This document provides an overview of common commercial building HVAC systems and related energy code requirements. It discusses basic HVAC system types, important energy-saving controls like economizers, and key code requirements regarding equipment efficiency and fan energy limits. Complex systems involving central plants and secondary HVAC are also briefly outlined. The presentation aims to help participants identify common HVAC components and understand requirements in the energy code.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems, including the different types of HVAC systems and their components. It discusses air conditioning chillers, air handling systems, fans and pumps, HVAC piping, instrumentation and controls, and the HVAC commissioning process. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable interior conditions for occupants using minimal energy and reducing pollutant emissions. Key components include chillers, air handling units, fans, ducts, coils, filters and controls. Proper commissioning ensures systems are installed correctly and perform as intended.
HVAC systems control temperature, humidity, air flow, and air filtration to condition air. The document discusses the basics of HVAC including major components like compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion valves. Different types of HVAC systems are described for various applications from residential to industrial. Factors that influence system selection and sizing include budget, space constraints, climate and load calculations. Ventilation and its importance for indoor air quality is also covered.
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
Basics of HVAC - Part 1 (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning)MOHAMMED KHAN
The document provides an overview of the basics of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It was prepared by Mohammed Abdul Mujeeb Khan, a mechanical engineer. The document defines HVAC, describes common HVAC system types like direct expansion and chilled water systems, and covers topics like temperature and humidity control, load calculation, equipment selection, and system design.
Fundamentals of HVAC Systems is a thorough introduction on how HVAC systems control temperature, air quality and air circulation in a conditioned space.
Ideal for recent engineering graduates working in the HVAC&R industry, experienced engineers entering HVAC&R from another engineering area, as well as architects, technicians, construction or building management professionals who need to increase their knowledge of HVAC systems.
This course reader can function as a stand-alone reference, or may accompany the eLearning course, Fundamentals of HVAC Systems, online modules.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
This document provides an overview of a course on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The course objectives are to define air conditioning and refrigeration systems, discuss different types and applications, discuss terms associated with performance, and describe underlying scientific principles. Key topics covered include classification of HVAC systems, applications, refrigeration and air conditioning definitions, sensible and latent heat processes, heat transfer methods, and refrigeration capacity units.
The document discusses chilled water air conditioning systems. It describes how chilled water systems work by using a chiller to cool water which is then circulated through air handlers to cool air in a building. It lists the main components of chilled water systems including chillers, evaporators, condensers, cooling towers, and air handlers. Diagrams are also included showing how the refrigerant and chilled water flow through the different parts of the system. Key advantages discussed are that only water is lost if piping leaks and refrigerant is not piped throughout the building.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems, including the different types of HVAC systems and their components. It discusses air conditioning chillers, air handling systems, fans and pumps, HVAC piping, instrumentation and controls, and the HVAC commissioning process. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable interior conditions for occupants using minimal energy and reducing pollutant emissions. Key components include chillers, air handling units, fans, ducts, coils, filters and controls. Proper commissioning ensures systems are installed correctly and perform as intended.
HVAC systems control temperature, humidity, air flow, and air filtration to condition air. The document discusses the basics of HVAC including major components like compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion valves. Different types of HVAC systems are described for various applications from residential to industrial. Factors that influence system selection and sizing include budget, space constraints, climate and load calculations. Ventilation and its importance for indoor air quality is also covered.
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
Basics of HVAC - Part 1 (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning)MOHAMMED KHAN
The document provides an overview of the basics of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It was prepared by Mohammed Abdul Mujeeb Khan, a mechanical engineer. The document defines HVAC, describes common HVAC system types like direct expansion and chilled water systems, and covers topics like temperature and humidity control, load calculation, equipment selection, and system design.
Fundamentals of HVAC Systems is a thorough introduction on how HVAC systems control temperature, air quality and air circulation in a conditioned space.
Ideal for recent engineering graduates working in the HVAC&R industry, experienced engineers entering HVAC&R from another engineering area, as well as architects, technicians, construction or building management professionals who need to increase their knowledge of HVAC systems.
This course reader can function as a stand-alone reference, or may accompany the eLearning course, Fundamentals of HVAC Systems, online modules.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
This document provides an overview of a course on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The course objectives are to define air conditioning and refrigeration systems, discuss different types and applications, discuss terms associated with performance, and describe underlying scientific principles. Key topics covered include classification of HVAC systems, applications, refrigeration and air conditioning definitions, sensible and latent heat processes, heat transfer methods, and refrigeration capacity units.
The document discusses chilled water air conditioning systems. It describes how chilled water systems work by using a chiller to cool water which is then circulated through air handlers to cool air in a building. It lists the main components of chilled water systems including chillers, evaporators, condensers, cooling towers, and air handlers. Diagrams are also included showing how the refrigerant and chilled water flow through the different parts of the system. Key advantages discussed are that only water is lost if piping leaks and refrigerant is not piped throughout the building.
Understanding HVAC systems is essential for its proper maintenance. Quarterly maintenance of your HVAC systems is important to extend the system’s lifespan and save hundreds of dollars on unexpected repairs. Regular maintenance of residential HVAC systems is essential when it comes not only to the proper function of boilers, furnaces, and AC units but also for better energy efficiency and in-home air quality. A properly maintained HVAC system can cut hydro costs from five to ten percent, as well as improving comfort and air quality.
For More info:
https://sierraair.ca/residential/
This video will identify the purpose and goals of the HVAC system, describe basic HVAC parts, and explain how the parts work together to form a functional HVAC system.
For more info: https://www.shopdiyparts.com/hvac-all
The document provides information about chilled water air conditioning systems including:
- They use water as the secondary refrigerant which is chilled by a chiller and circulated through buildings to absorb heat.
- Common applications include large buildings like offices, factories, and some homes.
- The chiller cools water to 40-45°F which is then piped through the building to air handlers that act like evaporator coils.
- Key components of the system include the water chiller, cooling tower, air handlers, fan coil units, and expansion tank.
This document discusses HVAC systems and their energy consumption. It describes how HVAC systems maintain temperature, humidity, and ventilation levels in buildings. HVAC systems circulate air through air handling units, which heat, cool, filter and distribute air to rooms using boilers, chillers, pumps, and other mechanical equipment located in mechanical rooms. The document explains the functions of key HVAC components like AHUs, VAV boxes, economizers and how they work to condition air and ensure thermal comfort. It also notes some differences that can occur between theoretical HVAC diagrams and real-world systems.
The document provides an overview of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It defines HVAC and its purpose to condition air and maintain temperature, humidity, and air quality. It then describes the basic refrigeration cycle and various HVAC system types, including window units, split systems, packaged units, and central air conditioning. Key HVAC components like compressors, condensers, evaporators, and ductwork are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses HVAC goals, potentials, challenges, and maintenance.
HVAC systems are designed to heat, cool, and ventilate indoor spaces for human comfort. Heating increases temperature while cooling decreases it. Ventilation maintains indoor air quality through exhaust and fresh air. Air conditioning alters temperature, humidity, and air quality. Common HVAC systems include window units for single rooms, split units with indoor and outdoor components, packaged units for medium loads, and central air for large buildings. Vapor compression is the most widely used refrigeration cycle, involving an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve.
