Histology (histology of immune system)
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This document summarizes the histology of several components of the immune system, including the palatine tonsil, spleen, thymus, appendix, and lymph node. It outlines the key characteristics and components of each organ, such as stratified squamous epithelium, germinal centers, and lymphoid follicles in the tonsil. It also briefly describes the main functions of each organ, such as filtering blood and recycling red blood cells in the spleen and programming and nursing T-lymphocytes in the thymus.
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Histology: Tissues
This document provides an overview of the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It discusses the characteristics, functions and examples of each tissue type. In particular, it examines the different cell layers, shapes and surfaces of epithelial tissue, the various cell types and extracellular matrix components of connective tissue, and the three main categories of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
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View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
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The document describes the anatomy and histology of the male reproductive system. It discusses the components, characteristics, functions, and histopathological lesions of the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate. The seminiferous tubules contain spermatogenic cells that produce sperm and Sertoli cells, as well as Leydig cells that produce testosterone. The epididymis functions in sperm storage and maturation. The vas deferens transports sperm via peristalsis. The prostate secretes enzymes and can develop conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatitis.
Histology (histology of pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands)
This document summarizes the histology of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland. It describes the components and characteristics of each gland, their functions, and some pathological lesions. The pituitary gland has anterior and posterior lobes that secrete hormones. The thyroid gland contains follicles made up of thyrocytes and colloid. It secretes T3 and T4. The parathyroid gland regulates blood calcium levels through secretion of PTH by chief cells. Common lesions of these endocrine glands include adenomas.
The Lymphatic System
The spleen is a single intra-abdominal lymphatic organ that filters blood. It is composed of stroma including a capsule, trabeculae, and reticular connective tissue, as well as parenchyma consisting of white pulp and red pulp. The white pulp contains lymphocytes arranged in Malpighian corpuscles around arterioles. The red pulp is made up of splenic cords and blood sinusoids containing blood cells, macrophages, and platelets. The spleen functions to filter blood, form and store blood cells, and play an immunological role in trapping antigens.
SPLEEN AND RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
The document discusses the spleen and reticuloendothelial system (RES). It describes the spleen's structure as being divided into red and white pulp. Red pulp contains sinusoids and cords that filter blood, while white pulp contains lymphatic nodules. The spleen plays roles in filtering blood, forming red blood cells, mounting an immune response, and storing iron. The RES consists of tissue-based macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and debris. It is a generalized innate defense system located throughout the body.
Blood ppt for students 2015
Blood consists of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and more throughout the body. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets assist in blood clotting. The document discusses blood composition and formation, cell types and functions, hemostasis, and blood groups.
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Histology (histology of pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands)
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Pathology (repair and wound healing)
The document summarizes several pathology slides related to repair and wound healing:
1) A slide showing a fibrin network entangling red blood cells and other blood cells, diagnosed as a clot.
2) Distended hepatocytes filled with fluid, diagnosed as edema.
3) Intestinal metaplasia where squamous cells are replaced by columnar cells.
4) Three slides showing blood vessels filled with red blood cells, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells, diagnosed as granulation tissue.
Pathology (pathology of joint and soft tissue disorders)
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle that presents with different stages of maturation including immature rounded cells with pink cytoplasm and peripheral nuclei or large polyhedral cells with clear cytoplasm. Synovial sarcoma has variants including rounded cells arranged in sheets separated by clefts or spindle cells arranged in storiform patterns. It exists in monophasic or biphasic forms and is malignant. Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor of smooth muscle composed of spindle cells in different patterns including lines and whorls.
Pathology (microscopic feature of some tumors)
This document summarizes the microscopic features of four different tumor types: liposarcoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor arising from adipose tissue composed of mature adipocytes. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland forming arborizing papillae. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of chondroblasts forming chondroblastic cell proliferation. Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of squamous epithelium forming cell nests with keratin pearls.
Pathology (growth characters of tumor)
This document summarizes the key characteristics of four different tumor types:
1) Fibroma is a benign tumor arising from fibroblasts that contains mature and immature fibrous tissue with elongated spindle-shaped cells.
2) Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor containing bundles of smooth muscle fibers in a whorl pattern and spindle-shaped fibroblast cells.
3) Thyroid adenoma is a benign glandular tumor composed of normal-looking follicles filled with colloid.
4) Adenocarcinoma is a malignant glandular tumor with abnormal acini and epithelium that shows signs of malignancy like irregular shapes and increased mitosis.
