1. Memory is the process of encoding, consolidating, storing, and retrieving information over time. It involves different areas of the brain and can be impacted by various factors. 2. There are three main types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Short-term memory only lasts a few seconds while long-term memory can last a lifetime. 3. Memory is not a perfect recording of events but rather a reconstructive process that can be influenced by suggestion, misinformation, and interference over time. Eyewitness testimony for example can be unreliable.

1. MEMORY

2. • Dr. Henry Molaison - suffered a brain injury which resulted to severe epileptic
seizures, thus, the doctors removed his hippocampus inorder to stop the seizures as a result
Dr. M.H. lost the ability to create memory.
• Evan- was switching back and forth to his social media and spanish homework, he
studied for atleast 4-5 hrs. thhinking that he will pass the test but to no avail.
• Kim Peek- with a tested IQ of 65, he can read and remember what he read even after
many years.
• Jennifer Thompson- was determined to catch her rapist if she ever survive
afterwards, and was very careful to study the rapist's face, mannerism, height and other
things unfortunately they captured the wrong guy.
• Jill Price- can remember something about every single day life extending back to atleast
childhood.

3. 4stepsinformingmemory:
• Encoding - involves attending to and taking in the information
• Consolidating - is the process of establishing and solidifying the memory,
aided by rehearsal and sleep
• Storing -involves keeping the memory and retaining it over time
• Retrieving Informations - is the process of recalling and making use of the
information when it is needed
• *Impediments to memory formation includes distraction and emotion.
• *Aids to memory formation are attention, depth of processing, sleep and
emotion.

4. • TYPES OF MEMORY

5. • Sensory memory
- brief trace of sensory
experience that lasts from
less than half a second to 2-
3 second
Iconic memory - trace
memory of a visual
sensation
Echoic memory - short
term retention of sounds

6. • Short term or Working
Memory
– holds a limited amount of
information for about 2-30
seconds or as long as we
continue to rehearse it. Either
forgotten or transferred to long
term memory
– Serial Position Effect is a
phenomenon of short term
memory whereby we most likely
remember informations that
comes first and last in a series.

7. • Long Term Memory
– repository of any material that we retain
for between 30 seconds and a lifetime.
It includes:
 Implicit Memory- skills, behaviors,
and procedures we don't conciously
retrieve are stored.
 Explicit Memory- events (episodes)
and facts (semantic) are stored for
concious recall

9. Relation of memory and brain
• Different memories are processed in different areas of the brain. Sensory
memories are processed by their respective sensory cortexes. Short term
memories are processed mostly by the hippocampus and frontal lobes.
Long term memories are stored for the most part in the areas of the cortex
where they are processed as sensory memory and are retrieved with the help
of prefrontal lobe which plays an important role in attention, etiquette,
impulse control, and working memory.
• Clusters of neuron that fires together are the biological foundation of
memory
• Optogenetics is a treatment with use of light stimulation and genetics to
manipulate the activity of individual neuron

10. • Repitition and strong emotion may lead proteins
activate genes which turns on the production of new
dendrites and synapses thus, converting short term
memory into long term memory
• In short term memory, existing synapses may grow
stronger due to rehearsals but no new ones are being
formed.
• certain drugs, drinks, and transcranial direct current
stimulation may enhance or block memory foundation

11. TRUE or FALSE?
• When victims of a crime gets a good look at the
perpetrators of crime, odds are quite good that they could
accurately pick them up of a photo lineup.
False: eyewitness memories, even of they are reported soon
after the crime, range from mildly inaccurate to severely
inaccurate

12. • Memory is a reconstructive and changing process more
than an objective recording of events
• Examples of Memory's dynamic and changing nature:
selective attention
eyewitness testimony
false memories
recovered memories

13. • Suggestability- occurs when memories are implanted in
our minds basedd on leading questions, comments,or
suggestions by someone else or other source.
• Misinformation effect- occurs when information learned
after an original event is wrong or misleading but gets
incorporated in the brain as true

14. • Reconsolidation - occurs when a reactivation of a
memory weakens the original memory and a new
consolidation happens again but this time a slightly
different memory.

15. FORGETTING & MEMORY LOSS

16. • Interference - disruption of memory because other information
competes with the other information we are trying
to recall
Classifications:
 Retroactive Interference - occurs when new experiences or
informations cause people to forget
previously learned experiences and/or information
 Proactive Interference - occurs when previously learned
information interferes with the learning of new information

17. • Absent-mindedness - a form of forgetfulness that results from inattention
• Blocking - the inability to retrieve some information that once was stored
• Repression - the unconcious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feeling, or
impulses
• Amnesia - Memory loss due to brain injury or disease
Types of Amnesia:
Anterograde Amnesia- forgetting events after an injury or
disease
Retrograde Amnesia- forgetting events before an injury or
disease

18. • Types of Amnesia:
Anterograde Amnesia- forgetting events after an injury or
disease
Retrograde Amnesia- forgetting events before an injury or
disease