetal growth. The endometrium thickens monthly under hormonal control but is shed as menstruation if implantation does not occur.
ovulation.pptx
The ovarian cycle begins with several follicles growing under the influence of FSH. One follicle matures and its surrounding cells produce estrogen. At mid-cycle, an LH surge causes ovulation of the oocyte from the mature follicle. After ovulation, the remaining cells of the follicle become vascularized and form the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. Progesterone prepares the uterus for potential implantation if fertilization occurs. If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins.
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This document outlines the key stages of fetal development from conception to birth. It describes the processes of conception, fertilization and implantation that occur in the first 4 weeks. The major developmental changes that happen in each trimester are then outlined, including the formation of major organs in the first trimester, rapid growth and development in the second trimester, and further physical maturation in the third trimester as the fetus prepares for birth. Factors that can influence normal fetal growth rates are also briefly discussed.
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Fertilization of the ovum prevents the regression of the corpus luteum. Instead, the corpus luteum enlarges, stimulated by the glycoprotein hormone, hCG, produced by the trophoblast (the developing placenta).
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The female reproductive cycle, also known as the menstrual cycle, occurs regularly in fertile women and involves changes in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium. The average cycle is 28 days and includes the menstrual, proliferative, ovulatory, and secretory phases. During the cycle, levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone rise and fall, regulating the thickening and shedding of the uterine lining. If pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins and the cycle repeats.
Puberty
Puberty is the period when a child's body matures into an adult through hormone-driven changes. The pituitary gland and gonads produce hormones that stimulate growth and development during puberty. For girls, estrogen production begins around age 10-12 which causes breast development and menstrual periods. For boys, testosterone production around age 12-14 triggers growth of facial hair and deepening of the voice. Both sexes experience physical, sexual, and emotional changes as their bodies become capable of reproduction.
Endocrinology in pregnancy i
The document discusses endocrinology in pregnancy, summarizing the roles and functions of various hormones produced by the fetus, placenta, and mother. It describes how some hormones are up-regulated from non-pregnant levels (quantitative) while others are unique to pregnancy (qualitative). Key hormones discussed include hCG, produced by the placenta to maintain the corpus luteum early in pregnancy; estrogen and progesterone, also produced by the placenta; and human placental lactogen, which increases throughout pregnancy and functions in metabolism and fetal nutrition. The precise levels and roles of multiple hormones are summarized.
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The normal menstrual cycle involves hormonal signaling between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. During the follicular phase, FSH causes follicles to mature and produce estrogen in the ovaries. Rising estrogen triggers a LH surge, causing ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone, which prepares the endometrium for potential implantation during the luteal phase. If implantation does not occur, falling progesterone triggers menstruation and shedding of the endometrial lining. This begins a new cycle.
Fertilization
1. After ovulation, the ovum passes into the uterine tube where it meets sperm, usually in the ampulla. If fertilization occurs, the zygote divides and travels to the uterus.
2. In the uterus, the zygote continues to divide and develops into a blastocyst containing an inner cell mass and trophoblast. The trophoblast implants in the endometrium.
3. Implantation is complete by day 11, and the fertilized egg is now called an embryo. The trophoblast forms the placenta and chorion to exchange nutrients from the mother's blood.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
Pre embryonic development
This document summarizes the stages of human gestation from conception through birth in three trimesters. The first trimester involves major organ development, as the embryo grows to about 5cm by the end of the trimester. In the second trimester, rapid growth occurs as the fetus lengthens to about 30cm and develops further. Fetal movement becomes noticeable. In the third trimester, growth continues rapidly until birth, when the average baby weighs 3kg and measures 52cm. Premature birth is defined as occurring before 37 weeks of gestation.
fetal membrane : Yolk sac
The fetal membranes include the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, connecting stalk, allantois, vitelline duct, and placenta. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that is formed from hypoblast cells next to the embryonic disk. It undergoes several modifications from a primitive yolk sac at 9 days to a final yolk sac by 8 weeks as the embryo develops.
Placenta embryology
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition, aid respiration, perform excretion, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium. In early development, chorionic villi form and connect to the embryo's circulatory system. Later, the villous chorion develops into the fetal part of the placenta while the decidua basalis forms the maternal part. At term, the placenta has a discoid shape and cotyledons, and the umbilical cord connects it to the fetus for nutrient/waste exchange across the placental membrane.
EMBRYOLOGY
Embryology is the science of development from fertilization to the fetus stage. Gametogenesis is the development of sex cells or gametes in the gonads through meiosis. This results in haploid sperm in males through spermatogenesis in the testes and haploid eggs in females through oogenesis in the ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally when sperm meets an egg either in the fallopian tubes or uterus, forming a zygote which becomes an embryo after the first cell division.
