Histology (histology of pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands)
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This document summarizes the histology of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland. It describes the components and characteristics of each gland, their functions, and some pathological lesions. The pituitary gland has anterior and posterior lobes that secrete hormones. The thyroid gland contains follicles made up of thyrocytes and colloid. It secretes T3 and T4. The parathyroid gland regulates blood calcium levels through secretion of PTH by chief cells. Common lesions of these endocrine glands include adenomas.
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Histology of endocrine glands
Detailed histology of endocrine glands.
Microscopic structure of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It has an anterior and posterior lobe with different developmental origins and functions. The anterior lobe produces several hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and other processes. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. The posterior lobe stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which are produced in the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland plays a key role in regulating many physiological processes through its interaction with the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLANDS
The adrenal glands secrete both steroid hormones and catecholamines. They are located above the kidneys and have two distinct regions - the cortex and medulla. The cortex lies beneath the capsule and secretes steroid hormones. The medulla lies deep to the cortex and secretes catecholamines. Although embryologically distinct, the cortex and medulla are functionally related.
Histological structure of pituitory gland
The pituitary gland has two main parts - the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis contains the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. The pars distalis is the largest part and contains chromophils like somatotrophs and mammotrophs that secrete growth hormones, as well as chromophobes that secrete ACTH. The neurohypophysis contains the pars nervosa and secretes oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. The pituitary gland regulates many important bodily functions through the hormones produced by its various cell types located within its distinct anatomical regions.
Histology of thyroid gland
This document summarizes the histological structure of the thyroid gland. It notes that the thyroid gland consists of two lobes and an isthmus, and its structural unit is the follicle. Each follicle contains a layer of epithelial cells surrounding a follicular cavity filled with colloid. The epithelial cells are cuboidal and can change shape depending on the gland's activity level. Additionally, parafollicular cells in the interfollicular spaces secrete thyrocalcitonin. The colloid within the follicular cavity is a gel-like secretion composed of nucleoproteins and enzymes used to synthesize thyroid hormones.
Histology of thyroid and parathyroid, tongue
The thyroid gland contains follicles that are its functional units. Each follicle contains a colloid core surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells. The activity level of the follicle determines how cuboidal the epithelial cells appear and the amount of colloid present. Additional cell types include parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels. The parathyroid gland contains chief cells that synthesize PTH and oxyphil cells of unknown function, with chief cells being more numerous and smaller than oxyphil cells.
Salivary gland histology
This document summarizes the key details about salivary glands. It describes the three major salivary glands - the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It explains their secretions help keep the mouth moist, provide protection, lubrication, and contain enzymes and immunoglobulin A. The glands have secretory elements like acini and alveoli that produce secretions which drain into a series of ducts that pour into the oral cavity. The document outlines the histological structure of the glands including their serous and mucous cells, and describes myoepithelial cells that help contract and squeeze out gland secretions.
Pituitary gland (anatomy)
The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, regulates many other endocrine glands through its production of hormones. It is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation. These hormones are regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and travel to the pituitary via nerve fibers. Together, the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary regulate important bodily functions.
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Histology of endocrine glands
Detailed histology of endocrine glands.
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Pituitary gland
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HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLANDS
The adrenal glands secrete both steroid hormones and catecholamines. They are located above the kidneys and have two distinct regions - the cortex and medulla. The cortex lies beneath the capsule and secretes steroid hormones. The medulla lies deep to the cortex and secretes catecholamines. Although embryologically distinct, the cortex and medulla are functionally related.
Histological structure of pituitory gland
The pituitary gland has two main parts - the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis contains the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. The pars distalis is the largest part and contains chromophils like somatotrophs and mammotrophs that secrete growth hormones, as well as chromophobes that secrete ACTH. The neurohypophysis contains the pars nervosa and secretes oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. The pituitary gland regulates many important bodily functions through the hormones produced by its various cell types located within its distinct anatomical regions.
Histology of thyroid gland
This document summarizes the histological structure of the thyroid gland. It notes that the thyroid gland consists of two lobes and an isthmus, and its structural unit is the follicle. Each follicle contains a layer of epithelial cells surrounding a follicular cavity filled with colloid. The epithelial cells are cuboidal and can change shape depending on the gland's activity level. Additionally, parafollicular cells in the interfollicular spaces secrete thyrocalcitonin. The colloid within the follicular cavity is a gel-like secretion composed of nucleoproteins and enzymes used to synthesize thyroid hormones.