The document discusses an air conditioning system. It begins by defining air conditioning and its key components and principles. It then describes the components of an air conditioner including the blower, evaporator coil, compressor, condensing coil, fan, air filter, and thermostat. It explains the refrigeration cycle and includes a diagram. It also discusses different air conditioning system types, components of central air conditioning like the air handling unit and cooling tower, and concludes with descriptions of the air distribution system components like fans, filters, ductwork, outlets, and dampers.
This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems and their components. It introduces window units, split units, central air conditioning, and packaged units. It then covers the cooling cycle/refrigeration cycle involving the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. District cooling systems and chilled beam systems are also introduced as newer technologies. The coolant used in air conditioning systems must be non-toxic, non-explosive, non-corrosive, and have high electrical resistance while effectively lubricating components. Common coolants mentioned include R-22, R-12, and R-11.
HVAC System (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)Maliha Mehr
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes the basic components and processes of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. For heating, it discusses central heating systems using hot water or steam, and electric heating. For ventilation, it covers natural ventilation using windows and mechanical ventilation using fans. For air conditioning, it explains the basic operations of removing heat from indoor air and transferring it outside using a refrigerant in a compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, and blower. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key components, processes, and general effects of HVAC systems.
This document discusses different types of HVAC systems and their applications. It provides information on direct expansion systems versus chilled water systems, package units, split units, air handling units, fan coil units, and chilled water systems. Specific HVAC system considerations and requirements are discussed for different building types like hospitals, hotels, and frozen food storage facilities. Key factors in HVAC system selection include temperature and humidity control, air movement and distribution, filtration, and achieving proper indoor environmental conditions for the building type and use.
The document presents information about HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems. It defines HVAC as the system used to control temperature, humidity, and air quality. The key components of an HVAC system are described as ducts, vents, filters, fans/blowers, furnaces, humidifiers, heat exchangers, cooling coils, air handling units, compressors, condensing units, and evaporator coils. The mechanisms of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are also explained.
Duct systems are designed to properly distribute air throughout a building. The document discusses different types of ducts and materials used, such as galvanized iron and pre-insulated sheet metal. It also covers duct sizing methods like the constant velocity method and constant pressure loss method. Filters are described as being important to air quality, with different filter types and MERV ratings discussed. The roles of dampers and fans in HVAC systems are explained.
This document discusses duct design considerations for a mechanical engineering project. It covers various duct shapes and sizes, materials, air distribution systems, diffusers and other components. Rectangular ducts are generally more energy efficient than round ducts. Distribution systems discussed include above ceiling, displacement and underfloor. Displacement systems aim to deliver conditioned air directly to the occupied zone without mixing. The document provides information on duct aspects, velocities, pressures and various design tradeoffs to consider for ductwork.
This document discusses central air conditioning systems. It introduces the authors and defines air conditioning as cooling and dehumidifying indoor air for thermal comfort. It describes the main components of a central air conditioning system, which includes a two-stage compressor, condensing unit, evaporating unit known as an air handling unit, ducts, filters, thermostats, and optional auxiliary units. The document distinguishes between comfort air conditioning for buildings and process air conditioning designed for specific industrial processes.
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It provides information on various types of cooling systems including vapor-compression cycles used in refrigerators and air conditioners. It also discusses different refrigerants commonly used and covers the design and components of domestic, commercial, and transport refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems. It describes window air conditioners, split air conditioners, package air conditioners, year-round air conditioners, central air conditioners, air cooled systems, and water cooled systems. The key components of air conditioning systems are also identified as the compressor, fan, condenser coil, evaporator coil, distribution system, and grille.
1) Air handling units (AHUs) are devices used to regulate and circulate air as part of HVAC systems. They contain components like fans, filters, coils, and dampers.
2) AHUs can be classified based on fan location as draw-through or blow-through units. Draw-through units have fans after coils while blow-through units have fans before coils.
3) Other classifications include vertical, horizontal, ceiling-suspended, and packaged AHUs. Packaged AHUs have components in a single casing and are commonly used in smaller buildings.
This document discusses the basics of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. It describes the components and processes of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and their subsystems. Heating is the process of distributing hot air through ducts and radiators. Ventilation involves exchanging indoor air to improve quality. Air conditioning removes heat and moisture from indoor spaces. Key components of HVAC systems include chillers, compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion valves. Air handling units, fan coil units, ductwork and diffusers are also summarized.
The document provides information about a group assignment for a central air conditioning system. It includes definitions of air conditioning and central air conditioning systems. It describes the typical components of a central AC system such as the compressor, air handling unit, return air inlets, cool air dispenser, condenser, and cooling tower. It provides a case study of a water-cooled condenser and explains the cooling process within the condenser and cooling tower. Common problems, maintenance requirements, and advantages/disadvantages of central AC systems are also summarized.
Slides: The Top 3 North America Data Center Trends for CoolingGraybar
The document summarizes a presentation on trends in North American data center cooling. The top 3 trends discussed are: 1) Increased use of economizers as the primary cooling mode rather than supplemental to reduce energy costs; 2) Regulations requiring economizer use in most climate zones; and 3) Data center workloads becoming more dynamic, requiring cooling systems to adapt quickly. Indirect air-to-air heat exchangers are presented as the most efficient economizer option. Liquid cooling is discussed but seen as mainly suitable for niche HPC applications currently. Established technologies like perimeter cooling and containment are evolving to higher efficiencies.
EcoCooling offers evaporative cooling systems that can save up to 90% on cooling costs compared to air conditioning. Their product ranges include internal compact units and external modular units that can be configured in various ways. The internal ECT range is designed for flexibility inside buildings, with options for ducted or raised floor installation. The external ECP range is proven for industrial use, with over 3,500 global installations. Both product lines use evaporative cooling principles and advanced controls to provide energy-efficient, fresh air cooling for various commercial and industrial spaces.
Understanding HVAC systems is essential for its proper maintenance. Quarterly maintenance of your HVAC systems is important to extend the system’s lifespan and save hundreds of dollars on unexpected repairs. Regular maintenance of residential HVAC systems is essential when it comes not only to the proper function of boilers, furnaces, and AC units but also for better energy efficiency and in-home air quality. A properly maintained HVAC system can cut hydro costs from five to ten percent, as well as improving comfort and air quality.
For More info:
https://sierraair.ca/residential/
This video will identify the purpose and goals of the HVAC system, describe basic HVAC parts, and explain how the parts work together to form a functional HVAC system.
For more info: https://www.shopdiyparts.com/hvac-all
The document provides information about chilled water air conditioning systems including:
- They use water as the secondary refrigerant which is chilled by a chiller and circulated through buildings to absorb heat.
- Common applications include large buildings like offices, factories, and some homes.
- The chiller cools water to 40-45°F which is then piped through the building to air handlers that act like evaporator coils.