Second week of development
The document summarizes key events in implantation and early embryonic development during the first and second weeks. In the first week, the blastocyst undergoes a series of cellular and molecular events to adhere and embed into the endometrium, including degradation of the zona pellucida, adhesion to the epithelium, differentiation of trophoblast layers, erosion of tissues, and establishment of uteroplacental circulation. By the end of the second week, the embryo has undergone rapid proliferation and differentiation, formation of extraembryonic structures like the yolk sac and coelom, emergence of the amniotic cavity and bilaminar disc, and development of the prechordal plate as an organizer of the cranial
Embryo 2nd week
The document summarizes the key developmental changes that occur during the 2nd week of human development from days 8 to 13. During this period, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall and differentiates into the trophoblast and inner cell mass. The trophoblast secretes HCG and further differentiates into the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers. The inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast layers that make up the bilaminar embryonic disc. By day 13, the blastocyst is fully embedded and utero-placental circulation is established as maternal blood enters the lacunar network. Germ layers also begin to form the basis for future tissues and organs.
Third week of development.pdf
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
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HISTOLOGY OF THE OVARY LECTURE.pptx
- 1. HISTOLOGY OF THE OVARY DR KELECHI DURUH DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY FBMS COLLEGE OF MEDICINE UNEC BY 1
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Ovary is a paired almond shaped female reproductive and endocrine organ. • Located in the pelvis • Lateral to the uterus • Measures about 3cm long,1.5cm wide, and 1cm thick • Develops from the gonodal primordia 2
- 4. INTRODUCTION • Development and growth of the ovary is dependent on Gonadotrophin hormones(FSH and LH) • Follicular development depends on FSH • Theca interna secretes androstenedione • Androstenedione is converted into estradiol by aromatase in the granulosa cells • Granulosa cells secretes inhibin 4
- 5. INTRODUCTION Schematic diagram of hormonal control of the ovary 5
- 6. INTRODUCTION • Granulosa cells secretes postaglandin • Theca lutein cells produce large amount of progesterone and androstenedione under the influence of LH • The consequence of decreased progesterone from corpus luteum of menstruation is menstruation • If oocyte is fertilized, corpus luteum lingers about 4-5months when trophoblasts has established HCG secretion 6
- 7. FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT • At puberty, FSH commence cyclical stimulation of a group of primordial follicles each cycle • This causes growth and proliferation of follicular cells and ovarian stroma • Different points of development casts various shades on the histology of the ovary • The dominant follicle develops to mature or graafian follicle • Other follicles in the group stimulated initially undergo atresia 7
- 8. FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SHEMATIC DRAWING OF FOLLICULAR GROWTH 8
- 9. FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE : H/E 9
- 10. FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE : H/E 10
- 11. FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT • The surrounding stroma differentiates to theca interna and externa • The primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 shortly before ovulation to become secondary oocyte • First polar body is produced • Secondary oocyte enters meiosis 11 and arrested in metaphase • The granulosa cells are redistributed to form the cumulus oophorosus and the corona radiata • Zona pellucida developes between the oocyte and first layer of granulosa cells 11
- 12. FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT 12
- 13. OVULATION • The release of the oocyte from the ovary. • Usually occurs about 14th day of the cycle. • The graafian follicle bulges on the ovary causing a stigma • Granulosa cells produce more follicular fluid containing prostaglandins and other macromolecules 13
- 14. OVULATION • Smooth muscles in the theca externa are stimulated • Contraction expels the oocyte • After ovulation the follicle collapses • The ovulated follicle and theca interna form a temporary endocrine gland called corpus luteum 14
- 15. OVULATION PREOVULATORY ANTRAL FOLLICULE: H/E AND PT 15
- 16. OVULATION • The cells of the theca and granulosa change histologically and functionally under the influence of LH • Corpus luteum of menstruation last for 12-14 days • Corpus luteum of pregnancy last 4-5months • The scar of corpus luteum is called corpus albicans 16
- 17. CLINICAL CORRELATES • Polycystic ovarian syndrome: characterized by bilateral multiple ovarian cyst and anovulatory state. • Hemorrhagic cyst: bleeding into a follicular cyst • Ovarian failure: could be primary or secondary. The ovary is not producing oocytes • Miscarriage from insufficient progesterone secretion by corpus luteum of pregnancy 17
- 19. IDENTIFY 18
- 20. IDENTIFY 19
- 21. IDENTIFY 20
- 22. IDENTIFY 21
- 23. IDENTIFY 22
- 24. IDENTIFY 23
- 25. IDENTIFY 24
- 26. NDEWO NU 25