Histology of thyroid and parathyroid, tongue
The thyroid gland contains follicles that are its functional units. Each follicle contains a colloid core surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells. The activity level of the follicle determines how cuboidal the epithelial cells appear and the amount of colloid present. Additional cell types include parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels. The parathyroid gland contains chief cells that synthesize PTH and oxyphil cells of unknown function, with chief cells being more numerous and smaller than oxyphil cells.
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This document summarizes the key details about salivary glands. It describes the three major salivary glands - the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It explains their secretions help keep the mouth moist, provide protection, lubrication, and contain enzymes and immunoglobulin A. The glands have secretory elements like acini and alveoli that produce secretions which drain into a series of ducts that pour into the oral cavity. The document outlines the histological structure of the glands including their serous and mucous cells, and describes myoepithelial cells that help contract and squeeze out gland secretions.
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The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, regulates many other endocrine glands through its production of hormones. It is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation. These hormones are regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and travel to the pituitary via nerve fibers. Together, the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary regulate important bodily functions.
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The document discusses the pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis. It is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important body functions. The pituitary gland has two lobes - the anterior lobe which secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands, and the posterior lobe which stores and releases hormones involved in water balance and milk production. The pituitary gland is well protected in the sella turcica bone and receives blood flow through the hypophyseal portal system which allows the hypothalamus to regulate pituitary hormone secretion.
HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLAND & CORRELATION WITH FUNCTION
The adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is divided into three concentric zones - the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasiculata secretes glucocorticoids, and the zona reticulari secretes androgens. The medulla contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines such as epinephrine. Diseases can result from insufficient or excessive secretion from the cortex or medulla.
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This document discusses the pituitary gland. It begins with an introduction to the functional anatomy and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It then describes the gross anatomy and development of the pituitary gland. The document outlines the parts of the pituitary gland including the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. It details the histological structure and blood supply of the pituitary gland. The relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary is examined, including the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Finally, the major anterior pituitary hormones are identified as the growth hormone family, glycoprotein hormone family, and pro-opiomelanocortin peptides family.
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This document provides information on the anatomy of the pituitary gland (hypophysis), including its location, measurements, relations to surrounding structures, development, blood supply, and functions of its two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. Key points include that the pituitary is located in the sella turcica, has anterior and posterior lobes that differ in origin and function, and is controlled by the hypothalamus via hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
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HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLAND & CORRELATION WITH FUNCTION
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There are six main cell types in the anterior pituitary gland that produce important hormones. The posterior pituitary contains nerve fibers that produce vasopressin and oxytocin. Hyperpituitarism involves oversecretion of pituitary hormones and can cause gigantism, acromegaly, hyperprolactinemia, and Cushing's syndrome. Hypopituitarism is a deficiency of pituitary hormones and can result in panhypopituitarism and dwarfism.
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There are six cell types in the anterior pituitary gland that secrete important hormones. The posterior pituitary, or neurohypophysis, stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus. Hyperpituitarism is oversecretion of pituitary hormones and can result in gigantism, acromegaly, hyperprolactinemia, or Cushing's syndrome. Hypopituitarism is hormone deficiency and causes panhypopituitarism or dwarfism. Common causes are non-secretory adenomas, Sheehan's syndrome from postpartum necrosis, and empty sella syndrome.
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There are six cell types in the anterior pituitary gland that produce important hormones. The pituitary gland can exhibit hyperfunction or hypopfunction. Hyperpituitarism includes gigantism or acromegaly from growth hormone excess, prolactinaemia from prolactin excess, and Cushing's syndrome from ACTH excess. Hypopituitarism can result in panhypopituitarism from deficiency of multiple anterior pituitary hormones or dwarfism from growth hormone deficiency. The posterior pituitary contains vasopressin and oxytocin which are produced in the hypothalamus.
Endocrine System and its glands in brief
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine.[1]
A number of glands that signal each other in sequence are usually referred to as an axis, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems have secondary endocrine functions, including bone, kidneys, liver, heart and gonads. For example, the kidney secretes the endocrine hormone erythropoietin. Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.[1]
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4. Hormones are classified by their chemical structure and can act through several mechanisms including altering gene expression or second messenger systems.
Morphology of endocrine tissue
This document provides an overview of endocrine tissue and several endocrine glands. It defines endocrine tissue as tissue that makes and releases hormones into the bloodstream to control other cells and organs. The document then discusses the morphology and functions of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal gland. It concludes that the endocrine system plays an important role in regulating many vital body functions.
Endocrine System Anatomy and Physiology by Vikas Chouhan
The endocrine system is the collection of gland that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
HISTOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including:
1. It defines hormones and describes how they act through paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine signaling pathways.
2. It classifies hormones into steroids, peptides/proteins, and amino acid derivatives and describes their sites of secretion.
3. It discusses hormone receptors and the mechanisms of hormone action.
4. It provides details on the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, and pineal gland, including their structure, function, and role in feedback loops that regulate hormone secretion.
Endocrine system
The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because:
8. It controls and regulates the functions of other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes through the hormones it secretes.
9. The pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus which controls hormone synthesis and secretion from the pituitary through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
10. Damage or dysfunction of the pituitary gland can lead to disorders in other glands and various body processes since it plays a central role in the endocrine system.
Hormones/Glands of the Body by sami
This document provides an overview of various endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreatic islands, and reproductive glands. It describes the functions of the major hormones produced by each gland, including growth hormone, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone, adrenal hormones, insulin, glucagon, and reproductive hormones. It also discusses hormone regulation and abnormalities that can occur with hypo- or hypersecretion of hormones.
12 - Endocrine System.pptx
The document summarizes several key endocrine glands and their functions. It discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, describing the pituitary as the "maestro gland" that controls other endocrine glands. It details the anatomy and hormonal functions of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. The pituitary gland regulates the endocrine system through releasing and inhibiting hormones, while other glands like the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands carry out specific metabolic functions through their hormone secretions.
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Pathology (repair and wound healing)
The document summarizes several pathology slides related to repair and wound healing:
1) A slide showing a fibrin network entangling red blood cells and other blood cells, diagnosed as a clot.
2) Distended hepatocytes filled with fluid, diagnosed as edema.
3) Intestinal metaplasia where squamous cells are replaced by columnar cells.
4) Three slides showing blood vessels filled with red blood cells, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells, diagnosed as granulation tissue.
Pathology (pathology of joint and soft tissue disorders)
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle that presents with different stages of maturation including immature rounded cells with pink cytoplasm and peripheral nuclei or large polyhedral cells with clear cytoplasm. Synovial sarcoma has variants including rounded cells arranged in sheets separated by clefts or spindle cells arranged in storiform patterns. It exists in monophasic or biphasic forms and is malignant. Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor of smooth muscle composed of spindle cells in different patterns including lines and whorls.
Pathology (microscopic feature of some tumors)
This document summarizes the microscopic features of four different tumor types: liposarcoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor arising from adipose tissue composed of mature adipocytes. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland forming arborizing papillae. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of chondroblasts forming chondroblastic cell proliferation. Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of squamous epithelium forming cell nests with keratin pearls.
Pathology (growth characters of tumor)
This document summarizes the key characteristics of four different tumor types:
1) Fibroma is a benign tumor arising from fibroblasts that contains mature and immature fibrous tissue with elongated spindle-shaped cells.
2) Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor containing bundles of smooth muscle fibers in a whorl pattern and spindle-shaped fibroblast cells.
3) Thyroid adenoma is a benign glandular tumor composed of normal-looking follicles filled with colloid.
4) Adenocarcinoma is a malignant glandular tumor with abnormal acini and epithelium that shows signs of malignancy like irregular shapes and increased mitosis.
Pathology (cell injury and necrosis)
This document summarizes four pathology slides showing different types of cell injury and necrosis: 1) A slide showing inflammatory cells in alveoli, diagnosed as acute pneumonia; 2) A slide showing caseation necrosis, chronic inflammation and giant cells, diagnosed as early tuberculosis; 3) A slide showing infarcted kidney tissue without nuclei, diagnosed as kidney infarction; 4) A slide showing normal and infarcted myocardial tissue, diagnosed as myocardial infarction.
