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His 121 ch 15 the gathering storm a
- 1. THE GATHERING STORM CH 15
- 2. WESTWARD MIGRATION Remember the Alamo Texas Independence became a popular cause after the Alamo Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican government recognized Texas Independence Texans clamored for annexation Northern Abolitionists opposed adding another slave state to union Texas was independent for almost a decade
- 3. WESTWARD MIGRATION Mexican War Joint resolution of Congress in 1845 annexed Texas to United States James K. Polk sought to acquire California, New Mexico and Texas through negotiations Stand off along Rio Grande American Army insulted Mexican soldiers Mexican Army crossed Rio Grande and U.S declared war
- 4. WESTWARD MIGRATION Results of Mexican War 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded California, New Mexico to U.S. and gave up claims to all land North of Rio Grande Vast new territory incited fierce debate over slavery in the new territories Legacy of Westward Expansion http://ahiv.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.vccs.edu:2048/View/772399/Clip/56832
- 5. SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES The Wilmot Proviso Slavery issue intensified after Mexican American War Wilmot Proviso slavery prohibited in all territories acquired rom Mexico Wilmot Proviso never passed Popular sovereignty Settlers of new territories should decide issue of slavery for that territory
- 6. SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES The free-soil Coalition Northern Democrats Anti-slavery Whigs Liberty Part The California Gold Rush Gold discovered in 1848 California had enough people to petition for admittance to Union Slave state or free state? How to decide?
- 7. SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES California & New Mexico statehood Both territories forbade slaver within their borders even though they were south of the Missouri Compromise line President Zachary Taylor supported their admission regardless of their status on slavery
- 8. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 The return of Henry Clay Returned to Senate in 1850 Great Debate 8 Resolutions California admitted as a free state New Mexico and Utah are territories without slaves Texas claims to land in New Mexico are not recognized Slavery legal in Washington D.C. Slave trade is illegal in D.C. Fugitive slave act enforceable Congress may not interfere with interstate slave trade
- 9. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 Toward a compromise The Fugitive Slave Act Required slaves who had crossed into free territory to be returned to their slave-holders Dramatic reversal of previous law which granted slaves freedom once they reached free soil.
- 10. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Bestselling novel focused on plight of the slaves Morality of slavery brought to popular discourse in North and West The election of 1852 Franklin Pierce Attempted to appease both sides
- 11. Who Won? North Gets South Gets California admitted as a free state No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico territories Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C. Slaveholding permitted in Washington D.C. Texas loses boundary dispute with New Mexico Texas gets $10 million Fugitive Slave Law
- 12. FOREIGN ADVENTURES Cuba U.S. wanted Cuba as a possession 1854: U.S. attempts to buy Cuba from Spain but is refused Ostend Memo: if Spain did not sell Cuba, U.S. should take it by force U.S. forced to disavow Diplomatic gains in Asia 1850’s Negotiated 4 pots in China to U.S. shipping 1853 Perry negotiates treaty to open Japanese ports to U.S. shipping
- 13. THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA CRISIS Gadsden Purchase 1853 National RR transportation system necessary to ship goods coast to coast now that trading opportunity for U.S. existed in Asia Douglas’s proposal Path to West begins in Chicago RR cut through Louisiana Territory Missouri Compromise amended to permit popular sovereignty to decide issue of slavery for territories south of Missouri
- 14. Kansas Nebraska Act http://www.ushistory.org/us/31a.asp
- 15. THE KANSAS- NEBRASKA CRISIS The emergence of the Republican Party Whig Party destroyed over the Kansas Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Each territory swamped with pro-slavery and anti- slavery “settlers” Voter fraud: who were real “settlers”? John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre: 5 pro-slavery settlers killed
- 16. WHO WERE THE KANSAS SETTLERS? Border Ruffians "are determined to repel this Northern invasion, and make Kansas a Slave State; though our rivers should be covered with the blood of their victims, and the carcasses of the Abolitionists should be so numerous in the territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our purpose“- John H. Stringfellow, Atchison Squatter Sovereign Free Staters New England Emigrant Co. John Brown and his sons
- 17. THE KANSAS- NEBRASKA CRISIS Violence in the U.S. Senate Senator Charles Sumter speech, “The Crime Against Kansas” singling out Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina as an example of an evil slave holder. Congressman Preston Books, Butler’s nephew, beat Sumter almost to death on the Senate floor.
- 18. Sumner’s Speech May 19-20, 1856 "Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the power of slavery in the National Government.” …“The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight -- I mean the harlot, slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator." Sumner Butler Brooks
- 19. THE DEEPENING SECTIONAL CRISIS The Dred Scott case Decided by U.S. Supreme Court Roger B. Taney, a slaveholder, was Chief Justice Dred Scott had been take to a free territory and after many years returned to Louisiana. Sued when his master’s wife refused to permit him to purchase his freedom Taney: slaves had no rights, would never have rights, and any law that said otherwise was unconstitutional and illegal
- 21. LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION Drafted by Kansas Territory Legislature (mostly pro-slavery) 1857 Permitted slavery Free state settlers (majority of population) boycotted the vote Widespread election fraud Territorial governor (pro-slavery) resigned rather than implement Stephen Douglas (pro-slavery) broke with Democratic Party Lecompton Constitution endorsed by President Buchanan (pro- slavery) Defeated in House of Representatives in 1858
- 22. THE DEEPENING SECTIONAL CRISIS The Panic of 1857 Banks overextend loans to RR companies Banks overextend loans to Western farmers Banks overextend loans to Western Merchants S.S. Central America sinks in hurricane 30,000 lbs. of Gold 500 lives The revival of 1857–1859 Focused on “spiritual renewal” rather than society
- 23. THE DEEPENING SECTIONAL CRISIS Douglas versus Lincoln 1858 Illinois Senate Election Debates John Brown’s raid Attempt to seize federal arsenal Intended to arm slaves for uprising Both of Brown’s sons died Robert E. Lee captured John Brown
- 25. THE CENTER COMES APART The Democrats divide 1860 election Dems nominate Stephen Douglas Southern Dems chose John C. Breckenridge Lincoln’s election Republican Candidate: Campaigned on making slavery illegal in the territories Did not propose to outlaw slavery in the states where it was already legal
- 26. America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The Election of 1860
- 27. THE CENTER COMES APART Secession of the Deep South South Carolina vowed to secede if Lincoln was elected Lincoln elected in November, 1860; South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860 Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas seceded soon after Confederate States of America: Jefferson Davis, President President Buchanan, a pro-slavery Southerner, did nothing to keep South Carolina or other secessionist states in the Union Washington Peace Conference of 1861 Delegates from 21 states Republicans and Democrats No compromise
Editor's Notes
- In the Dred Scott case, a slave was taken to a free territory, where he lived until his master returned him to a slave state. Scott sued his master on the grounds that since he had been taken to a free state, he had become free himself and that when his master forced him to return to Missouri, he was being denied his freedom as a citizen of the United States. The Supreme Court ruled against Scott, saying that slaves had no rights, and declared that any law that said otherwise was illegal. Kansas drafted a constitution that allowed for slavery, but owing to fraud, free-state voters boycotted the referendum. Eventually, the constitution was passed.
- In 1858, Lincoln was a candidate for the Illinois Senate seat held by Douglas. Lincoln challenged Douglas to debates across the state, to which Douglas agreed. Douglas won reelection to his seat, but the debates placed Lincoln in the national spotlight for the first time. John Brown planned to seize a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, to arm slaves. Thus an insurrection would begin against the South. Brown lost both of his sons and was captured by Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee.