Brief presentation about the most relevant discoveries on the article. Full article available https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282911197_High_Resolution_Melt_analysis_of_DNA_methylation_to_discriminate_semen_in_biological_stains
This document discusses several molecular diagnosis techniques, including single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and chemical cleavage of mismatch (CCM). It describes the CCM method, which uses specific reagents to modify and cleave DNA at the site of mutations, allowing detection of point mutations and insertions/deletions. PCR heteroduplexes are treated with reagents that modify unpaired bases before cleavage and electrophoresis identifies the location and type of mutation. The CCM method has higher diagnostic sensitivity than other techniques and can analyze longer DNA fragments of up to 2 kb.
This document discusses various applications of PCR cloning including its advantages over traditional cloning methods. It provides details on:
1) PCR cloning allows cloning of DNA fragments without restriction enzymes and works well for projects requiring high throughput. It can clone DNA fragments that are not available in large amounts.
2) Common types of PCR like real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, and applications like paternity testing, mutation detection, gene recombination through addition, deletion, and site-specific mutagenesis.
3) The role of proofreading enzymes in ensuring faithful DNA replication by identifying and removing mismatched bases.
Maxam-Gilbert's sequencing method involves radiolabeling DNA at the 5' end and treating it with chemicals that cleave either adenine or guanine bases, or cytosine bases. This produces fragmented, radiolabeled DNA of varying lengths that can be separated by gel electrophoresis to determine the sequence. Sanger's method uses a single-stranded DNA template, a primer, DNA polymerase, normal dNTPs, and modified ddNTPs that terminate DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a ddNTP causes DNA polymerase to stop, producing fragmented DNA of different lengths that reveal the sequence. Modern automated DNA sequencing builds on Sanger's chain termination method and uses fluorescence detection to determine sequences rapidly.
This document discusses various gene sequencing methods. It begins by introducing DNA and the importance of sequencing the genetic code. It then describes several early sequencing techniques like Sanger sequencing using chain termination or chemical cleavage. It discusses the need for sequencing to understand genetic conditions. The document also covers topics like genome sequencing, genomics, and high-throughput sequencing techniques like dye-terminator sequencing which replaced radioactive labels with fluorescent labels to automate the process.
This document defines DNA sequencing and describes some common DNA sequencing methods. It explains that DNA sequencing determines the order of the four nucleotide bases that make up DNA. It then describes two basic DNA sequencing methods - Maxam-Gilbert chemical sequencing and Sanger chain termination sequencing. For Sanger sequencing, it provides details on how fluorescent dideoxynucleotides are used to randomly terminate DNA strands during replication, allowing the sequence to be read from the resulting fragments.
The document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It describes two early conventional methods: Sanger chain termination sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation. Sanger's method uses dideoxynucleotides as chain terminators and is more efficient with fewer toxic chemicals. The document also explains pyrosequencing, an early next-generation sequencing technique that detects pyrophosphate release upon nucleotide incorporation.
This document provides an introduction to molecular medicine and various molecular biology techniques. It discusses DNA cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, blot techniques, DNA fingerprinting, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), DNA chips, gene therapy/transgenesis, and enzymes used in molecular biology such as restriction endonucleases, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. It also summarizes techniques like cloning, PCR, DNA sequencing methods, hybridization techniques including Southern blot, Northern blot and Western blot.
This document discusses several molecular diagnosis techniques, including single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and chemical cleavage of mismatch (CCM). It describes the CCM method, which uses specific reagents to modify and cleave DNA at the site of mutations, allowing detection of point mutations and insertions/deletions. PCR heteroduplexes are treated with reagents that modify unpaired bases before cleavage and electrophoresis identifies the location and type of mutation. The CCM method has higher diagnostic sensitivity than other techniques and can analyze longer DNA fragments of up to 2 kb.
This document discusses various applications of PCR cloning including its advantages over traditional cloning methods. It provides details on:
1) PCR cloning allows cloning of DNA fragments without restriction enzymes and works well for projects requiring high throughput. It can clone DNA fragments that are not available in large amounts.
2) Common types of PCR like real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, and applications like paternity testing, mutation detection, gene recombination through addition, deletion, and site-specific mutagenesis.
3) The role of proofreading enzymes in ensuring faithful DNA replication by identifying and removing mismatched bases.
Maxam-Gilbert's sequencing method involves radiolabeling DNA at the 5' end and treating it with chemicals that cleave either adenine or guanine bases, or cytosine bases. This produces fragmented, radiolabeled DNA of varying lengths that can be separated by gel electrophoresis to determine the sequence. Sanger's method uses a single-stranded DNA template, a primer, DNA polymerase, normal dNTPs, and modified ddNTPs that terminate DNA strand elongation. Incorporation of a ddNTP causes DNA polymerase to stop, producing fragmented DNA of different lengths that reveal the sequence. Modern automated DNA sequencing builds on Sanger's chain termination method and uses fluorescence detection to determine sequences rapidly.
This document discusses various gene sequencing methods. It begins by introducing DNA and the importance of sequencing the genetic code. It then describes several early sequencing techniques like Sanger sequencing using chain termination or chemical cleavage. It discusses the need for sequencing to understand genetic conditions. The document also covers topics like genome sequencing, genomics, and high-throughput sequencing techniques like dye-terminator sequencing which replaced radioactive labels with fluorescent labels to automate the process.
This document defines DNA sequencing and describes some common DNA sequencing methods. It explains that DNA sequencing determines the order of the four nucleotide bases that make up DNA. It then describes two basic DNA sequencing methods - Maxam-Gilbert chemical sequencing and Sanger chain termination sequencing. For Sanger sequencing, it provides details on how fluorescent dideoxynucleotides are used to randomly terminate DNA strands during replication, allowing the sequence to be read from the resulting fragments.
The document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It describes two early conventional methods: Sanger chain termination sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation. Sanger's method uses dideoxynucleotides as chain terminators and is more efficient with fewer toxic chemicals. The document also explains pyrosequencing, an early next-generation sequencing technique that detects pyrophosphate release upon nucleotide incorporation.
This document provides an introduction to molecular medicine and various molecular biology techniques. It discusses DNA cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, blot techniques, DNA fingerprinting, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), DNA chips, gene therapy/transgenesis, and enzymes used in molecular biology such as restriction endonucleases, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. It also summarizes techniques like cloning, PCR, DNA sequencing methods, hybridization techniques including Southern blot, Northern blot and Western blot.
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique used to make specific changes to DNA sequences. It involves using a primer containing the desired mutation in a PCR reaction to introduce the mutation into the gene of interest. There are different approaches for site-directed mutagenesis using PCR, including using a mutated primer in normal PCR or a primer extension method. The technique is used for applications like protein engineering to study the impact of sequence changes or insert restriction sites. However, it can be difficult to replicate the mutated DNA and screening mutations requires sequencing.
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA sample. The Sanger method, also known as dideoxy or chain termination method, was the first widely used DNA sequencing technique. It involves DNA polymerase, dNTPs, a primer, and ddNTPs to terminate DNA strand extension. The fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and the sequence is read. Next-generation sequencing methods like pyrosequencing do not require electrophoresis or fragment separation. They detect incorporated nucleotides in real-time. Nanopore sequencing detects changes in electrical current as single-stranded DNA passes through a nanopore protein.
DNA Sequencing : Maxam Gilbert and Sanger SequencingVeerendra Nagoria
DNA sequencing is a technique to find out the exact arrangement of Nucleotides to make one strand of DNA. DNA sequencing helps in numerous ways from sequence information to paternity testing, mutation detection etc. Traditionally two approaches were used to solve the problem. First is based of enzymes and Second is based on ddNTPs to sequence the DNA using gel electrophoresis technique.
A probe is a short sequence of DNA or RNA that is used to detect complementary DNA or RNA sequences in samples. Probes can be labeled with radioactive isotopes or fluorescent tags to allow for their detection after hybridizing to target sequences. They are commonly used techniques like Southern blots, Northern blots, and in situ hybridization to detect specific nucleic acid sequences and identify microorganisms, viruses, or genetic mutations associated with diseases. Probes provide a sensitive method for detecting nucleic acids and have many applications in medical research and diagnosis.
The document summarizes DNA sequencing methods. It discusses the DNA double helix structure and how the four nitrogenous bases form complementary pairs between strands. It then describes the two main historical DNA sequencing methods: the Maxam-Gilbert method which uses chemical degradation, and the Sanger method which is based on chain termination using dideoxynucleotides. The Sanger method is now the most common approach and involves sequencing in four separate reactions with one of the four ddNTPs added to each.