Pathology (cell adaptation)
The document discusses cells showing signs of fatty change in the heart and liver. For the heart sample, slides showed cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and peripheral nuclei, known as signet ring cells, leading to a diagnosis of fatty change in the heart. A similar sample for the liver showed the same cellular features and was diagnosed as fatty change in the liver.
Pathology (atherosclerosis)
This document summarizes four cases:
1. Capillary hemangioma, characterized by dilated vascular channels lined by endothelium containing red blood cells and separated by stroma.
2. Cavernous lymphgioma, characterized by dilated lymphatic channels lined by endothelium containing lymph and inflammatory cells and separated by stroma.
3. Hemangioendothelioma, characterized by nodules of epitheloid cells separated by stroma, containing intracytoplasmic vacuoles with red blood cells.
4. Kaposi Sarcoma, characterized by a dermal nodule of spindle cells forming slit-like vascular spaces containing erythrocytes.
Pathology (acute inflammation)
The document describes a pathology practical examining signs of acute inflammation under a microscope. The slide shows dilated blood vessels filled with red blood cells and the presence of neutrophils. The diagnosis is that these characteristics are signs of acute inflammation.
Pathology (histopathology of the cns)
This document describes four types of astrocytic brain tumors: (1) Pilocytic Astrocytoma, which contains nodules with dense clusters of astrocytic cells and Rosenthal fibers; (2) Fibrillary Astrocytoma, which has an uneven distribution of astrocytes due to increased cell number; (3) Anaplastic Astrocytoma, which exhibits abnormal mitosis and uneven astrocyte distribution with low vascularity; (4) Glioblastoma Multiform, which demonstrates signs of malignancy like abnormal mitosis, hemorrhage and necrosis as well as highly vascular structures.
Skill lab 1 (taking pulses)
1. This document discusses how to take and assess pulses, including rate, rhythm, volume, and abnormalities. Key points include regular vs. irregular rhythm and normal vs. weak volume.
2. Specific locations for taking pulses are outlined, such as radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses. Differences like a delay between radial pulses or radial and femoral pulses can indicate issues.
3. Diagrams show the locations of peripheral pulses in the upper and lower limbs, such as the carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses.
Skill lab (plastic surgery)
A 35-year-old patient came to the emergency room with burns on his chest. His weight is 72 kg and the burned surface area is 18% of his total body surface area. Using the formula for calculating IV fluid replacement in burned patients, which is body weight x burned surface area / 2 x 4, the amount of fluid resuscitation needed for this patient is 2.5 liters.
Skill lab (hematology, physiology, microbiology, biochemistry)
The document summarizes several laboratory tests and procedures used in hematology, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It describes bleeding time and coagulation time tests to assess platelet function. It also outlines the hematocrit test procedure to measure red blood cell volume percentage, and the blood grouping test to determine blood type based on antigen-antibody reactions. Procedures for blood culture collection and centrifugation to separate blood components are provided. Finally, it explains hemoglobin electrophoresis to measure different hemoglobin molecules and identify potential abnormalities.
Skill lab (basic examination)
The document outlines the 4 main techniques of physical examination: inspection which is examining the patient's body visually, palpation which involves touching inflamed areas of the body, percussion which is tapping parts of the body to compare sounds, and auscultation which uses a stethoscope to listen to body sounds. These techniques - inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation - form the basic physical examination.
Skill lab endocrineology (hormonal panel with different clinical problem &a...
This document provides information on various endocrine-related topics including glucose tolerance testing, thyroid function testing, clinical examination of thyroid swellings, radiology of the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, and anti-thyroid drugs. It includes definitions, test types, results and interpretations, descriptions of clinical findings, imaging views and structures seen, and indications and side effects of drugs. The document aims to educate on evaluating and managing endocrine-related conditions through laboratory and imaging tests and pharmacological treatment.
Skill lab emergency (first aid and iv injection)
Triage is the process of prioritizing patients' treatment based on the severity of their condition. There are four categories ranging from red/immediate for life-threatening conditions to black/expectant for those who are dead. The ABCDE method is used to assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure during triage. Intravenous cannulation involves inserting a tube into a patient's vein for infusions. The procedure has 15 steps including preparing equipment, identifying a vein, inserting the cannula, securing it, and checking for proper placement.