- Key components of the system include the water chiller, cooling tower, air handlers, fan coil units, and expansion tank.
This document discusses HVAC systems and their energy consumption. It describes how HVAC systems maintain temperature, humidity, and ventilation levels in buildings. HVAC systems circulate air through air handling units, which heat, cool, filter and distribute air to rooms using boilers, chillers, pumps, and other mechanical equipment located in mechanical rooms. The document explains the functions of key HVAC components like AHUs, VAV boxes, economizers and how they work to condition air and ensure thermal comfort. It also notes some differences that can occur between theoretical HVAC diagrams and real-world systems.
The document provides an overview of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It defines HVAC and its purpose to condition air and maintain temperature, humidity, and air quality. It then describes the basic refrigeration cycle and various HVAC system types, including window units, split systems, packaged units, and central air conditioning. Key HVAC components like compressors, condensers, evaporators, and ductwork are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses HVAC goals, potentials, challenges, and maintenance.
HVAC systems are designed to heat, cool, and ventilate indoor spaces for human comfort. Heating increases temperature while cooling decreases it. Ventilation maintains indoor air quality through exhaust and fresh air. Air conditioning alters temperature, humidity, and air quality. Common HVAC systems include window units for single rooms, split units with indoor and outdoor components, packaged units for medium loads, and central air for large buildings. Vapor compression is the most widely used refrigeration cycle, involving an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve.
The document discusses an air conditioning system. It begins by defining air conditioning and its key components and principles. It then describes the components of an air conditioner including the blower, evaporator coil, compressor, condensing coil, fan, air filter, and thermostat. It explains the refrigeration cycle and includes a diagram. It also discusses different air conditioning system types, components of central air conditioning like the air handling unit and cooling tower, and concludes with descriptions of the air distribution system components like fans, filters, ductwork, outlets, and dampers.
This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems and their components. It introduces window units, split units, central air conditioning, and packaged units. It then covers the cooling cycle/refrigeration cycle involving the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. District cooling systems and chilled beam systems are also introduced as newer technologies. The coolant used in air conditioning systems must be non-toxic, non-explosive, non-corrosive, and have high electrical resistance while effectively lubricating components. Common coolants mentioned include R-22, R-12, and R-11.
HVAC System (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)Maliha Mehr
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes the basic components and processes of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. For heating, it discusses central heating systems using hot water or steam, and electric heating. For ventilation, it covers natural ventilation using windows and mechanical ventilation using fans. For air conditioning, it explains the basic operations of removing heat from indoor air and transferring it outside using a refrigerant in a compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, and blower. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key components, processes, and general effects of HVAC systems.
This document discusses different types of HVAC systems and their applications. It provides information on direct expansion systems versus chilled water systems, package units, split units, air handling units, fan coil units, and chilled water systems. Specific HVAC system considerations and requirements are discussed for different building types like hospitals, hotels, and frozen food storage facilities. Key factors in HVAC system selection include temperature and humidity control, air movement and distribution, filtration, and achieving proper indoor environmental conditions for the building type and use.
The document presents information about HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems. It defines HVAC as the system used to control temperature, humidity, and air quality. The key components of an HVAC system are described as ducts, vents, filters, fans/blowers, furnaces, humidifiers, heat exchangers, cooling coils, air handling units, compressors, condensing units, and evaporator coils. The mechanisms of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are also explained.
Duct systems are designed to properly distribute air throughout a building. The document discusses different types of ducts and materials used, such as galvanized iron and pre-insulated sheet metal. It also covers duct sizing methods like the constant velocity method and constant pressure loss method. Filters are described as being important to air quality, with different filter types and MERV ratings discussed. The roles of dampers and fans in HVAC systems are explained.
This document discusses duct design considerations for a mechanical engineering project. It covers various duct shapes and sizes, materials, air distribution systems, diffusers and other components. Rectangular ducts are generally more energy efficient than round ducts. Distribution systems discussed include above ceiling, displacement and underfloor. Displacement systems aim to deliver conditioned air directly to the occupied zone without mixing. The document provides information on duct aspects, velocities, pressures and various design tradeoffs to consider for ductwork.
This document discusses central air conditioning systems. It introduces the authors and defines air conditioning as cooling and dehumidifying indoor air for thermal comfort. It describes the main components of a central air conditioning system, which includes a two-stage compressor, condensing unit, evaporating unit known as an air handling unit, ducts, filters, thermostats, and optional auxiliary units. The document distinguishes between comfort air conditioning for buildings and process air conditioning designed for specific industrial processes.
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It provides information on various types of cooling systems including vapor-compression cycles used in refrigerators and air conditioners. It also discusses different refrigerants commonly used and covers the design and components of domestic, commercial, and transport refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems. It describes window air conditioners, split air conditioners, package air conditioners, year-round air conditioners, central air conditioners, air cooled systems, and water cooled systems. The key components of air conditioning systems are also identified as the compressor, fan, condenser coil, evaporator coil, distribution system, and grille.
1) Air handling units (AHUs) are devices used to regulate and circulate air as part of HVAC systems. They contain components like fans, filters, coils, and dampers.
2) AHUs can be classified based on fan location as draw-through or blow-through units. Draw-through units have fans after coils while blow-through units have fans before coils.
3) Other classifications include vertical, horizontal, ceiling-suspended, and packaged AHUs. Packaged AHUs have components in a single casing and are commonly used in smaller buildings.
This document discusses the basics of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. It describes the components and processes of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and their subsystems. Heating is the process of distributing hot air through ducts and radiators. Ventilation involves exchanging indoor air to improve quality. Air conditioning removes heat and moisture from indoor spaces. Key components of HVAC systems include chillers, compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion valves. Air handling units, fan coil units, ductwork and diffusers are also summarized.
The document provides information about a group assignment for a central air conditioning system. It includes definitions of air conditioning and central air conditioning systems. It describes the typical components of a central AC system such as the compressor, air handling unit, return air inlets, cool air dispenser, condenser, and cooling tower. It provides a case study of a water-cooled condenser and explains the cooling process within the condenser and cooling tower. Common problems, maintenance requirements, and advantages/disadvantages of central AC systems are also summarized.
Slides: The Top 3 North America Data Center Trends for CoolingGraybar
The document summarizes a presentation on trends in North American data center cooling. The top 3 trends discussed are: 1) Increased use of economizers as the primary cooling mode rather than supplemental to reduce energy costs; 2) Regulations requiring economizer use in most climate zones; and 3) Data center workloads becoming more dynamic, requiring cooling systems to adapt quickly. Indirect air-to-air heat exchangers are presented as the most efficient economizer option. Liquid cooling is discussed but seen as mainly suitable for niche HPC applications currently. Established technologies like perimeter cooling and containment are evolving to higher efficiencies.
EcoCooling offers evaporative cooling systems that can save up to 90% on cooling costs compared to air conditioning. Their product ranges include internal compact units and external modular units that can be configured in various ways. The internal ECT range is designed for flexibility inside buildings, with options for ducted or raised floor installation. The external ECP range is proven for industrial use, with over 3,500 global installations. Both product lines use evaporative cooling principles and advanced controls to provide energy-efficient, fresh air cooling for various commercial and industrial spaces.