This document describes the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing. It involves radioactively labeling DNA, cleaving it with specific chemical treatments at adenine, guanine, cytosine, or cytosine and thymine bases, and separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel. Comparison of the fragment sizes allows deduction of the DNA sequence. While it does not require DNA polymerases, the Maxam-Gilbert method uses hazardous chemicals and radioactive material, has technical complexity, and is not widely used due to the development of safer methods like Sanger sequencing.
This document summarizes two methods for mapping DNA-protein interactions: DNase I footprinting and DMS footprinting. DNase I footprinting involves digesting DNA with DNase I after protein binding, which will be protected by the protein. DMS footprinting uses dimethyl sulfate to modify purines, which will be protected by bound protein. The document also reviews mechanisms of regulation of the lac and tryptophan operons, including activation of lac by cAMP-CAP and attenuation control of tryptophan based on tryptophan levels.
Gene Sequencing, a tool to analyze the exact order of nucleotide sequence in the DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Focuses on Two methods:
a. Maxam-Gilbert (Chemical Degradation) Method
b. Sanger's Method (Dideoxy Chain termination Method)
This document discusses several types of PCR techniques and their applications. It begins by explaining standard PCR and its development. It then describes several specialized PCR techniques including allele-specific PCR, asymmetric PCR, assembly PCR, hot-start PCR, helicase-dependent amplification, in situ PCR, inverse PCR, ligation-mediated PCR, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Each technique is explained and examples of its uses and applications are provided.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of DNA sequencing methods. It describes the Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method from the 1970s which used selective chemical reactions and autoradiography to determine sequences. It also describes Sanger's chain-termination method from the same time period which used DNA polymerase, dideoxynucleotides, and autoradiography. The document notes that Sanger's enzymatic approach provided more efficient sequencing. It concludes by mentioning the introduction of automated fluorescence-based sequencing in 1986, which replaced radioactive labeling and allowed high-throughput sequencing.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l30. applications of pcr-iiRishabh Jain
The document discusses various applications of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including cDNA synthesis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to sequence mRNA ends, error-prone PCR for random mutagenesis, PCR-based molecular markers for genome mapping and analyzing genetic variation, analysis of fossil DNA and environments using PCR, medical diagnosis using PCR, and applications in forensic science.
This Is the enzymatic method of of DNA sequencing developed by senger et. al.
but on this server animation is not working , plz beware of server errors.
DNA sequencing is a method to determine the order of nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) in a DNA molecule. The Sanger method is more efficient than previous methods as it uses fewer toxic chemicals and radioactive materials. It involves priming DNA with a primer, dividing the primed DNA into four tubes with a DNA polymerase and one of four dideoxynucleotides. These terminate DNA strand elongation randomly, generating fragments of different lengths that can be separated by gel electrophoresis to reveal the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has applications in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
The document describes a seminar on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. It defines RAPD as a type of PCR reaction that amplifies random segments of DNA using short arbitrary nucleotide primers. The document outlines the history, principle, procedure, applications, advantages, and limitations of RAPD analysis. It compares RAPD to other molecular marker techniques and concludes that RAPD is a lab technique used to amplify unknown DNA segments for analysis.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l32. dna sequencing-iiRishabh Jain
The document describes several methods for DNA sequencing, including Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation, pyrosequencing, polony sequencing, and nanopore sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method uses chemical reactions to cleave DNA at specific bases, followed by gel electrophoresis. Pyrosequencing sequences DNA by detecting pyrophosphate release during nucleotide incorporation. Polony sequencing performs sequencing on polymerase colonies using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Nanopore sequencing detects DNA sequences as single strands pass through nanopores.
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of base pairs in a DNA section. In the 1970s, Maxam-Gilbert developed one of the first DNA sequencing methods using chemical modification. Chain termination sequencing uses single-stranded DNA, primers, polymerase, and nucleotides split into four reactions to elongate DNA until termination. Chemical degradation sequencing treats double-stranded DNA with chemicals that cut it at different positions. Dye-terminator sequencing labels each chain terminator with a fluorescent dye that emits light at different wavelengths. DNA sequencing has applications in cancer treatment, disease diagnosis, biotechnology, forensics, and was a major focus of the Human Genome Project to map the human genome.