Skill lab physiology (motor examination tests)
This document outlines the components and process of performing a motor examination. It describes examining muscle mass, tone, power, coordination, gait, and reflexes. Deep tendon reflexes are tested using a reflex hammer at sites including the biceps, triceps, patella, and Achilles tendons. Abnormal reflex responses include spasticity, rigidity, and hypotonia. Motor strength is graded on a scale from 0 to 5. The plantar reflex test assesses upper motor neuron function.
Physiology (sensory examination tests)
1. The document outlines various tests used in sensory examination including tests for touch, pain, temperature, vibration, hearing, vision, and cortical sensations.
2. It describes the instruments used and procedures for tests like the two point discrimination test, Rinne's test, and Weber's test.
3. The tests assess primary sensations, cortical sensations, hearing, vision, and help identify lesions in the sensory cortex.
Physiology (measurement of arterial blood pressure)
This document summarizes the measurement of arterial blood pressure. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the force exerted on blood vessel walls during contraction and relaxation. It explains that blood pressure is typically measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, by listening for sounds during inflation and deflation to determine the systolic and diastolic readings in mmHg. Finally, it outlines two methods for measuring blood pressure - palpation of the radial pulse to find systolic pressure only, or auscultation of the brachial pulse over the brachial artery to determine both systolic and diastolic pressure.
Physiology (heart sounds)
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
Physiology (electrocardiography ecg)
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. An ECG is used to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and function by measuring the heart's electrical signals through 12 leads that include 6 chest leads and 6 limb leads. The heart rate can be calculated from an ECG by counting the number of big squares between two R waves in a cycle and dividing 300 by that number.
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Histology (histology of pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands)
- 1. Histology practical 1 (Histology of Pituitary & Thyroid & Parathyroid glands) By : Osama Al-Zahrani @OSAMA_Z96 & Osama Hassan Al-Ghamdi
- 2. 1- Pituitary Gland * Component & Characteristics : 1- Pars Distalis. 2- Pars Intermedia (Corticotrophs). 3- Pars Nervosa. 4- Pituicytes (Neuroglia). 5- Neurosecretory Bodies (Herring Bodies) : A- Oxytocin. B- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). * Function : - Anterior Pituitary gland : Synthesizes and secretes hormones. - Posterior Pituitary gland : Store and secretes hormones (Oxytocin & ADH) . * Histopathological Lesion : - Pituitary adenoma.
- 4. 2- Pars distalis (Anterior Pituitary gland) * Component & Characteristics : 1- Blood capillary (Sinusoidal). 2- Chromophobs 50% 3- Chromophils 50% (50% = 34% Acidophils & 16% Basophils ): 4- Acidophils 66% : (GH & PRL). 5- Basophils 33% : A- Thyrotrophs : (TSH). B- Corticotrophs : (ACTH, MSH, Lipotropic LPH) C- Gonadotrophs : (LH, ICSH, FSH). * Function : Synthesizes and secretes hormones. * Histopathological Lesion : - Pituitary adenoma. Blood Capillary
- 6. 3- Thyroid Gland & Thyroid follicle * Component & Characteristics : 1- Capsule. 2- Interfollicular cells. 3- Thyroid follicle : A- C-cell (Parafollicular) : - Clear. - Calcitonin. - Catecholamines (Epinephrine & Nor-epinephrine). C- Thyrocytes (Follicular cells) D- Colloid (Thyroglobulin) * Function : 1- C-cell : Produces calcitonin and catecholamines. 2- Follicular cells : Secretion of T3 & T4 * Histopathological Lesion : 1- Thyroid adenoma. 2- Hashimoto thyroiditis. Interfollicular cells C-cell Thyrocyte
- 8. 4- Parathyroid Gland * Component & Characteristics : 1- Thin capsule. 2- Chief (Principal) cells : - Parathyroid hormone (PTH). 3- Oxyphil cells (acidophilic) : - Degenerated chief cells. - Some Parathyroid hormone (PTH). 4- Colloid (homogeneous gel). 5- Blood vessel. * Function : - Regulation of Ca in blood (hypercalcemic). * Histopathological Lesion : - Parathyroid adenoma. Thin capsule of parathyroid gland