Pathology (cell injury and necrosis)
This document summarizes four pathology slides showing different types of cell injury and necrosis: 1) A slide showing inflammatory cells in alveoli, diagnosed as acute pneumonia; 2) A slide showing caseation necrosis, chronic inflammation and giant cells, diagnosed as early tuberculosis; 3) A slide showing infarcted kidney tissue without nuclei, diagnosed as kidney infarction; 4) A slide showing normal and infarcted myocardial tissue, diagnosed as myocardial infarction.
Pathology (cell adaptation)
The document discusses cells showing signs of fatty change in the heart and liver. For the heart sample, slides showed cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and peripheral nuclei, known as signet ring cells, leading to a diagnosis of fatty change in the heart. A similar sample for the liver showed the same cellular features and was diagnosed as fatty change in the liver.
Pathology (atherosclerosis)
This document summarizes four cases:
1. Capillary hemangioma, characterized by dilated vascular channels lined by endothelium containing red blood cells and separated by stroma.
2. Cavernous lymphgioma, characterized by dilated lymphatic channels lined by endothelium containing lymph and inflammatory cells and separated by stroma.
3. Hemangioendothelioma, characterized by nodules of epitheloid cells separated by stroma, containing intracytoplasmic vacuoles with red blood cells.
4. Kaposi Sarcoma, characterized by a dermal nodule of spindle cells forming slit-like vascular spaces containing erythrocytes.
Pathology (acute inflammation)
The document describes a pathology practical examining signs of acute inflammation under a microscope. The slide shows dilated blood vessels filled with red blood cells and the presence of neutrophils. The diagnosis is that these characteristics are signs of acute inflammation.
Pathology (histopathology of the cns)
This document describes four types of astrocytic brain tumors: (1) Pilocytic Astrocytoma, which contains nodules with dense clusters of astrocytic cells and Rosenthal fibers; (2) Fibrillary Astrocytoma, which has an uneven distribution of astrocytes due to increased cell number; (3) Anaplastic Astrocytoma, which exhibits abnormal mitosis and uneven astrocyte distribution with low vascularity; (4) Glioblastoma Multiform, which demonstrates signs of malignancy like abnormal mitosis, hemorrhage and necrosis as well as highly vascular structures.
Skill lab 1 (taking pulses)
1. This document discusses how to take and assess pulses, including rate, rhythm, volume, and abnormalities. Key points include regular vs. irregular rhythm and normal vs. weak volume.
2. Specific locations for taking pulses are outlined, such as radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses. Differences like a delay between radial pulses or radial and femoral pulses can indicate issues.
3. Diagrams show the locations of peripheral pulses in the upper and lower limbs, such as the carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses.
Skill lab (plastic surgery)
A 35-year-old patient came to the emergency room with burns on his chest. His weight is 72 kg and the burned surface area is 18% of his total body surface area. Using the formula for calculating IV fluid replacement in burned patients, which is body weight x burned surface area / 2 x 4, the amount of fluid resuscitation needed for this patient is 2.5 liters.
Skill lab (hematology, physiology, microbiology, biochemistry)
The document summarizes several laboratory tests and procedures used in hematology, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It describes bleeding time and coagulation time tests to assess platelet function. It also outlines the hematocrit test procedure to measure red blood cell volume percentage, and the blood grouping test to determine blood type based on antigen-antibody reactions. Procedures for blood culture collection and centrifugation to separate blood components are provided. Finally, it explains hemoglobin electrophoresis to measure different hemoglobin molecules and identify potential abnormalities.
Skill lab (basic examination)
The document outlines the 4 main techniques of physical examination: inspection which is examining the patient's body visually, palpation which involves touching inflamed areas of the body, percussion which is tapping parts of the body to compare sounds, and auscultation which uses a stethoscope to listen to body sounds. These techniques - inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation - form the basic physical examination.
Skill lab endocrineology (hormonal panel with different clinical problem &a...
This document provides information on various endocrine-related topics including glucose tolerance testing, thyroid function testing, clinical examination of thyroid swellings, radiology of the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, and anti-thyroid drugs. It includes definitions, test types, results and interpretations, descriptions of clinical findings, imaging views and structures seen, and indications and side effects of drugs. The document aims to educate on evaluating and managing endocrine-related conditions through laboratory and imaging tests and pharmacological treatment.