This document discusses several methods for gene sequencing, including Sanger sequencing, 454 technology, and sequence assembly. Sanger sequencing uses DNA polymerase and chain terminating nucleotides to synthesize labeled DNA strands of varying lengths that can then be separated by electrophoresis to determine the sequence. 454 technology attaches DNA fragments to beads and performs emulsion PCR to generate millions of copies for pyrosequencing. Sequence assembly involves combining overlapping sequences from fragmented DNA reads to reconstruct the full genome sequence, as individual reads are usually only 500-1000 base pairs long.
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique that allows researchers to introduce specific changes to DNA sequences. This allows a single amino acid in a protein to be selectively replaced with another amino acid by modifying the codon. The basic mechanism involves using a primer, polymerase, and replication to introduce a point mutation. Site-directed mutagenesis has applications in protein engineering, studying protein structure and function, and improving traits like enzyme activity or nutrient content.
DNA microarray technology allows for the high-throughput analysis of differential gene expression. The document discusses DNA microarray approaches, including spotted arrays and oligonucleotide chips. Key steps in a microarray experiment are described such as sample preparation, hybridization, and data analysis. Examples are given of microarray studies examining gene expression changes related to atherosclerosis, endothelial function, and macrophage response to oxidized LDL. Challenges in microarray design, analysis, and validation of results are also discussed.
DNA microarray is a technique that allows high-throughput analysis of gene expression. It involves depositing DNA fragments onto a glass slide and using fluorescent probes made from sample RNA to detect expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. The document discusses the basic principles and steps of DNA microarray, including sample preparation, hybridization, image analysis and data normalization. It also compares different microarray fabrication technologies and platforms, and discusses quality control considerations and limitations of the technique.
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique used to make specific changes to DNA sequences. It involves using a primer containing the desired mutation in a PCR reaction to introduce the mutation into the gene of interest. There are different approaches for site-directed mutagenesis using PCR, including using a mutated primer in normal PCR or a primer extension method. The technique is used for applications like protein engineering to study the impact of sequence changes or insert restriction sites. However, it can be difficult to replicate the mutated DNA and screening mutations requires sequencing.
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA sample. The Sanger method, also known as dideoxy or chain termination method, was the first widely used DNA sequencing technique. It involves DNA polymerase, dNTPs, a primer, and ddNTPs to terminate DNA strand extension. The fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and the sequence is read. Next-generation sequencing methods like pyrosequencing do not require electrophoresis or fragment separation. They detect incorporated nucleotides in real-time. Nanopore sequencing detects changes in electrical current as single-stranded DNA passes through a nanopore protein.
DNA Sequencing : Maxam Gilbert and Sanger SequencingVeerendra Nagoria
DNA sequencing is a technique to find out the exact arrangement of Nucleotides to make one strand of DNA. DNA sequencing helps in numerous ways from sequence information to paternity testing, mutation detection etc. Traditionally two approaches were used to solve the problem. First is based of enzymes and Second is based on ddNTPs to sequence the DNA using gel electrophoresis technique.
A probe is a short sequence of DNA or RNA that is used to detect complementary DNA or RNA sequences in samples. Probes can be labeled with radioactive isotopes or fluorescent tags to allow for their detection after hybridizing to target sequences. They are commonly used techniques like Southern blots, Northern blots, and in situ hybridization to detect specific nucleic acid sequences and identify microorganisms, viruses, or genetic mutations associated with diseases. Probes provide a sensitive method for detecting nucleic acids and have many applications in medical research and diagnosis.
The document summarizes DNA sequencing methods. It discusses the DNA double helix structure and how the four nitrogenous bases form complementary pairs between strands. It then describes the two main historical DNA sequencing methods: the Maxam-Gilbert method which uses chemical degradation, and the Sanger method which is based on chain termination using dideoxynucleotides. The Sanger method is now the most common approach and involves sequencing in four separate reactions with one of the four ddNTPs added to each.
This document describes the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing. It involves radioactively labeling DNA, cleaving it with specific chemical treatments at adenine, guanine, cytosine, or cytosine and thymine bases, and separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel. Comparison of the fragment sizes allows deduction of the DNA sequence. While it does not require DNA polymerases, the Maxam-Gilbert method uses hazardous chemicals and radioactive material, has technical complexity, and is not widely used due to the development of safer methods like Sanger sequencing.