EcoCooling offers evaporative cooling systems that can save up to 90% on cooling costs compared to air conditioning. Their product ranges include internal compact units and external modular units that can be configured in various ways. The internal ECT range is designed for flexibility inside buildings, with options for ducted or raised floor installation. The external ECP range is proven for industrial use, with over 3,500 global installations. Both product lines use evaporative cooling principles and advanced controls to provide energy-efficient, fresh air cooling for various commercial and industrial spaces.
This document summarizes an energy modeling analysis that compared the energy performance of seven common gas-fired heating systems for warehouses. The analysis found that direct-fired, high temperature rise blow-thru space heaters used 35-38% less natural gas and 92-93% less fan electricity than the ASHRAE 90.1 baseline system. Using any other type of heater increased energy use by 24-59% compared to the blow-thru heaters. Blow-thru heaters were determined to use the least amount of total energy to heat and ventilate large warehouses based on their design advantages of higher burner efficiency, more efficient controls, and higher discharge air temperatures.
When developing data center energy-use estimations, engineers must account for all sources of energy use in the facility. Most energy consumption is obvious: computers, cooling plant and related equipment, lighting, and other miscellaneous electrical loads. Designing efficient and effective data centers is a top priority for consulting engineers. Cooling is a large portion of data center energy use, second only to the IT load. Although there are several options to help maximize HVAC efficiency and minimize energy consumption, data centers come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations. By developing a deep understanding of their client’s data center HVAC requirements, consulting engineers can help maintain the necessary availability level of mission critical applications while reducing energy consumption.
DC inverter technology provides energy savings and other benefits for HVAC-R applications. It allows compressors and other components to precisely modulate capacity based on load. This improves efficiency, temperature control, reliability, and noise levels. It also enables use of natural refrigerants and adaptation to varying loads. DC technology generates data that can be analyzed for process optimization through key performance indicators, benchmarking, and reports. This helps reduce operational costs and food waste while improving food preservation and profitability.
Industrial refrigeration systems are a significant consumer of electrical energy in food processing, cold storage, and chemical processing industries throughout the Midwestern United States.
This webinar, presented by Bryan Hackett, P.E., of kW Engineering, will covered the following topics:
• The basics of industrial refrigeration systems,
• A review of proven energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and how to identify potential applications for each, and
• The respective energy and cost savings for each.
Industrial and commercial utility program managers, end-user plant managers, refrigeration system operators, contractors, and solution vendors will get a better understanding of industrial refrigeration as an integrated system, how key components can be optimized to improve efficiency, and the energy and financial motivations for pursuing the discussed EEMs
Bryan Hackett, P.E. - Senior Engineer II, kW Engineering
Bryan leads kW Engineering’s Industrial Services Team, providing energy and water auditing, retro-commissioning, technical support services, and implementation management to industrial facilities across the country. Bryan has performed over 150 industrial energy audits and is the lead author of two papers on energy savings at food processing and refrigeration facilities. Bryan is a licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer with over 17 years of experience working with commercial, institutional, and industrial clients. As one of the leaders of kW's technical staff of 47 engineers, Bryan takes great pride in getting CFOs excited about sustainability by delivering results at the meter and on the bill.
DNS Energy provides energy auditing and conservation solutions including their Energy Savings Module (ESM) and ESM ECO3 products. The ESM uses microprocessor control to optimize compressor run times, reducing energy usage by 10-25% with no impact on equipment or space conditions. The ESM ECO3 provides similar savings averaging 20% for single or dual compressor systems. Case studies showed installations reducing energy usage by 13-19% annually.
Homeowners with natural gas water heaters have difficulty justifying the expense of a more efficient condensing heater. Combination space and domestic hot water systems bundle together the two loads, which saves energy and makes them more cost-effective. These systems also help eliminate combustion safety concerns.
Historically, mechanical contractors have custom engineered and pieced together combi systems in the field, paying little attention to efficiency and optimization. But condensing heating plants will only reach their energy saving potential when all components are designed and installed correctly.
The document discusses cooling challenges for data centers and presents various cooling solutions. Specifically, it notes that cooling now accounts for 60-70% of data center energy costs. It then outlines challenges like increasing power densities and need for efficiency, availability, manageability, and serviceability. Various cooling architectures are presented, including room-based cooling, row-based cooling, and close-coupled cooling. Free cooling options using ambient air are also discussed.
This document discusses a proposed vertical farming system that integrates three technologies - Tesla Powerpacks, Thermenex temperature control system, and Climate Manager sensors - to improve upon an existing vertical farm system. The proposed system is estimated to have a total operating cost of $11,165, setup cost of $8,060,517, and production capacity of 650 tons per year of leafy greens using a 54,000 square foot facility. Testing of the proposed system would involve analytical modeling, building a smaller scaled prototype, and validating that performance meets requirements for key metrics like production capacity, energy consumption, and profitability.
CPD Presentation Evaporative cooling in data centresColt UK
Data centres that use evaporative cooling can cut their energy bills by up to 80% compared to conventional cooling methods!
The specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment used in data centres have recently been revised, opening the way to evaporative cooling in such buildings. Evaporative cooling can provide a highly effective solution, with low installation and running costs, minimal maintenance requirements and quiet operation.
This seminar covers:
• Revisions to the specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment in data centres
• Options for cooling in a data centre
• Implementing evaporative cooling in a data centre.
WP-59 The Different Types of Air Conditioning Equipment for IT Environmentszain kirmani
The document discusses 10 basic configurations for air conditioning equipment in IT environments. It describes the 5 fundamental cooling transport methods that combine with 2 physical arrangements to create the configurations. The cooling methods are air cooled systems, air cooled self-contained systems, glycol cooled systems, water cooled systems, and chilled water systems. The physical arrangements are ceiling mounted systems and floor mounted systems. A selection method is provided to help choose the best configuration for a particular IT environment.
This document provides an overview of air to water heat pump technology. It discusses how air to water heat pumps work by capturing heat from the outside air and transferring it inside to heat or cool a building. The document also covers the benefits of air to water heat pumps such as using renewable energy, providing heating, cooling and hot water from one system, and significant savings in energy costs compared to gas or oil systems. It provides details on the components of air to water heat pump systems including inverters, compressors, and controls.
The document discusses various strategies for optimizing the energy efficiency of data centers, including:
1) Establishing an energy baseline and forecasting IT growth to determine optimization opportunities.
2) Implementing metrics like PUE and DCE to measure efficiency and compare to other data centers.
3) Improving airflow management through practices like hot/cold aisle layouts and blanking panels.
4) Matching cooling capacity to IT load and eliminating hot spots through technologies like modular cooling systems.
5) Considering alternative cooling technologies like carbon dioxide cooling that can reduce energy use by up to 30%.
