This document summarizes social and political developments in the United States during the 1920s. It discusses the growth of nativism and restrictions on immigration. It also covers several prominent legal cases like the Sacco and Vanzetti trial and the Scopes Monkey Trial. Other topics covered include the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, Prohibition, women's suffrage, the Harlem Renaissance, and the development of mass culture during the decade.
2. The
Reactionary
Twenties
Nativism
Over half of the white men and a third of white women working
in industry were immigrants.
Socialism and Anarchism were popular in Eastern Europe as a
reaction to autocratic governments and wide disparities in
wealth.
Nativists viewed immigrants as potential anarchists and
socialists
Demands for limits to immigration and laws limited number of
immigrants per country per year.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Self-described anarchists arrested in connection with a robbery
and murder of a pay master
Stolen money never recovered
Sacco and Vanzetti found guilty and executed
5. The
Reactionary
Twenties
Fundamentalism
View that the Bible should be taken literally
Scientific scholarship that contradicted literal fundamental
interpretation of the Bible should not be considered
Darwinism on Trial
Scopes Trial in Tennessee
Tennessee outlawed the teaching of evolution in schools (Butler
Act)
Show trial
Scopes a substitute teacher agree to be the defendant
Clarence Darrow (Defense)
William Jennings Bryan (Prosecution)
Scopes found guilty but conviction overturned
8. The
Reactionary
Twenties
Prohibition
Ratified in 1918 (18th Amendment)
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within,
the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the
United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof
for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2.The Congress and the several States shall have
concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3.This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of
the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven
years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the
Congress.
9. Prohibition
Consuming alcohol was not illegal
House: 282 to 128,
Democrats voting 146 in favor and 64 in opposition;
Republicans voting 137 in favor and 62 in opposition.
Ratified in 1919 by 46 states
10.
11. Women’s Suffrage before 1920
Full suffrage—green
Presidential suffrage-orange
Primary suffrage- blue
Municipal suffrage—yellow
School, bond, or tax suffrage—light blue
Municipal suffrage in some cities--maroon
Primary suffrage in some cities--pink
No suffrage—dark red
12. “Roaring
Twenties”
The “New Negro”
Great Migration
Occurred during WWI when white men were drafted for the war.
African American men encouraged to move to the Midwest to
take jobs that soldiers had left
Part of “Total War”
Over 323,000 people moved North
By 1930 615,00 more African Americans moved away from the
South
13.
14. Harlem
Renaissance
Cultural movement amongAfrican Americans
Centered in Harlem in NewYork City but also involved Caribbean-
Africans and Africans in Paris
Opportunity: AJournal of Negro Life published by the National
Urban League
Harlem became a black neighborhood in NewYork in 1900
1910, a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was
bought by various African-American realtors and a church group.
Three Plays for a NegroTheatre RidgeleyTorrence
Harlem Stride Style combined brass with piano
Innovation and liveliness important characteristics in the
beginnings of jazz.
Racial pride: modern African American
16. Harlem
Renaissance
“New Negro”
Intellect and production of literature, art, and music could challenge
racism to promote progressive or socialist politics, racial and social
integration
Creation of art and literature would serve to "uplift" the race.
18. Harlem
Renaissance
Garveyism: movement founded by Marcus Garvey:
Africans in the Diaspora should return to their African heritage
UNIA: Universal Negro Improvement Association
NegroWorld newspaper used to promote UNIA membership and
ideas
June 1919 (2 Million members of UNIA)
Garvey emphasized his belief in the One God, the God of Africa, who
should be visualized through black eyes.
He preached that black people needed to become familiar with
their ancient history and their rich cultural heritage.
He called for pride in the black race—for example; he made black
dolls for black children.
"A race without authority and power is a race without respect."
20. Mass Culture
The Growing Consumer Culture promoted more homogenous
society
new products, lower prices
Mass communications: radios and movies
Airplanes, Automobiles, and the Economy
1927 Charles Lindbergh’s flight across the Atlantic proved the
feasibility of air travel.
Post war “boom” affluence and Model T’s
21. Mass Culture
Spectator Sports
Availability of mass transportation made spectator sports more
popular
Baseball, football and prize fights
22. The Modernist
Revolt
Science and Social Thought
Albert Einstein announced theory of Relativity
Awarded Nobel Prize in 1921
Birth of the Modern Physics movement
Modernist Art and Literature
The Armory Show: traveling exhibit of modernist artists’ work
Ezra Pound; T.S. Eliot; Gertrude Stein