Traditional cryptographic algorithms are developed on a software platform and provides information security schemes. Also, some processors have performed one of the crypto algorithms (either prime field or binary extension field) on chip level with optimal performance. The objective is to design and implement both symmetric key and public key algorithms of a cryptographic on chip level and make better architecture with pleasing performance. Crypto-processor design, have been designed with unified field instructions to make different processor architecture and improve system performance. The proposed high speed Montgomery modular multiplication and high radix Montgomery multiplication algorithms for pairing computation supports the public key algorithm. This design has been developed using Verilog HDL’s and verified using ModelSim-Altera 6.4a, and it has synthesized with Xilinx 9.1 Integrated Synthesis Environment (ISE) tool.
The document presents a new reversible logic gate called BBCDC (Binary to BCD conversion) and a more effective realization of a BCD adder circuit using the proposed BBCDC gate. The BBCDC is a 5x5 reversible gate that converts binary numbers to BCD format. The proposed BCD adder uses DKFG reversible gates for addition and the BBCDC gate for binary to BCD conversion. A comparison shows the proposed design uses fewer gates and garbage outputs than existing BCD adder designs. The efficient design of the BCD adder depends on the reversible ripple carry adder and the reversible binary to BCD converter used.
This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 3 of a digital electronics course, including logic gates, flip flops, registers, counters, multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, and encoders. It provides examples and explanations of 4-to-1 multiplexers and 2-to-4 decoders. It also describes octal to binary encoders and how decoders can be expanded.
This document discusses different types of shift microoperations in a computer's CPU. It describes logical shifts, circular shifts, and arithmetic shifts. Logical shifts input a 0 into the serial register. Circular shifts input the bit shifted out of the other end. Arithmetic shifts preserve a number's sign during multiplication or division. The hardware implements shifts using multiplexers to select serial input and shift direction. An arithmetic logic shift unit performs different operations including shifts using control signals to select the operation.
Computer arithmetic deals with efficient implementation of numeric operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in hardware. It includes representing numbers, designing circuits for operations, and balancing accuracy, speed, power usage, and other factors. Applications include general purpose processors, graphics cards, signal processing systems, and more. Common algorithms discussed are signed magnitude representation and operations, Booth multiplication, array multiplication, floating point representation and operations.
• Register Transfer Language
• Register Transfer
• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer organization. It covers topics like register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Register transfer involves transferring data between computer registers using microoperations. Common bus systems and three-state buffers are used to transfer data between multiple registers. Memory transfers read from and write to memory locations specified by an address register. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, incrementing and decrementing using half adders, full adders and binary adders. Logic operations include AND, OR and NOT gates.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and describes various microoperations used in computer systems, including:
- Register transfer operations that move data between registers.
- Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and increment/decrement performed on registers.
- Logic operations and shift operations that manipulate data in registers.
- Memory transfer operations that read from and write to memory using a memory address register and bus.
- An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that contains registers and can perform various arithmetic and logic operations.
Chapter 02 instructions language of the computerBảo Hoang
Here are the steps to translate the MIPS assembly language into machine language:
1. lw $t0,300($t1) # Load A[300] into register $t0
Opcode: 35 (load word)
rs: 13 ($t1)
rt: 8 ($t0)
offset: 300
2. add $t2,$s2,$t0 # Calculate h + A[300] and put in $t2
Opcode: 0 (add)
rs: 17 ($s2)
rt: 8 ($t0)
rd: 9 ($t2)
3. sw $t2,300($t1) # Store result back into
The document presents a new reversible logic gate called BBCDC (Binary to BCD conversion) and a more effective realization of a BCD adder circuit using the proposed BBCDC gate. The BBCDC is a 5x5 reversible gate that converts binary numbers to BCD format. The proposed BCD adder uses DKFG reversible gates for addition and the BBCDC gate for binary to BCD conversion. A comparison shows the proposed design uses fewer gates and garbage outputs than existing BCD adder designs. The efficient design of the BCD adder depends on the reversible ripple carry adder and the reversible binary to BCD converter used.
This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 3 of a digital electronics course, including logic gates, flip flops, registers, counters, multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, and encoders. It provides examples and explanations of 4-to-1 multiplexers and 2-to-4 decoders. It also describes octal to binary encoders and how decoders can be expanded.
This document discusses different types of shift microoperations in a computer's CPU. It describes logical shifts, circular shifts, and arithmetic shifts. Logical shifts input a 0 into the serial register. Circular shifts input the bit shifted out of the other end. Arithmetic shifts preserve a number's sign during multiplication or division. The hardware implements shifts using multiplexers to select serial input and shift direction. An arithmetic logic shift unit performs different operations including shifts using control signals to select the operation.
Computer arithmetic deals with efficient implementation of numeric operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in hardware. It includes representing numbers, designing circuits for operations, and balancing accuracy, speed, power usage, and other factors. Applications include general purpose processors, graphics cards, signal processing systems, and more. Common algorithms discussed are signed magnitude representation and operations, Booth multiplication, array multiplication, floating point representation and operations.