Maximizing energy efficiency in hotel HVAC systems: An energy modelling appro...IRJET Journal
The document presents an analysis comparing the energy efficiency and costs of two HVAC systems - chilled water and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) - for a four-story, 95-room hotel in Bangalore, India over a 20-year period using energy modeling software. It describes the hotel project and HVAC systems considered. Key steps in the energy modeling process are outlined, including defining the building design and loads, HVAC system, and simulating and optimizing the system. The goal is to identify the most efficient and cost-effective HVAC option for the hotel project.
Chapter 7 heating ventilation air conditioningvenky venkat
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Hvac systems presentation_slides
1. Introduction to Commercial
Building HVAC Systems and
Energy Code Requirements
Reid Hart, PE, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program
Energy Codes Commentator Webinar Series
AIA Provider #: I014 AIA Course #: BECPWS816
ICC Provider Course #8875
August 11, 2016 PNNL-SA-120201
2. Course Description and
Learning Objectives
Overview of common commercial building Heating, Ventilating, and
Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems as they relate to energy code
requirements. Learn about the most common HVAC systems and
equipment, along with energy-related components and controls.
Several important energy code requirements will be reviewed,
including what to look for in the field or on plans.
1. Identify common HVAC system types.
2. Identify important HVAC controls, including
economizers.
3. Name high impact energy code items related to
HVAC equipment and controls.
4. List the steps in verifying fan power calculations.
Learning Objectives:
Building Energy Codes Program 2
3. Outline
HVAC system basics
Basic controls that save energy
Outside air economizers
Fan energy limits
Complex systems:
Central plant
Secondary HVAC systems
High energy impact complex controls
Hydronic system controls
HVAC high efficiency option
3Building Energy Codes Program
References to energy code
sections in this presentation
are to the commercial
provisions of the
2015 International Energy
Conservation Code (IECC).
Similar requirements may
exist in the 2012 IECC or
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013,
but section numbers will be
different, and there will be
slight variation in
requirements.
4. Building Energy Codes Program
HVAC
System
Basics
4
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handler
5. Basic Purpose of HVAC
Air-conditioning for thermal and humidity comfort
Heating
Cooling
Dehumidification
Humidification
Ventilation
Introduction of required outside air
International Mechanical Code (IMC)
Chapter 4 : Ventilation
ASHRAE Standard 62.1
Filtration of recirculated air
Exhaust of undesirable air (toilet, kitchen, lab exhaust)
Air movement in space
Space pressurization
Control infiltration
Makeup of exhausted air
5Building Energy Codes Program
Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2013
6. Heat Gain vs. Heat Loss (Winter)
Heat Gains
Solar thru windows/walls
Summer transfer/infiltration
Internal
Electric Use, Lighting
Body Heat
Heat Loss
Air Leaks (Infiltration)
Transfer (conduction &
radiant) through
Walls
Roofs
Floor
Windows
Difference supplied by
Heater or
Air Conditioner
6Building Energy Codes Program
7. 7
Air Conditioning
Two general types of air conditioning (cooling)
Refrigerant-based: refrigeration cycle moves heat from one space
(indoors) to another (outdoors)
Refrigerant evaporates and condenses continuously within cycle
Refrigerant has a low boiling point, making it ideal for HVAC systems
Similar to car AC system
Non-refrigerant: evaporative cooling
Simple vs. Complex (no longer a code distinction in 2015 IECC)
Simple systems often use direct expansion coils or heat
Directly use refrigerant to cool or heat air
Gas, oil or electricity in a furnace to heat air
Simple systems usually serve one zone with direct control
Complex systems transfer heating and cooling to secondary units
Cooling: the refrigerant is in the chiller and chilled water goes to cooling coils
Heating: a boiler generates hot water or steam that is piped to heating coils
Complex systems usually serve multiple zones
Building Energy Codes Program
8. System Capacity Sizing
Verify that cooling and heating
capacity sizing (load calculations)
have been completed (C403.2.1)
Verify that equipment is not
unreasonably over-sized (C403.2.2)
Why?
For simple constant volume
equipment, fan energy use will be
significantly higher because fans must
run constantly to provide ventilation
For larger multiple-zone VAV systems,
fan and reheat energy use will be
higher because the turndown of
oversized zone boxes is limited.
8Building Energy Codes Program
Source: RoadTrafficSigns.com
9. 9
Ventilating
Two types:
Mechanical ventilation
Fans pull outside air into building for ventilation
Ventilation includes both outside air and recirculated air
Requirements are available for minimum outside air, based on occupancy,
floor area and number of occupants (See the International Mechanical Code
(IMC) Chapter 4 or ASHRAE Standard 62.1)
Natural ventilation
No fans
Building Energy Codes Program
10. Simple HVAC Systems
Package Units
Thru-wall air conditioner
Package Terminal Air Conditioner (PTAC)
Package Terminal Heat Pump (PTHP)
Unitary
Air conditioner
Furnace
Heat Pumps
Packaged, split, mini-split
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
10Building Energy Codes Program
Source: http://windowairconditioning.kingersons.com/premaire_
ptw092h3g_9000btu_PTAC_wall_air_conditioner_heat_pump.htm
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handler
11. 11
Packaged Rooftop Cooling Unit
Min OA
(Outside Air)
Ventilation
SA
(Supply
Air) or
DA
(Discharge
Air)
RA
(Return
Air)
DX (Direct
Expansion)
Cooling
Coil
OA
Damper
Air
Filters
Room
Thermostat
Supply
Fan
Mixed
Air
Packaged Unit (DX cooling) Outside Air Ventilation
Unit
System
Board
Building Energy Codes Program
12. 12
Refrigeration cycle
Compressor uses electric power to
increase pressure of refrigerant
Condenser “cools” refrigerant,
refrigerant changes from gas to
liquid. Removes thermal energy
from system
Expansion device lowers pressure
Evaporator (cooling coil) “heats”
refrigerant and cools air, refrigerant
changes back to gas. Adds thermal
energy to system
Power: compressor, condenser fan,
furnace blower, furnace in heating
mode
Building Energy Codes Program
13. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
Could be single zone (mini-split)
Or multiple zone (VRF System)
Just a complex heat pump, serving multiple zones
13Building Energy Codes Program
Source: http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/whatschanging/ecochanges/heatpump/
14. Things to Check in the Energy Code
Equipment Efficiency
Tables in C403.2.3
Separate tables for each type
Different efficiency ratings
Higher is generally better
Furnace: AFUE v. Et
Cooling: SEER vs. EER vs. IEER vs. COP
Heat pump heating: HSPF vs. COP
If multiple requirements: must meet all
Equipment Efficiency Importance
Most equipment must meet manufacturing requirements
Exceptions:
Regional requirements
Old inventory
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system efficiency is not covered in 2015
IECC, but is in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013
14Building Energy Codes Program
16. Top of the Charts
Most impactful basic HVAC control measures*
Snow and ice melt heater control
Temperature setback scheduling
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Economizer controls
Additional impactful complex HVAC control measures
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Limits on simultaneous heating and cooling (VAV reheat)
VAV ventilation optimization
Supply air temperature & fan static reset controls
Other impactful HVAC measures*
Exterior ductwork insulation (C403.2.9)
Fan power within limits
Proper equipment sizing
16Building Energy Codes Program
*Rosenberg, M., Hart, R., Athalye, R., Zhang, J., Wang, W., and Liu, B. (2016). “An Approach to Assessing Potential Energy Cost
Savings from Increased Energy Code Compliance in Commercial Buildings.” PNNL for USDOE.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24979.pdf
Photo courtesy of Ken Baker, K energy
Snow and ice
melt heaters
will use a large
amount of
energy if not
properly and
automatically
controlled!