This document summarizes two methods for mapping DNA-protein interactions: DNase I footprinting and DMS footprinting. DNase I footprinting involves digesting DNA with DNase I after protein binding, which will be protected by the protein. DMS footprinting uses dimethyl sulfate to modify purines, which will be protected by bound protein. The document also reviews mechanisms of regulation of the lac and tryptophan operons, including activation of lac by cAMP-CAP and attenuation control of tryptophan based on tryptophan levels.
Gene Sequencing, a tool to analyze the exact order of nucleotide sequence in the DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Focuses on Two methods:
a. Maxam-Gilbert (Chemical Degradation) Method
b. Sanger's Method (Dideoxy Chain termination Method)
This document discusses several types of PCR techniques and their applications. It begins by explaining standard PCR and its development. It then describes several specialized PCR techniques including allele-specific PCR, asymmetric PCR, assembly PCR, hot-start PCR, helicase-dependent amplification, in situ PCR, inverse PCR, ligation-mediated PCR, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Each technique is explained and examples of its uses and applications are provided.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of DNA sequencing methods. It describes the Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method from the 1970s which used selective chemical reactions and autoradiography to determine sequences. It also describes Sanger's chain-termination method from the same time period which used DNA polymerase, dideoxynucleotides, and autoradiography. The document notes that Sanger's enzymatic approach provided more efficient sequencing. It concludes by mentioning the introduction of automated fluorescence-based sequencing in 1986, which replaced radioactive labeling and allowed high-throughput sequencing.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l30. applications of pcr-iiRishabh Jain
The document discusses various applications of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including cDNA synthesis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to sequence mRNA ends, error-prone PCR for random mutagenesis, PCR-based molecular markers for genome mapping and analyzing genetic variation, analysis of fossil DNA and environments using PCR, medical diagnosis using PCR, and applications in forensic science.
This Is the enzymatic method of of DNA sequencing developed by senger et. al.
but on this server animation is not working , plz beware of server errors.
DNA sequencing is a method to determine the order of nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) in a DNA molecule. The Sanger method is more efficient than previous methods as it uses fewer toxic chemicals and radioactive materials. It involves priming DNA with a primer, dividing the primed DNA into four tubes with a DNA polymerase and one of four dideoxynucleotides. These terminate DNA strand elongation randomly, generating fragments of different lengths that can be separated by gel electrophoresis to reveal the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has applications in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
The document describes a seminar on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. It defines RAPD as a type of PCR reaction that amplifies random segments of DNA using short arbitrary nucleotide primers. The document outlines the history, principle, procedure, applications, advantages, and limitations of RAPD analysis. It compares RAPD to other molecular marker techniques and concludes that RAPD is a lab technique used to amplify unknown DNA segments for analysis.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l32. dna sequencing-iiRishabh Jain
The document describes several methods for DNA sequencing, including Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation, pyrosequencing, polony sequencing, and nanopore sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method uses chemical reactions to cleave DNA at specific bases, followed by gel electrophoresis. Pyrosequencing sequences DNA by detecting pyrophosphate release during nucleotide incorporation. Polony sequencing performs sequencing on polymerase colonies using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Nanopore sequencing detects DNA sequences as single strands pass through nanopores.
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of base pairs in a DNA section. In the 1970s, Maxam-Gilbert developed one of the first DNA sequencing methods using chemical modification. Chain termination sequencing uses single-stranded DNA, primers, polymerase, and nucleotides split into four reactions to elongate DNA until termination. Chemical degradation sequencing treats double-stranded DNA with chemicals that cut it at different positions. Dye-terminator sequencing labels each chain terminator with a fluorescent dye that emits light at different wavelengths. DNA sequencing has applications in cancer treatment, disease diagnosis, biotechnology, forensics, and was a major focus of the Human Genome Project to map the human genome.
This document discusses several methods for gene sequencing, including Sanger sequencing, 454 technology, and sequence assembly. Sanger sequencing uses DNA polymerase and chain terminating nucleotides to synthesize labeled DNA strands of varying lengths that can then be separated by electrophoresis to determine the sequence. 454 technology attaches DNA fragments to beads and performs emulsion PCR to generate millions of copies for pyrosequencing. Sequence assembly involves combining overlapping sequences from fragmented DNA reads to reconstruct the full genome sequence, as individual reads are usually only 500-1000 base pairs long.