• Register Transfer Language
• Register Transfer
• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer organization. It covers topics like register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Register transfer involves transferring data between computer registers using microoperations. Common bus systems and three-state buffers are used to transfer data between multiple registers. Memory transfers read from and write to memory locations specified by an address register. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, incrementing and decrementing using half adders, full adders and binary adders. Logic operations include AND, OR and NOT gates.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and describes various microoperations used in computer systems, including:
- Register transfer operations that move data between registers.
- Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and increment/decrement performed on registers.
- Logic operations and shift operations that manipulate data in registers.
- Memory transfer operations that read from and write to memory using a memory address register and bus.
- An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that contains registers and can perform various arithmetic and logic operations.
Chapter 02 instructions language of the computerBảo Hoang
Here are the steps to translate the MIPS assembly language into machine language:
1. lw $t0,300($t1) # Load A[300] into register $t0
Opcode: 35 (load word)
rs: 13 ($t1)
rt: 8 ($t0)
offset: 300
2. add $t2,$s2,$t0 # Calculate h + A[300] and put in $t2
Opcode: 0 (add)
rs: 17 ($s2)
rt: 8 ($t0)
rd: 9 ($t2)
3. sw $t2,300($t1) # Store result back into
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in a computer system. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus and control circuits. It also explains different types of micro-operations including register transfer operations to move data between registers and memory, arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, logic operations, and shift operations. Memory is accessed using a memory address register and read/write controls. The key components that enable data transfer and processing in a computer are registers, buses, memory, and the micro-operations that define the basic instructions.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It describes how registers store information and how register transfer language is used to define the transfer of data between registers using micro-operations like shift, clear and load. It also discusses how bus systems, memory transfers, and arithmetic logic shift units are used to perform these micro-operations and transfer data.
The document discusses various arithmetic operations in computer architecture including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), addition, subtraction, multiplication using Booth's algorithm, division using restoring and non-restoring algorithms, floating point operations represented in scientific notation, and subword parallelism to perform simultaneous operations on multiple data elements packed within registers. It provides details on the hardware implementation and algorithms for each arithmetic operation.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer systems. It begins by introducing RTL as a notation for describing the internal operations of a computer using registers and transfer functions. It then discusses different types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Specific examples are given of common register transfer and arithmetic microoperations notation in RTL.
The document discusses digital logic circuits and their components. It begins with an introduction to logic gates, which are the basic building blocks of digital circuits. Common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are described along with their truth tables. Boolean algebra is then introduced as the mathematical system used to analyze and design digital logic circuits. Important concepts in boolean algebra like boolean functions, identities and logic simplification are covered. The document concludes by describing Karnaugh maps, a graphical technique used to simplify boolean functions into their minimum logic gate implementations.
Design and implementation of complex floating point processor using fpgaVLSICS Design
This paper presents complete processor hardware with three arithmetic units. The first arithmetic unit can
perform 32-bit integer arithmetic operations. The second unit can perform arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root on 32-bit floating point numbers. The third
unit can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication on complex numbers.
The specific advancement in this processor is the new architecture introduced for complex arithmetic unit.
In general complex floating point arithmetic hardware consists of floating to fixed and fixed to floating
conversions. But using such hardware will lead to compromise between accuracy and number of bits used
to represent the fixed point equivalent of floating point numbers. The proposed architecture avoids that
compromise and it is implemented with less number of look-up tables to save around 5500 logic gates. The
complex numbers are represented using a subset of IEEE754 standard floating point format, 16-bits for
real part and 16-bits for imaginary part. The floating point arithmetic unit works on 32-bit IEEE754 single
precision numbers. The instruction set is specially designed to support integer, floating point and complex
floating point arithmetic operations. The on-chip RAM is 8kBytes and is extendable up to 64kBytes. As the
processor is designed to implement on FPGA, the embedded block RAMs are utilized as RAM.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and micro-operations in digital systems. It begins by defining registers and their role in storing data. RTL describes the internal hardware of a computer through specifying registers, allowable micro-operations on stored data, and control signals. Common micro-operations include register transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. Memory transfers involve reading data from or writing data to memory. An arithmetic logic shift unit is used to perform shift micro-operations and connect registers to a common operational unit.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses register transfer and microoperations in computer organization. It defines register transfer language (RTL) as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperation transfers among registers. It describes different types of microoperations including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations. It also provides examples of common microoperations like addition, AND, OR, complement, and selective operations.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe the internal organization of computers by specifying registers, micro-operations, and control signals. It describes how register transfer language represents copying data between registers as micro-operations and can specify conditional micro-operations using control functions. Examples of basic symbols used in register transfer language are also provided.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations. It begins by defining register transfer language as the symbolic notation used to describe transfers between registers using hardware logic circuits. It describes two common ways to transfer information: directly between registers using a replacement operator (R2 ! R1), and conditionally using an if-then statement (if P=1 then R2 ! R1). The document then discusses various microoperations including arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, as well as incrementing and decrementing registers. It also covers transferring data to and from memory and constructing common bus systems using multiplexers or three-state buffers to transfer data between multiple registers.