17. Temperature Setback Scheduling
Simple control systems
Programmable thermostats
Seven different daily schedules/week
Manual override
Occupant sensor is an alternative
DDC (direct digital control) systems
Central scheduling of all units
Optimum start activated
17Building Energy Codes Program
Source: http://docplayer.net/5893734-Chapter-5-introduction-to-building-automation-system-bas.html
Energy Myth:
Setback does not save energy
because it takes so long to
warm up in the morning
Not true:
Savings can be 5%-20% of
HVAC energy Use
18. Full 5 Degree Temperature Deadband
A most significant control
feature is temperature
deadband
If heating is set at 70°F, then
cooling should be ≥ 75°F
Should be the found condition
during an inspection
Why?
Simple systems can fight each
other in open office areas
VAV systems have excessive
reheat if settings are too tight
Energy Star recommended
factory default setpoints of:
Heating 70°F
Cooling 78°F 18Building Energy Codes Program
Source: http://oscac.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-programmable-thermostat/
Source: www.AutomatedLogic.com
20. HVAC – Economizers “Free Cooling”
Quantity of OSA: Meet Minimum Ventilation Requirement
Economizer Function: Flush out building heat with cool outside air
20
Ventilation Air
Economizer
Building Energy Codes Program
21. 21
Packaged Rooftop Cooling Unit
Min OA
(Outside Air)
Ventilation
SA
(Supply
Air) or
DA
(Discharge
Air)
RA
(Return
Air)
DX (Direct
Expansion)
Cooling
Coil
OA
Damper
Air
Filters
Room
Thermostat
Supply
Fan
Mixed
Air
Packaged Unit (DX cooling) Outside Air Ventilation
Unit
System
Board
Building Energy Codes Program
23. Building Energy Codes Program 23
Economizer Components
Dampers (not shown)
Damper Motors
MAT/DAT sensors
Solid State Controller
OAT/RAT sensors
Dry bulb
Enthalpy
Code econo requirements
OSA ductwork = large enough
Relief damper provided
Integrated
Operates with compressor
Coordinated with cooling
(Honeywell shown, often basis of OEM brands, out there for 30+ years)
24. Building Energy Codes Program 24
OSA Economizer Savings
1600 Executive Pkwy.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Temperature/%damperopen
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0:15 1:00 1:45 2:30 3:15 4:00 4:45 5:30 6:15 7:00 7:45 8:30 9:15 10:0010:4511:3012:1513:0013:4514:3015:1516:0016:4517:3018:1519:0019:4520:3021:1522:00 22:4523:30
15 min data
kWh
Region of Savings
Stable
economizer
Outside
Air
25. Economizer Savings – It’s in the Settings!
25
High limit needed to turn off economizer when not beneficial!
Fixed dry bulb cuts off above 75°F, 70°F, or 65°F—depending on CZ
Differential dry bulb cuts off when OSA > RA
Differential DB no longer allowed in Climate Zones 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A
Fixed or differential enthalpy high limit adjusts for humidity of OSA
Enthalpy requires a paired dry bulb high limit in event of sensor inaccuracy
Economizer savings
Theoretically ~60%
Low high limit
settings: 10%-20%
“Premium economizer”
= Code economizer
Settings correct
Relief air
Integrated
Checkout & FDD
Building Energy Codes Program
26. Building Energy Codes Program
26
Economizer: Things to Check in the Energy Code
Damper and ductwork
Full sized OSA damper
Relief damper; powered or
barometric
High limit or changeover
setting (C403.3.3.3)
Proper setpoint a mystery to
most field technicians
Settings typically too low;
reducing or eliminating
savings (55°F vs. 75°F)
High Limit Set per
table C403.3.1.1.3(2)
for climate zone
Source: http://www.zipeconomizer.com/
Source: https://customer.honeywell.com/en-US/
Pages/Category.aspx?cat=HonECC+Catalog&category
= W7459&catpath=1.1.2.1.14
https://buildingcontrols.honeywell.com/products/Jade-Economizer
New 2015 IECC Fault Detection &
Diagnostic (FDD) Requirements:
(C403.2.4.7) Sensors; faults & setup.
The controller above does not meet
the new requirements.
27. Top of the Charts
Most impactful basic HVAC control measures*
Snow and ice melt heater control
Temperature setback scheduling
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Economizer controls
Additional impactful complex HVAC control measures
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Limits on simultaneous heating and cooling (VAV reheat)
VAV ventilation optimization
Supply air temperature & fan static reset controls
Other impactful HVAC measures*
Exterior ductwork insulation (C403.2.9)
Fan power within limits
Proper equipment sizing
27Building Energy Codes Program
*Rosenberg, M., Hart, R., Athalye, R., Zhang, J., Wang, W., and Liu, B. (2016). “An Approach to Assessing Potential Energy Cost
Savings from Increased Energy Code Compliance in Commercial Buildings.” PNNL for USDOE.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24979.pdf
Ductwork in attics or
outside the building
(exposed on the roof)
requires more
insulation:
R-8 in CZ 1-4
R-12 in CZ 5-8
http://www.rockwoolasia.com/products+and+solutions/
u/2011.construction/9794/HVAC/Internal+duct+liner
29. Overall Fan System Efficiency
Multiple Conversions = Multiple Losses
Losses occur for each
conversion of energy
Overall system efficiency =
[5.0 kW work] / [9.65 kW in] = 52%
Wire Losses
2%
Fan Belt
Losses
6%
Motor
Efficiency:
80%
= Losses of
20%
Fan
Efficiency:
70%
= Losses of
30%
AirFlow
Efficiency Loss kW
Meter 9.65 Meter kW
Wire 2% 9.46 Motor Input kW
Motor 80% 20% 7.57 Motor Shaft kW
Belt 6% 7.14 Fan Shaft kW
Fan 70% 30% 5.00 Air kW = Work
System 52% 48% 4.65 Losses
Building Energy Codes Program 29
The energy code manages overall
large fan efficiency by limiting
nameplate motor hp or fan bhp
per cfm of airflow supplied.