Skill lab emergency (first aid and iv injection)
Triage is the process of prioritizing patients' treatment based on the severity of their condition. There are four categories ranging from red/immediate for life-threatening conditions to black/expectant for those who are dead. The ABCDE method is used to assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure during triage. Intravenous cannulation involves inserting a tube into a patient's vein for infusions. The procedure has 15 steps including preparing equipment, identifying a vein, inserting the cannula, securing it, and checking for proper placement.
Skill lab physiology (motor examination tests)
This document outlines the components and process of performing a motor examination. It describes examining muscle mass, tone, power, coordination, gait, and reflexes. Deep tendon reflexes are tested using a reflex hammer at sites including the biceps, triceps, patella, and Achilles tendons. Abnormal reflex responses include spasticity, rigidity, and hypotonia. Motor strength is graded on a scale from 0 to 5. The plantar reflex test assesses upper motor neuron function.
Physiology (sensory examination tests)
1. The document outlines various tests used in sensory examination including tests for touch, pain, temperature, vibration, hearing, vision, and cortical sensations.
2. It describes the instruments used and procedures for tests like the two point discrimination test, Rinne's test, and Weber's test.
3. The tests assess primary sensations, cortical sensations, hearing, vision, and help identify lesions in the sensory cortex.
Physiology (measurement of arterial blood pressure)
This document summarizes the measurement of arterial blood pressure. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the force exerted on blood vessel walls during contraction and relaxation. It explains that blood pressure is typically measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, by listening for sounds during inflation and deflation to determine the systolic and diastolic readings in mmHg. Finally, it outlines two methods for measuring blood pressure - palpation of the radial pulse to find systolic pressure only, or auscultation of the brachial pulse over the brachial artery to determine both systolic and diastolic pressure.
Physiology (heart sounds)
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
Physiology (electrocardiography ecg)
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. An ECG is used to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and function by measuring the heart's electrical signals through 12 leads that include 6 chest leads and 6 limb leads. The heart rate can be calculated from an ECG by counting the number of big squares between two R waves in a cycle and dividing 300 by that number.
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Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
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Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
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Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
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Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
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Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
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Influence of receptors and neural pathways
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Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
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25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Histology (histology of immune system)
- 1. Histology practical (Histology of Immune system) By : Osama Al-Zahrani @OSAMA_Z96
- 2. Palatine Tonsil (Elective single) * Component & Characteristics : 1- Stratified Squamous non-keratinized epithelium. 2- Tonsillar crypt. 3- Germinal center. 4- Lymphoid follicles. 5- Lymphocytes (TL & BL) * Function : - Guarding oropharyngeal orifice (Fauces) - Both types of immunity (Cell-mediated & Humoral). Stratified Squamous non- keratinized epithelium Germinal center Lymphoid follicles & Lymphocytes (TL&BL)
- 4. Spleen * Component & Characteristics : 1- Capsule. 2- White pulp. 3- Red pulp 4- Splenic cord (Billroth cord). 5- Trabecula. 6- Blood cells. 7- Blood vessels. 8- Central artery. 9- PALS. * Function : 1- Filtration of blood. 2- Recycle of effete RBCs (old RBCs). 3- Fe-store (Heme). Capsule Trabecula Central artery PALS White pulp Red pulp Splenic cord (Billroth cord)
- 6. Thymus (Elective single) * Component & Characteristics : 1- Thymic lobule. 2- Cortex. 3- Medulla. 4- High epithelial venule (HEV) (Cuboidal endothelium). 5- Thymic epithelial reticular cells. 6- Hassoll`s corpuscles. 7- Interlobular vessels. * Function : 1- TL Programming. 2- TL Nursing. Medulla Thymic epithelial reticular cells Hassoll`s corpuscles High epithelial venule (HEV) (Cuboidal endothelium). Interlobular vessels
- 8. Appendix * Component & Characteristics : 1- Serosa. 2- Mucosa 3- Submucosa. 4- Musculosa. 5- Lumen. 6- Intestinal crypts. 7- Lymphoid follicles (diffused). * Function : - Guarding ileocecal junction (Rudimentary in human). Serosa Musculosa Submucosa Lymphoid follicles (diffused) Lymphoid follicles (diffused) Mucosa Lumen Lymphoid follicles (diffused)
- 10. Lymph Node ( Lymphosarcoma ) * Component & Characteristics : 1- Trabeculae (C.T) stroma. 2- Lymphoid follicles. 3- Germinal center. 4- Diffuse lymphoid tissue. * Function : 1- Filtration of lymph and both type of immunity (Cell-mediated & Humoral) Trabeculae (C.T) stroma Lymphoid follicles