This document provides an overview of implementing a basic MIPS processor. It discusses the core MIPS instruction set including load, store, arithmetic, logical and branch instructions. It describes the major components needed - instruction memory, register file, ALU, data memory, program counter, etc. It shows how these components can be combined into a single datapath and discusses the control signals needed. It also introduces concepts like pipelining, pipeline hazards including structural and data hazards.
The document discusses registers, register transfer, and register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe the organization and operations of digital computer systems at the register transfer level. RTL uses symbols to represent registers, data transfers between registers, and control functions. It describes basic components like registers, microoperations, buses, and how RTL can be used to represent the flow of data and operations in a computer system.
Registers are fast computer memory used to store data/instructions during execution. A register consists of a group of flip-flops that hold binary information and gates that control data transfer. Common registers include the accumulator, general purpose registers, and special purpose registers like the program counter and instruction register. The transfer of data between registers is called register transfer, which is described using register transfer language. Operations performed on register data are called micro-operations, including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
IRJET- To Design 16 bit Synchronous Microprocessor using VHDL on FPGAIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a 16-bit synchronous microprocessor using VHDL and its implementation on an FPGA. It discusses the design of key components like the ALU, registers, control unit, memory etc. in VHDL. The individual components are simulated and tested separately before integrating them to build the full microprocessor design. Finally, the functionality of the integrated microprocessor design is validated through simulation using a VHDL simulator.
Remote Video Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi 3 and GPRS Modulerahulmonikasharma
Now a day’s security has prime importance in different areas such as home security, monitoring of remote areas etc. with advancement in embedded system and wireless technology, it is possible to build a remote area monitoring system with low cost. This paper represents a system implemented by using Raspberry Pi 3 and GPRS module. Transmitter section is implemented at remote area where images are captured by using USB camera interfaced with Raspberry pi. Images are compressed by software programming using libjpeg library and uploaded to HTTP server via SIM900A/800 GSM/GPRS module. Internet connection is established using PPP stack of SIM900A/800 GSM/GPRS module. Receiver section is monitoring center where images are downloaded using 3g or Wi-Fi wireless connection. Received images are decompressed and streamed on web browser using MJPG streamer.
IRJET-Error Detection and Correction using Turbo CodesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using turbo codes for error detection and correction. It discusses:
1) Turbo codes use parallel convolutional encoders separated by an interleaver to achieve near-Shannon limit performance with forward error correction. The encoding and decoding of text and images is described.
2) Decoding is done iteratively using maximum log-map or log-map algorithms to calculate reliability metrics and soft outputs for error correction.
3) The encoding process involves two recursive systematic convolutional encoders with an interleaver between. Decoding is also iterative and uses log-map type algorithms to calculate branch metrics and state metrics to output soft decisions.
Analysis of GF (2m) Multiplication Algorithm: Classic Method v/s Karatsuba-Of...rahulmonikasharma
In recent years, finite field multiplication in GF(2m) has been widely used in various applications such as error correcting codes and cryptography. One of the motivations for fast and area efficient hardware solution for implementing the arithmetic operation of binary multiplication , in finite field GF (2m), comes from the fact, that they are the most time-consuming and frequently called operations in cryptography and other applications. So, the optimization of their hardware design is critical for overall performance of a system. Since a finite field multiplier is a crucial unit for overall performance of cryptographic systems, novel multiplier architectures, whose performances can be chosen freely, is necessary. In this paper, two Galois field multiplication algorithms (used in cryptography applications) are considered to analyze their performance with respect to parameters viz. area, power, delay, and the consequent Area×Time (AT) and Power×Delay characteristics. The objective of the analysis is to find out the most efficient GF(2m) multiplier algorithm among those considered.
Development of Software for Estimation of Structural Dynamic Characteristics ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of software to estimate the structural dynamic characteristics of mechanical systems in real time. The software uses LabVIEW to analyze data from sensors measuring the response of a mechanical beam to applied forces. Signal processing methods extract parameters like resonance frequencies and damping from the sensor data. The software is also designed to provide closed-loop control to achieve a desired acceleration level at a specified point on the structure. This allows testing structural vibration within set parameters in the laboratory prior to flight.
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in a computer system. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus and control circuits. It also explains different types of micro-operations including register transfer operations to move data between registers and memory, arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, logic operations, and shift operations. Memory is accessed using a memory address register and read/write controls. The key components that enable data transfer and processing in a computer are registers, buses, memory, and the micro-operations that define the basic instructions.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It describes how registers store information and how register transfer language is used to define the transfer of data between registers using micro-operations like shift, clear and load. It also discusses how bus systems, memory transfers, and arithmetic logic shift units are used to perform these micro-operations and transfer data.