30. Fan Power Limit
Building Energy Codes Program 30
HVAC systems with total fan motor nameplate hp >5hp
Either meet nameplate horsepower or fan bhp (C403.2.12.1)
Based on supply cfm with pressure adjustments
31. COMcheck: Mechanical - Fan Systems
Determines Fan Power Limitations compliance for each fan system
Motor nameplate HP and brake HP
Brake HP includes pressure drop credits as applicable
31Building Energy Codes Program
Include all supply, return and exhaust fans in each system
May have to allocate partial exhaust to each system
Do not need to enter duplicate systems repetitively
32. Variable Speed Drives
Reducing fan or pump speed saves
energy at partial flow
Fans in hydronic and multiple zone
systems must be variable flow (C403.4.1)
Dx 65 MBH or more: 2-speed
CHW > ¼ HP: VSD
So most chilled water (CHW) fans must
have variable speed drives
For example, 80% flow results in a 50%
power reduction
A variable speed drive should be evident
at the site or on the specifications
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive
Building Energy Codes Program 32
33. Building Energy Codes Program
Complex
Systems:
Central
Plant
33
Source: http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2014/08/thats-rich-harbor-
towers-part-8-the-hvac-replacement-a-certain-godlike-remoteness.html
34. 34
Complex Building Energy Use - HVAC
Categories of HVAC systems:
Central Plant
Boilers, chillers, cooling towers
A few pieces of large equipment
Distribution Systems
Pumps
Pipe and control valves
Ductwork, diffusers and registers
Secondary & Zonal HVAC Systems
Air handlers, with coils & economizers
Fan coils, VAV boxes
Chiller
Selected based on:
Space temperature and humidity requirements
First cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost
Spatial constraints
Redundancy
Building Energy Codes Program
35. 35
Heating and Cooling
Heating
Typical fuels are electricity and natural gas
Efficiency matters:
Electricity is 100% efficient
E.g., 1,000 W hair dryer heats the room by 1,000 W
But what’s the source efficiency? Coal-fired power plants are typically only 35%
efficient
A heat pump is much more efficient than resistance heat; typically :
@ 47F: 330% or COP = 3.3 / 17F: 225% or COP = 2.25 / HSPF = 6.8
Natural gas typically is 80% efficient
E.g., 100,000 Btu/h gas input to a furnace may yield 80,000 Btu/h of heating
A condensing boiler or furnace has higher efficiency; exceeding 90%
Cooling
Central chiller
Water cooled or air cooled
Water cooled requires cooling tower or heat rejection
Building Energy Codes Program
36. 36
Central Plant: Boilers
Hot water or steam boilers are typical
Hot water more common for smaller buildings
Usually natural gas, but sometimes electric or oil
Gas pipe (yellow)
Water inlet and outlet Flue gas
Building Energy Codes Program
37. 37
Central Plant: Chillers
Chillers use electricity to remove
heat from the chilled water loop
(and thus the building)
e.g., cool the chilled
water from 54ºF to 44ºF
http://energy-models.com/hvac-centrifugal-chillers
http://carriercca.com/product_detail.cfm?ln=en
&product_id=53&cat_id=48&parent_id=7
Building Energy Codes Program
38. 38
Central plant: Cooling tower
Rejects heat from the chiller (transfers it outdoors).
e.g., cool the condenser water (water from the
chiller) from 85ºF to 75ºF.
Water-cooled chiller is more efficient than air-cooled
chiller due to evaporative cooling Building Energy Codes Program
39. Things to Check in the Energy Code
Equipment Efficiency
2015 IECC Tables in C403.2.3
Boiler efficiency
Chiller efficiency
Path A or Path B
Meet both Full Load & IPLV
Heat rejection (tower) efficiency
39Building Energy Codes Program
Air-cooled Chiller
Source: http://www.trane.com/commercial/north-
america/us/en/products-systems/equipment/chillers/air-
cooled-chillers.html
41. Complex Secondary HVAC systems
Similar to residential and small commercial HVAC systems, but bigger
Work to maintain comfort conditions in the space
Complex systems may be more expensive, but are usually more
efficient than smaller / simpler systems (depends)
Usually get heating and cooling energy from a central plant through
chilled water and heating water pumped throughout the building
Some “packaged VAV systems” are unitary, but serve multiple zones
41
Heat recovery
section makes it
more efficient.
Transfers energy
from outgoing to
incoming air
‘Air handler’ has
fan and cooling
coil, just like in
simpler systems
Building Energy Codes Program
42. 42
Secondary HVAC System Air handlers
The H, the V, the AC in one piece
of equipment.
Uses air dampers, and chilled and
heating water from the chiller and
the boiler to heat and cool the air.
Also filters the air and draws in
outside air.
Building Energy Codes Program
43. 43
Distribution: Heating Coils, Radiant Heaters
Hydronic distribution: Water or steam is heated by the boilers, then
delivered to secondary heating units throughout the building
Various types of heat exchangers:
Heating coils in airstreams
Air handlers, fan coils (hotels)
Radiant heat
Baseboard heaters
Radiant floor heating
More about hydronic controls later
Chilled water distribution is similar;
CHW from chiller goes to cooling coils
through pipes
Ductwork is used to distribute heated
or cooled air and return or exhaust air
Hot/cold water flows
through tubes, air
flows across tubes.
Heat transfer!
Building Energy Codes Program
44. VAV Multiple Zone System Concept
44
One variable air volume (VAV) central air system serves several zones
The air handling unit (AHU) maintains the desired
Primary supply air temperature (SAT)
Duct static pressure (SP) using a variable speed drive
The setpoints for both SAT & SP can be reset
Has preheat capability and may subcool air to reduce humidity
Coordinates the OSA economizer with the cooling coil to provide cooling
Each zone has a
VAV box or terminal
unit that:
Modulates air flow
based on cooling
load
Maintains minimum
airflow for
ventilation needs
Reheats air to meet
heating needs
http://betterbricks.com/articles/
common-opportunities-top-five
Building Energy Codes Program
45. 45
Multiple zone system example:
VAV terminal unit (VAV Box)
Heating coil
Air inlet (from air handler)
Air damper
actuator
Air outlet, to zones
Heating
coil control
valve
Building Energy Codes Program
46. 46
Tying it all Together
A typical large building commercial
HVAC system:
Central plant:
Boiler
Cooling Tower
Chiller
Distribution
Pumps
Pipes
Control valves
Secondary System
Air handler
VAV terminal units
Boiler
Cooling
Tower
Chiller
Air
handler
VAV terminal unit
Building Energy Codes Program
48. Warning! Controls can be complicated!
48
Building Energy Codes Program
Source: Bob Davis at Ecotope
49. Top of the Charts
Most impactful basic HVAC control measures*
Snow and ice melt heater control
Temperature setback scheduling
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Economizer controls
Additional impactful complex HVAC control measures
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Limits on simultaneous heating and cooling (VAV reheat)
VAV ventilation optimization (C403.4.4.6)
Supply air temperature & fan static reset controls
Other impactful HVAC measures*
Exterior ductwork insulation (C403.2.9)
Fan power within limits
Proper equipment sizing
49
Building Energy Codes Program
*Rosenberg, M., Hart, R., Athalye, R., Zhang, J., Wang, W., and Liu, B. (2016). “An Approach to Assessing Potential Energy Cost
Savings from Increased Energy Code Compliance in Commercial Buildings.” PNNL for USDOE.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24979.pdf
50. Deadband & Reheat Limit for VAV Boxes
Building Energy Codes Program 50
The deadband requirement applies to VAV boxes too!