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique that allows researchers to introduce specific changes to DNA sequences. This allows a single amino acid in a protein to be selectively replaced with another amino acid by modifying the codon. The basic mechanism involves using a primer, polymerase, and replication to introduce a point mutation. Site-directed mutagenesis has applications in protein engineering, studying protein structure and function, and improving traits like enzyme activity or nutrient content.
DNA microarray technology allows for the high-throughput analysis of differential gene expression. The document discusses DNA microarray approaches, including spotted arrays and oligonucleotide chips. Key steps in a microarray experiment are described such as sample preparation, hybridization, and data analysis. Examples are given of microarray studies examining gene expression changes related to atherosclerosis, endothelial function, and macrophage response to oxidized LDL. Challenges in microarray design, analysis, and validation of results are also discussed.
DNA microarray is a technique that allows high-throughput analysis of gene expression. It involves depositing DNA fragments onto a glass slide and using fluorescent probes made from sample RNA to detect expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. The document discusses the basic principles and steps of DNA microarray, including sample preparation, hybridization, image analysis and data normalization. It also compares different microarray fabrication technologies and platforms, and discusses quality control considerations and limitations of the technique.
DNA microarray is a technique that allows high-throughput analysis of gene expression. It involves depositing DNA fragments onto a glass slide and using fluorescent probes made from sample RNA to detect expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. The document discusses the basic principles and steps of DNA microarray, including sample preparation, hybridization, imaging, and data analysis. It also compares different microarray fabrication technologies and highlights some challenges in the field, such as lack of standardization and high rates of false positives.
DNA microarrays allow for the high-throughput analysis of differential gene expression. They work by hybridizing fluorescently-labeled cDNA from experimental and control RNA samples to a large number of gene sequences spotted on a glass slide. After hybridization, scanned images are analyzed to determine differences in gene expression levels between the two samples. While a powerful tool, microarray results often require confirmation through low-throughput methods like quantitative RT-PCR due to the risk of false positives. Studies have used microarrays to identify genes involved in atherosclerosis, response to oxidized LDL, and effects of shear stress on endothelial cells.
This study performed a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tissue samples from 24 Bangladeshi patients. The researchers found a total of 627 differentially methylated loci covering 513 genes when comparing CRC tissue to normal adjacent tissue, with 535 loci covering 465 genes being newly identified. Gene set enrichment analysis showed hypermethylation in CRC of gene sets related to inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity, regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling, and estrogen receptor activity. Predictive models based on differentially methylated loci showed potential for CRC diagnosis with around 89% sensitivity and specificity.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in researching vulnerable plaque. DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene expression and have opened doors to exploring unknown molecular mechanisms. The author's research group is conducting genomic and proteomic experiments on human atherosclerotic plaques to shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis development and vulnerability. Proteomic analysis provides insights not available through genomics alone. Understanding these molecular processes could lead to better understanding of vulnerable plaque development and complications.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in studying vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. It provides background on atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene and protein expression, which can provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. One study used microarrays to analyze gene expression differences between ruptured and stable plaques, identifying perilipin as upregulated in ruptured plaques. However, microarray analysis of atherosclerosis is still in its early stages with many technical challenges to address.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in researching vulnerable plaque. DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene expression and have opened doors to exploring unknown molecular mechanisms. The author's research group is conducting genomic and proteomic experiments on human atherosclerotic plaques to shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis development and vulnerability. They are examining differential gene and protein expression between ruptured and stable plaques using various techniques including laser capture microdissection. The goal is to gain a better understanding of the molecular processes leading to vulnerable plaques and their complications.
FORENSIC DNA PROFILING: Strengths and LimitationsHezekiah Fatoki
1) The document summarizes a seminar presentation on forensic DNA profiling, its strengths and limitations. It discusses various DNA analysis techniques like STR, SNP, mtDNA and emerging areas like epigenetics.
2) It outlines the process of forensic DNA analysis from sample collection and DNA extraction to profiling and interpretation. Strengths include high discrimination and sensitivity but limitations include low DNA samples, mixtures and coincidental matches.