The document discusses various arithmetic operations in computer architecture including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), addition, subtraction, multiplication using Booth's algorithm, division using restoring and non-restoring algorithms, floating point operations represented in scientific notation, and subword parallelism to perform simultaneous operations on multiple data elements packed within registers. It provides details on the hardware implementation and algorithms for each arithmetic operation.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer systems. It begins by introducing RTL as a notation for describing the internal operations of a computer using registers and transfer functions. It then discusses different types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Specific examples are given of common register transfer and arithmetic microoperations notation in RTL.
The document discusses digital logic circuits and their components. It begins with an introduction to logic gates, which are the basic building blocks of digital circuits. Common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are described along with their truth tables. Boolean algebra is then introduced as the mathematical system used to analyze and design digital logic circuits. Important concepts in boolean algebra like boolean functions, identities and logic simplification are covered. The document concludes by describing Karnaugh maps, a graphical technique used to simplify boolean functions into their minimum logic gate implementations.
Design and implementation of complex floating point processor using fpgaVLSICS Design
This paper presents complete processor hardware with three arithmetic units. The first arithmetic unit can
perform 32-bit integer arithmetic operations. The second unit can perform arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root on 32-bit floating point numbers. The third
unit can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication on complex numbers.
The specific advancement in this processor is the new architecture introduced for complex arithmetic unit.
In general complex floating point arithmetic hardware consists of floating to fixed and fixed to floating
conversions. But using such hardware will lead to compromise between accuracy and number of bits used
to represent the fixed point equivalent of floating point numbers. The proposed architecture avoids that
compromise and it is implemented with less number of look-up tables to save around 5500 logic gates. The
complex numbers are represented using a subset of IEEE754 standard floating point format, 16-bits for
real part and 16-bits for imaginary part. The floating point arithmetic unit works on 32-bit IEEE754 single
precision numbers. The instruction set is specially designed to support integer, floating point and complex
floating point arithmetic operations. The on-chip RAM is 8kBytes and is extendable up to 64kBytes. As the
processor is designed to implement on FPGA, the embedded block RAMs are utilized as RAM.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and micro-operations in digital systems. It begins by defining registers and their role in storing data. RTL describes the internal hardware of a computer through specifying registers, allowable micro-operations on stored data, and control signals. Common micro-operations include register transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. Memory transfers involve reading data from or writing data to memory. An arithmetic logic shift unit is used to perform shift micro-operations and connect registers to a common operational unit.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses register transfer and microoperations in computer organization. It defines register transfer language (RTL) as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperation transfers among registers. It describes different types of microoperations including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations. It also provides examples of common microoperations like addition, AND, OR, complement, and selective operations.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe the internal organization of computers by specifying registers, micro-operations, and control signals. It describes how register transfer language represents copying data between registers as micro-operations and can specify conditional micro-operations using control functions. Examples of basic symbols used in register transfer language are also provided.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations. It begins by defining register transfer language as the symbolic notation used to describe transfers between registers using hardware logic circuits. It describes two common ways to transfer information: directly between registers using a replacement operator (R2 ! R1), and conditionally using an if-then statement (if P=1 then R2 ! R1). The document then discusses various microoperations including arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, as well as incrementing and decrementing registers. It also covers transferring data to and from memory and constructing common bus systems using multiplexers or three-state buffers to transfer data between multiple registers.
This document provides an overview of implementing a basic MIPS processor. It discusses the core MIPS instruction set including load, store, arithmetic, logical and branch instructions. It describes the major components needed - instruction memory, register file, ALU, data memory, program counter, etc. It shows how these components can be combined into a single datapath and discusses the control signals needed. It also introduces concepts like pipelining, pipeline hazards including structural and data hazards.
The document discusses registers, register transfer, and register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe the organization and operations of digital computer systems at the register transfer level. RTL uses symbols to represent registers, data transfers between registers, and control functions. It describes basic components like registers, microoperations, buses, and how RTL can be used to represent the flow of data and operations in a computer system.
Registers are fast computer memory used to store data/instructions during execution. A register consists of a group of flip-flops that hold binary information and gates that control data transfer. Common registers include the accumulator, general purpose registers, and special purpose registers like the program counter and instruction register. The transfer of data between registers is called register transfer, which is described using register transfer language. Operations performed on register data are called micro-operations, including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
IRJET- To Design 16 bit Synchronous Microprocessor using VHDL on FPGAIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a 16-bit synchronous microprocessor using VHDL and its implementation on an FPGA. It discusses the design of key components like the ALU, registers, control unit, memory etc. in VHDL. The individual components are simulated and tested separately before integrating them to build the full microprocessor design. Finally, the functionality of the integrated microprocessor design is validated through simulation using a VHDL simulator.