Just because the lease specification says “temperature shall be
maintained at ± 2°F,” does not allow a 1°F deadband
A 5°F temperature deadband is still required
This means separate heating and cooling setpoints are needed
Between the heating and
cooling operation:
VAV minimum damper
positions shall be maintained
The reheat valve is closed
Minimum ventilation reduces
reheat of cooled air
30% of design airflow, or
Higher % if saves energy, or
Required ventilation
Source: http://energycodeace.com/site/custom/public/reference-ace-
2013/index.html#!Documents/56hvaczonelevelsystems.htm
51. VAV System Ventilation Optimization
Building Energy Codes Program
51
A new requirement in 2015 IECC (C403.4.4.6)
Adjusts the primary system outside air rate based on actual box
operation
Ventilation design is based on VAV boxes at minimum setting
When zone supply air is higher than minimum, less outside air is needed
at the primary fan to meet ventilation needs in all zones
The critical zone for ventilation changes, based on actual cooling loads
Related to the multi-space
ventilation equation in IMC & 62.1
Significant ventilation air savings
at part occupancy loads and
higher cooling loads
Usually requires commissioning
(C408) to verify
Source: http://internal.trane.com/commercial/uploads/pdf/
866/VentilationFanPressureOptimization.pdf
52. 52
VAV Primary SAT and SP Reset Saves
Reset primary supply air
temperature (SAT) (C403.4.4.5)
Save with less reheat
Tradeoff with fan energy:
reduce upper limit when no
economizer
Improves comfort by reducing
terminal gain
Coordinate with static
pressure reset (C403.4.1.3)
Saves fan energy
Static pressure sensor
location near terminal boxes
(C403.4.1.2)
Usually requires
commissioning to verify
Building Energy Codes Program
54. Hydronic System Purpose & Components
The hydronic system
connects the central plant
sources of chilled and
heated water to the
cooling and heating coils
in the secondary HVAC
systems
The system includes
Pumps
Piping
Control valves
Heat exchangers (coils)
Most hydronic systems
are required to have
variable flow (C403.4.2.4)
54Building Energy Codes Program
Source: http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2014/08/thats-rich-harbor-
towers-part-8-the-hvac-replacement-a-certain-godlike-remoteness.html
55. Hydronic Flow Requirements for
Chillers/Boilers
Hydronic systems have two main flow requirements (C403.4.2.4):
Variable flow when total pumping is ≥10 hp and capacity ≥ 500 MBH
That means mostly 2-way valves!
Isolate large primary equipment when not needed for load
Verify on plans or in the construction documents
Constant Flow Variable Flow
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Building Energy Codes Program
Source: https://www.belimo.us
/americas/ccv.html
https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/2990
56. Hydronic Temperature Requirements for
Chillers/Boilers
Automatically reset supply water temperature (C403.4.2.4):
Reset by at least 25% of difference between design and return
Reset can be based on OSA, return temperature, or zone demand
Chilled water reset allows the chiller to operate more efficiently
Heating water reset reduces distribution losses
Verify in the construction documents/control sequences
Commissioning report should indicate temperature reset (C408)
Can see in trend plot on DDC system
56
Building Energy Codes Program
Operating the chiller at
a higher CHWS supply
temperature than
design conditions
reduces the lift done by
the compressor and
saves significant energy.
57. WSHP Hydronic Requirements
Building Energy Codes Program 57
Water source
heat pumps
(WSHP) can be:
Geothermal
Have boiler and
heat rejection
C403.3.2.3
Pumping power can be very large in these systems if uncontrolled
Minimum requirement when pump motors total more than 10 HP is for a
valve on every heat pump to reduce flow and ride the pump curve
Heat rejection isolation based on climate zone
Important controls:
Maintain minimum 20°F deadband between loop heating and cooling for
loops with boilers and heat rejection cooling towers
Ground Exchanger Heat Pumps
Loop Pump
Automatic Valves
for variable flow
options
Source: Hart, R & W. Price. 2000. “Improving Heat Pump Efficiency.” ACEEE 2000 Summer Study.
58. Building Energy Codes Program
HVAC High
Efficiency
Option
58
Condensing Furnace
Source: http://homeenergy.org/show/article/id/1197
59. High Efficiency HVAC Option (C406.2)
All equipment must exceed efficiency requirements by 10%
Equipment not listed limited to 10% total capacity
Electric heat limited; VRF not listed
Examples: Increase heat pump efficiency or chiller/boiler efficiency:
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Building Energy Codes Program
Equipment Rating Metric 2015 IECC 10% efficiency
Improvement
Air-source heat pump, 3Φ
65 to 135 MBH
(5.4 – 11.3 tons)
Cooling, EER 11.0 12.1
Cooling, IEER 12.0 13.2
Heating, HSPF 8.0 8.8
Chiller efficiency (Path A)
Air cooled, ≥ 150 tons
EER
10.1 FL
14.0 IPLV
11.11 FL
15.4 IPLV
Boiler efficiency
Gas, 300-2500 MBH
Et 80% 88%
Package units with furnaces are unlikely to meet extra efficiency requirements
Split system with indoor condensing furnace can meet requirement
Some gas duct heaters can also meet condensing efficiency requirements
High efficiency VRF systems reference standard 90.1-2013
60. Summary: Top of the Charts
Most impactful basic HVAC control measures*
Snow and ice melt heater control
Temperature setback scheduling
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Economizer controls
Additional impactful complex HVAC control measures
Full 5 degree thermostat deadband
Limits on simultaneous heating and cooling (VAV reheat)
VAV ventilation optimization (C403.4.4.6)
Supply air temperature & fan static reset controls
Other impactful HVAC measures*
Exterior ductwork insulation (C403.2.9)
Fan power within limits
Proper equipment sizing
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Building Energy Codes Program
*Rosenberg, M., Hart, R., Athalye, R., Zhang, J., Wang, W., and Liu, B. (2016). “An Approach to Assessing Potential Energy Cost
Savings from Increased Energy Code Compliance in Commercial Buildings.” PNNL for USDOE.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24979.pdf
61. Conclusion
HVAC systems provide the following:
Comfort: heating and cooling; humidity control
Ventilation, filtration, air movement
System configurations:
Unitary (split and packaged) or small packaged systems for single zones
Packaged DX VAV unitary systems serving multiple zones
Central plants with secondary and zonal HVAC systems
Important energy factors are:
Controls that save energy: setback, deadband, economizer, resets
Fan energy limits, duct insulation, snow melt controls
Energy codes provide valuable requirements for HVAC savings
61Building Energy Codes Program
62. U.S. DOE: Building Energy Codes Program
Resources
Compliance software
Technical support
Code notes
Publications
Resource guides
Training materials
62
www.energycodes.gov
63. THANK YOU!
Building Energy Codes Program
www.energycodes.gov
BECP help desk
https://www.energycodes.gov/HelpDesk
63Building Energy Codes Program