3) Future directions discussed include microfluidics, nanotechnology, DNA databases and phenotypic inference from DNA. While improvements are being made, current DNA analysis is valid when used carefully alongside other evidence.
Biologists have developed techniques for artificially manipulating DNA, cells, and organisms. One key technique is somatic cell nuclear transfer, which was used to clone Dolly the sheep. Nuclear transfer allows for the creation of patient-specific embryonic stem cells, an important step for gene therapy applications. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size, while PCR can amplify small amounts of DNA. Genetic modification involves gene transfer between species using techniques like restriction enzymes and DNA ligase.
DNA microarray.pdfghghvjjsjsjdhdhdhddhdhdjdhdMusaMusa68
DNA microarrays contain thousands of DNA probes attached to a solid surface that are used to simultaneously measure gene expression levels in a sample. The sample's DNA or RNA is extracted, labeled, and hybridized to the microarray to bind to complementary probes. A scanner then detects the bound material's fluorescence intensity to quantify gene expression levels. This allows researchers to analyze expression patterns and identify genes that are differently expressed under different conditions, such as disease states or drug treatments.
1. The study aims to identify genomic and proteomic risk and protective factors for coronary heart disease by analyzing gene and protein expression profiles in blood cells from patients with and without heart disease and associated risk factors.
2. Blood samples will be collected from five patient groups and mRNA will be isolated from monocytes and neutrophils for analysis using DNA microarrays and suppression subtractive hybridization.
3. Differentially expressed genes will be confirmed with real-time PCR and protein expression analyzed using in situ hybridization and immunochemistry to help identify new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for coronary heart disease.
508 search for genomic and proteomic risk factors and protective factors asso...SHAPE Society
1. This study aims to identify genomic and proteomic risk factors and protective factors associated with coronary heart disease by analyzing gene and protein expression profiles in blood cells from patients with and without heart disease.
2. The study will recruit patients aged 18-80 categorized into five groups based on having heart disease and traditional risk factors. Gene expression in monocytes and neutrophils will be analyzed using microarray technology and real-time PCR.
3. Differentially expressed genes will be identified by comparing expression profiles between patient groups to uncover new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for coronary heart disease.
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and how it is used to amplify small amounts of DNA, allowing researchers to generate large quantities of identical DNA copies. It explains the basic steps in PCR, including separating DNA strands, adding primers and nucleotides, and repeating the process for multiple cycles to exponentially replicate the target DNA. The document also describes some common applications of PCR like DNA profiling, gene cloning, and detecting genetically modified organisms.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in vulnerable plaque research. It provides background on atherosclerosis and identifies DNA microarrays as a tool that can be used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. The document outlines the basic steps in performing a DNA microarray experiment and discusses considerations for experimental design, data analysis, and quality control. It summarizes several studies that have used microarrays or related techniques to examine gene expression in atherosclerosis. The author's research group plans to use genomic and proteomic approaches like microarrays and laser capture microdissection to study gene and protein expression differences between stable and ruptured plaques.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in vulnerable plaque research. It provides background on atherosclerosis and describes how DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene expression. The document outlines the basic steps of a microarray experiment and issues around data analysis and quality control. It summarizes several studies that used microarrays or related techniques to analyze gene expression in atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques. The author's research group aims to shed light on molecular mechanisms in atherosclerosis by examining differential gene and protein expression between stable and ruptured plaques using microarrays, proteomics, and other techniques.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in vulnerable plaque research. It provides background on atherosclerosis and describes how DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene expression. The document outlines the basic steps of a microarray experiment and issues around data analysis and quality control. It summarizes several studies that used microarrays or related techniques to analyze gene expression in atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques. The author's research group aims to shed light on molecular mechanisms in atherosclerosis by examining differential gene and protein expression between stable and ruptured plaques using microarrays, proteomics, and other approaches.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in researching vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. It provides background on atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene and protein expression, which can provide insights into molecular mechanisms of plaque vulnerability. However, DNA microarray technology for studying atherosclerosis is still in its infancy due to lack of data. The document outlines the basic steps of a microarray experiment and issues to consider, such as sample preparation, data normalization, and quality controls. It also reviews a study that used suppression subtractive hybridization followed by macroarray to identify genes potentially involved in plaque rupture.