Remote Video Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi 3 and GPRS Modulerahulmonikasharma
Now a day’s security has prime importance in different areas such as home security, monitoring of remote areas etc. with advancement in embedded system and wireless technology, it is possible to build a remote area monitoring system with low cost. This paper represents a system implemented by using Raspberry Pi 3 and GPRS module. Transmitter section is implemented at remote area where images are captured by using USB camera interfaced with Raspberry pi. Images are compressed by software programming using libjpeg library and uploaded to HTTP server via SIM900A/800 GSM/GPRS module. Internet connection is established using PPP stack of SIM900A/800 GSM/GPRS module. Receiver section is monitoring center where images are downloaded using 3g or Wi-Fi wireless connection. Received images are decompressed and streamed on web browser using MJPG streamer.
IRJET-Error Detection and Correction using Turbo CodesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using turbo codes for error detection and correction. It discusses:
1) Turbo codes use parallel convolutional encoders separated by an interleaver to achieve near-Shannon limit performance with forward error correction. The encoding and decoding of text and images is described.
2) Decoding is done iteratively using maximum log-map or log-map algorithms to calculate reliability metrics and soft outputs for error correction.
3) The encoding process involves two recursive systematic convolutional encoders with an interleaver between. Decoding is also iterative and uses log-map type algorithms to calculate branch metrics and state metrics to output soft decisions.
Analysis of GF (2m) Multiplication Algorithm: Classic Method v/s Karatsuba-Of...rahulmonikasharma
In recent years, finite field multiplication in GF(2m) has been widely used in various applications such as error correcting codes and cryptography. One of the motivations for fast and area efficient hardware solution for implementing the arithmetic operation of binary multiplication , in finite field GF (2m), comes from the fact, that they are the most time-consuming and frequently called operations in cryptography and other applications. So, the optimization of their hardware design is critical for overall performance of a system. Since a finite field multiplier is a crucial unit for overall performance of cryptographic systems, novel multiplier architectures, whose performances can be chosen freely, is necessary. In this paper, two Galois field multiplication algorithms (used in cryptography applications) are considered to analyze their performance with respect to parameters viz. area, power, delay, and the consequent Area×Time (AT) and Power×Delay characteristics. The objective of the analysis is to find out the most efficient GF(2m) multiplier algorithm among those considered.
Development of Software for Estimation of Structural Dynamic Characteristics ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of software to estimate the structural dynamic characteristics of mechanical systems in real time. The software uses LabVIEW to analyze data from sensors measuring the response of a mechanical beam to applied forces. Signal processing methods extract parameters like resonance frequencies and damping from the sensor data. The software is also designed to provide closed-loop control to achieve a desired acceleration level at a specified point on the structure. This allows testing structural vibration within set parameters in the laboratory prior to flight.
IRJET- Implementation of FIR Filter using Self Tested 2n-2k-1 Modulo AdderIRJET Journal
This document presents a novel algorithm and VLSI implementation for a modulo 2n-2k-1 adder. The proposed modulo adder structure has four modules: pre-processing, carry generation, carry modification, and sum calculation. It aims to reduce area and delay compared to traditional modulo adders. The proposed adder is used to generate random numbers with a long period suitable for cryptography. It is also used to implement a finite impulse response (FIR) filter to demonstrate better performance than a normal FIR filter. Simulation results show the proposed FIR filter using the modulo adder has a delay of 11.21ns, less than the 26.69ns delay of a conventional FIR filter.
The proposed system is an efficient processing of 16-bit Multiplier Accumulator using Radix-8 and Radix-16 modified Booth Algorithm and other adders (SPST adder, Carry select adder, Parallel Prefix adder) using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). This proposed system provides low power, high speed and fewer delays. In both booth multipliers, comparison between the power consumption (mw) and estimated delay (ns) are calculated. The application of digital signal processing like fast fourier transform, finite impulse response and convolution needs high speed and low power MAC (Multiplier and Accumulator) units to construct an added. By reducing the glitches (from 1 to 0 transition) and spikes (from 0 to 1 transition), the speed of operation is improved and dynamic power is reduced. The adder designed with SPST avoids the unwanted glitches and spikes, reduce the switching power dissipation and the dynamic power. The speed can be improved by reducing the number of partial products to half, by grouping of bits in the multiplier term. The proposed Radix-8 and Radix-16 Modified Booth Algorithm MAC with SPST reduces the delay and obtain low power consumption as compared to array MAC.
Authentic Patient Data and Optimization Process through Cryptographic Image o...rahulmonikasharma
1. The document proposes using genetic algorithms and image or sound processing to generate cryptographic keys for authenticating patient data in body area networks.
2. A genetic algorithm would use rows from arrays representing medical images or sound frequencies as an initial population. Crossover and mutation operations would create complex keys for encrypting patient health data.
3. The encrypted data could then be securely stored and processed using Internet of Things resources, allowing remote health monitoring while maintaining patient privacy.
Authentic Patient Data and Optimization Process through Cryptographic Image o...rahulmonikasharma
1. The document proposes using genetic algorithms and image or sound processing to generate cryptographic keys for authenticating patient data in body area networks.
2. An image is represented as a 2D array of pixel intensities and can be used as a cryptographic key. Sound can also be converted to a matrix for key generation.
3. A genetic algorithm uses selection, crossover and mutation operators on a key population to generate complex keys for encrypting data. Keys are improved over generations for increased security.
The Principle Of Ultrasound Imaging SystemMelissa Luster
The document describes a project to design an audio amplifier system that incorporates digital delay effects, where the system uses an FPGA platform to implement the design and includes components like sensors, ADCs, and DACs to acquire analog audio signals, convert them to digital, process them with digital delay effects using the FPGA, and convert them back to analog for output. The goal is to add effects like reverb and echo to the audio in real-time using programmable digital logic on the FPGA rather than traditional analog circuitry for such effects.
System Development for Verification of General Purpose Input OutputRSIS International
In SoC no. of IP block inside it depends upon specific
application, increase in the Ip block increases no. of digital
control lines causes increase in the size of the chip. GPIO helps
internal IP blocks to share digital control lines using MUX and
avoids additional circuitry. Since design productivity cannot
follow the pace of nanoelectronics technology innovation, it has
been required to develop various design methodologies to
overcome this gap. In system level design, various design
methodologies such as IP reuse, automation of platform
integration and verification process have been proposed. GPIO
configuration register decides in which mode system has to work
GPIO has four modes i.e input, output, functional, interrupt. As
per operation particular mode is selected and the operation get
performed. Devices with pin scarcity like integrated circuits such
as system-on-a-chip, embedded and custom hardware, and
programmable logic devices cannot compromise with size can
perform well without additional digital control line circuitry.
IRJET- A Study of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and Graphical User Int...IRJET Journal
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in industrial automation. It provides an overview of PLC components like the CPU, input/output modules, power supply, and communication bus. PLC programming is typically done using ladder logic and software like RS Logix 500. The document also presents some industrial control applications of PLCs and concludes that teaching PLC fundamentals to students using inexpensive hardware and software platforms is an effective way to help them understand industrial automation concepts.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Due to extensive use of motion control system in industry, there has been growing research on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. DC motors are widely used various areas of industrial applications. The aim of this paper is to implement efficient method for controlling speed of DC motor using a PID controller based. Proposed system is implemented using arduino microcontroller and PID controller. Motor speed is controlled through PID based revolutions per minute of the motor. This encoder data will be send through microcontroller to Personal Computer with PID controller implemented in MATLAB. Results shows that PID controllers used provide efficient controlling of DC motor.
Basic signal processing system design on fpga using lms based adaptive filtereSAT Journals
Abstract
Adaptive digital filter based on LMS algorithms widely used in the area of digital signal processing to iteratively estimate the
statistics of an unknown signal. Design of an adaptive filter is based on three major computing elements namely multiplier, adder
and delay unit torealize the Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. The filter weights( coefficient) of the FIR filter are adjusted
automatically by Least Mean Square of the error so as to match the adapted output to the desired input. This paper explains the
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High Speed Unified Field Crypto processor for Security Applications using Verilog
1. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 10 157 – 161
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
157
IJRITCC | October 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
High Speed Unified Field Crypto processor for Security Applications using
Verilog
N. Kumaresan
Department of ECE, Anna University,
Regional Campus Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
kumaresanauc@gmail.com
S. Kodeeswaran
Department of ECE, Anna University,
Regional Campus Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
skodeeswaranme@gmail.com
Abstract—Traditional cryptographic algorithms are developed on a software platform and provides information security schemes. Also, some
processors have performed one of the crypto algorithms (either prime field or binary extension field) on chip level with optimal performance.
The objective is to design and implement both symmetric key and public key algorithms of a cryptographic on chip level and make better
architecture with pleasing performance. Crypto-processor design, have been designed with unified field instructions to make different processor
architecture and improve system performance. The proposed high speed Montgomery modular multiplication and high radix Montgomery
multiplication algorithms for pairing computation supports the public key algorithm. This design has been developed using Verilog HDL‟s and
verified using ModelSim-Altera 6.4a, and it has synthesized with Xilinx 9.1 Integrated Synthesis Environment (ISE) tool.
Keywords-Cryptographic algorithm, Crypto processor, Modular arithmetic
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Cryptography is a one of the technique to provide high
authentication to the users. This secured communication is
achieved by various algorithms. These algorithms possess
various steps and provide security to the specific system.
Communication domain has widely developed and enhanced
throughout the world.