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in vulnerable plaque research. It provides background on atherosclerosis and identifies DNA microarrays as a tool that can be used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. The document outlines the basic steps of a DNA microarray experiment and discusses considerations for experimental design, data analysis, and validation of results. It also summarizes several studies that have used DNA microarrays or related techniques to examine gene expression in atherosclerosis.
Paramjeet Singh presented on various blotting techniques used to detect specific DNA, RNA, and proteins. Southern blotting is used to detect DNA sequences and was developed by Edwin Southern in 1975. It involves separating DNA fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using probes to detect the target sequence. Northern blotting detects RNA and was modeled after Southern blotting. Western blotting, or immunoblotting, detects specific proteins and uses gel electrophoresis, transfer to a membrane, and antibodies to identify proteins. These techniques were crucial to molecular biology research but have been largely replaced by more sensitive methods like PCR and ELISA.
Similar to High-resolution melt analysis for semen discrimination (20)
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
High-resolution melt analysis for semen discrimination
1. High Resolution Melt
analysis of DNA methylation
to discriminate semen in
biological stains from crime
scenes
Joana Antunes,
Ph.D candidate Biochemistry
Advisor: Dr. Bruce McCord
2. This work was possible thanks to…
Dr. Balamurugan and Robin Bombardi, University of Southern Mississippi
Dr. Duncan, DNA Laboratory, Broward County Sheriff’s Office
Dr. Liu, Dr. Mills and Dr. Almirall, Committee members
GPSC
Awards
2012-DN-BX-K018
2015-R2-CX-0012
Major support provided by:
Points of view in the document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of
the U.S. Department of Justice
3. Why do we want to discriminate body
fluids?
DNA found on child potential victim of sexual assault
DNA matches the suspect
Suspect claims that he hugged the child
If DNA is from skin = innocent intent
If DNA is from vaginal epithelia/semen = criminal
intent
2
4. Current chemical, protein and microscopic tests
are presumptive with varying degrees of specificity
and sensitivity
Recently suggested procedures include gene
expression profiling using mRNA
Concerns with long term stability of proteins/RNA
compared to DNA
3
5. Kong, A., Zhang, D., Guangming L., A study of identical twins’ palmprints for personal
Legget, B., Whitehall, V., Role of the serrated pathway in colorectal cancer pathology.2010 Gastroenterology 138 (6):2-88-2100
Same genome location in different cells
have different methylation
4
6. 5
We can use differences in DNA
methylation to distinguish semen
from other body fluids using
methods and instruments
commonly available in forensic
laboratories
Hypothesis
9. High Resolution Melt PCR (HRM)
8
T. Azhikina, et al. Biochem. (Moscow) 70 (2005) 722-730
http://jcm.asm.org/content/49/9/3132.figures-only
Unmethylated
Predominantly T=A bounds
Melts at lower temperatures
Methylated
Predominantly GΞC bounds
Melts at higher temperatures
10. 9
Melt curve analysis of ZC3H12D can be
used to discriminate semen from other
body fluids
Semen 75.5 ± 0.2 ºC
Blood
78.2 ± 0.4
ºC
Saliva
78.1 ± 0.3
ºC
Madi, T., Balamurugan, K., Bombardi, R., Duncan, G., McCord, B. Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 1736-1745.
14. Conclusions 13
The ZC3H12D primers designed by us are specific
for bisulfite-modified DNA, preventing false results
due to failure in bisulfite-modification
This method presents good sensitivity providing
results with only 1 ng of genomic DNA
We were able to distinguish semen from blood and
saliva employing methods and instruments
commonly used in forensic laboratories
time consuming as sperm confirmation through microscopy. Tests based on proteins/enzymes have the issue of easy biodegradation of such proteins.
mRNA is degraded more easily than DNA. Also mRNA needs normalization by comparison with an house keeping gene.
Same gene can be expressed on muscle cells and be silenced by DNA methylation on epidermic cells. Looking at the promoter region we should see different DNA methylation patterns.
----- Meeting Notes (3/27/16 22:36) -----
take out melt info and change animation
State that DNA methylation occurs naturally in the human body. Comparison made between 26 +/- 4 years and other 68 +/-8 only a change of 0.275% and between males and females of only 0.1%. (Eckhardt et al)
Alterations in gene expression that do not involve the DNA sequence.