Everyone who does shopping, transferring money through
their smart cards and smart phone or drawing money from the
ATM (Automated Teller Machine) using their ATM card need
some security code word to access it. That security code must
be confidential or else hackers can use it illegally to withdraw
money from other‟s account. Traditionally, these processors are
unique, like the microprocessor and microcontrollers. These
controllers only permit the authorized user to communicate
with the system. These traditional processors cannot provide
secure communication. In this traditional technology, secure
communication is done by software platform and not by the
hardware. It has led to hacking of personal data like, PIN
number, mail account password etc. To make the system faster
and reduce the hacking problem, we need a system to do the
security process on the hardware platform, so we often call this
scenario as Crypto-processor.
A Crypto-processor is a System on Chip (SoC) based
microprocessor which carries out the encryption and decryption
operations. A secured Crypto-processor has dedicated
instructions in the environment. Secure key exchange with
public key or secure key algorithm needs various hardware
resources. The main objective of this work is to propose a
security algorithm which is handled by the dedicated chip
itself. So, it becomes handy. Pairing computation does parallel
operation and makes the systems performance speedy.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The Crypto-processor designing here has both fields of
instruction. Also, it contains general purpose instruction which
can lead to getting information from the user and making
secure communication that can be handled by crypto
instruction or otherwise secure instruction. If it is necessary to
design a symmetric key algorithm, it has to use prime field
instruction whereas for public key algorithm, it has to use
binary extension field instruction. So, the proposed processor
can meet this requirement and provide an instruction for both
fields of operation. This kind of design is called as unified field
operation.
The digital system proposed in this paper uses High radix
Montgomery multiplication and it will act as Prime Field
GF(P) instruction, it could well act as a symmetric key
instruction. Another method has been imported in this digital
architecture is Binary Extension Field GF (2M
) architecture and
it has designed with Galois Field Multiplication Instruction.
Figure 1. Block diagram of the proposed Crypto processor.
2. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 10 157 – 161
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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IJRITCC | October 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
The Crypto-processor is properly connected with a clock
and reset. The clock defines the operating speed of the
processor and reset signal can make the system start from
initial incident at any time. For this processor, there is a set of
Opcode, it shows which function processor shall have to do.
When initializing Opcode to any of the given instruction, it
fetches the source address and destination address for this
particular operation that can be handled by the instruction
decoder. This information is passed to data memory and ALU.
Data memory can provide operand information to ALU unit as
per source address and ALU can perform the corresponding
operation and it will be stored in temporary memory as well as
data memory. Once the sequence of operations is over then
output can be presented in the memory to the user.
ALU consists of general purpose instruction and secure
instruction in which general purpose instructions that are usual
operations followed in typical processor. Also in secure
instruction operation consists of dual field or unified field
operation which can do both prime field and binary extension
field of operation. Instruction sets designed and it is tabulated
as in Table. 1. It consists of prime instruction for modular
addition, subtraction and high radix modular multiplication,
and binary extension field instruction for Galois field
multiplication; also it has a general purpose instruction like
arithmetic and logic instruction, shift and rotate.
TABLE I. INSTRUCTION SET
This design constraint is designing Crypto-processor with
unified field instruction. It follows the design flow; finally it
could end with two things that are Register Transfer Level
(RTL) schematic and physical layout. This work scopes RTL
schematic design. For this design, a Verilog code has used for
mathematical approach of the algorithm and straight forward
design like memory and decoder designs are developed using
Hardware Description Language (HDL). Once the design is
written in HDL, it is possible to verify using simulation tools.
The processor has been developed using Verilog HDL. Also, it
produces device utilization summary and timing summary.
Finally the design could implement it on any FPGA‟s.
Proposed design has explained with a following flow
diagram. Each algorithm has had a sequence of steps and
Figure 2 shows a flow diagram of High radix Montgomery
Multiplication algorithm.
Step 1: Need to choose A, B, C, D and P1, P2 – these
values must be large prime numbers. N represents the number
of input bit width.
Step 2: Number of iterations to compute the intermediate
result depends on width of input.
Step 3: Intermediate results need a modulo operation and
simple arithmetic operation like addition and multiplication.
Step 4: Final result is the addition of intermediate remainder
and simple expression carried out by using addition and
multiplication.
Figure 2. Flow diagram of high radis Montgomery
multiplication.
Following flow diagram describes the operation of modular
addition.
Step1: Choose highest prime number of A, B and P.
Step2: Then separately calculate remainder value
corresponding input A and B.
Step3: Finally, add those values to obtain modular addition.
Sl.
No.
Instruction Operation
1.
Addition A + B mod P – Prime
field
2.
Subtraction A – B mod P – Prime
field
3.
Multiplication A*B mod p – Prime
field
4.
High Radix
Montgomery
Multiplication
(AB+CD) R-1
– Prime
field
5.
Galois field
Multiplication
A * B – Binary
extension field
GF(2m
)
6.
Arithmetic and
logical, shift &
rotate, LOAD,
STORE – General
Instruction Set
This includes +, -, *,
/, &, |, ^, >>, <<
START
INPUT: A, B, C, D, P1, P2, R
OUTPUT: (AB + CD) R-1
STOP
Count <= 6
Q[count] = S[count] mod 2R
S[count] = (S[count] >> R) + (Q[count] * P2) +
(A[count] * B) +(C[count] * D)
S[8] = S[7] + (Q[6] * P1)
Out = S[8]
3. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 10 157 – 161
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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IJRITCC | October 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3. Modular addition.
Following flow diagram describes the operation of modular
subtraction.
Step1: Choose highest prime number of A, B and P.
Step2: Then separately calculate remainder value
corresponding input A and B.
Step3: Finally, subtract those values to obtain modular
Subtraction.
Figure 4. Modular subtraction.
The binary extension field instruction has been explained
with flow diagram shown in figure 5. And its steps are as
follows:
Step 1: Choose A, B and P prime values.
Step 2: Using Look Up table based design; its
corresponding output will be obtained.
Figure 5. Galois multiplication GF (2M
).
III. RESULTS ANS DISCUSSION
The simulation result can describe how the designs can
response for a different input stream at various time incidents.
With the application of an input to the system, it is possible by
writing test bench for a designed system. In a simulated
window there are details which clearly show that at how next
modules responds as per the input given for each module.
Figure 6. Simulation result of the proposed Crypto
processor.
Above screenshot shows the result of crypto-processor, in
which clock and reset are operating signal of the processor. The
clocks can able to provide 20ns with 50% duty cycle. A reset
signal is used to start a processor from the initial value. An
Opcode has been used to define which operation currently the
processor is executing. The data_out signal represents the
output of the processor. The operands for processors are
fetched from data memory.
Examine the simulation result with an example, for Opcode
input is 0, it could perform addition of two numbers, namely
data1 is in decimal „1‟ and data2 is decimal „1000‟, it will be
added and the result is 1001. For Opcode input is 18, it could
perform prime field high radix Montgomery multiplication.
This multiplication needs two prime numbers, namely P1 and
P2 also it needs four data inputs and its result is 721344.
For an Opcode input is 19, it could perform binary
extension field multiplication. It needs two operands and its
START
INPUT: A, B, P
OUTPUT: A+ B mod P
C1 = A mod P C2 = B mod P
STOP
C = C1 + C2
START
INPUT: A, B, P
OUTPUT: A- B mod P
C1 = A mod P C2 = B mod P
STOP
C = C1 - C2
START
INPUT: A, B
OUTPUT: C
C = LUT[A][B]
STOP
4. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 10 157 – 161
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output taken from Lookup table. Its output is 8, for an input 1
and 8. Once designs are verified using simulation tools, it is
time to synthesis a design. Synthesis means that HDL code can
be converted into the RTL schematic, so that design can easily
implement on any FPGA. The following screen shot has taken
for this particular device Virtex5-XC5VLX30-FF324-3.
Figure 7. RTL view of Crypto processor.
This result shows the top module of our Crypto-processor,
this shows all input and output of the Crypto-processor. Once
our HDL code can be converted to RTL as shown in above
Figure 7, this can be implemented on any FPGA. This shows
the internal design of our Crypto-processor. This internal
schematic shows how data are connected between modules.
The Crypto-processor consists of data memory, instruction
memory, instruction decoder, ALU, program counter and
temporary memory. These details are shown in the following
Figure 8.
After completing synthesis, we get design summary, timing
summary and details of combinational and sequential logic
utilized by design. An area result obtained by the crypto-
processor as taken Virtex5 as a target device. As per calculation
56% of the area has occupied by a Crypto-processor.
Figure 8. Internal modules of Crypto processor.
Figure 9. Device utilization summary of a Crypto
processor.
Figure 10. Timing summary of a Crypto processor.
This HDL synthesis report details gives us knowledge about
how much combinational and sequential logic that has been
used by the Crypto-processor. Combinational logic includes
adder/subtractors, multiplier, multiplexer and logic gate.
Similarly sequential logic includes counters, registers and
latches.
Figure 11. Macro static details of a Crypto processor.
IV. CONCLUSION
A Crypto-processor prototype design has been made and
synthesized. It can be able to execute unified field instruction.
To achieve creditable performance and having both instruction
set in single processor architecture, had invoked both prime and
binary field algorithms into single processor. Also, this design
used high radix Montgomery multiplication to make pairing
5. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 10 157 – 161
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computation to attain system as fast as possible.
Consequentially, this design is very useful for simulation and
synthesis tools for analyzing this architecture and it has been
occupied 56% area and timing it is also achieved credibly
equally to known architecture.
In future, it could add few more instructions like Modular
exponential and Modular inversion. Also to increase the
number of pipeline stages to make better performance.
For papers published in translation journals, please give the
English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language
citation [6].
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