This document presents a project proposal for designing and simulating a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) using MATLAB/Simulink. The introduction provides background on increasing emissions from conventional vehicles in India and discusses different electric vehicle technologies including fully electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It describes the working of series and parallel hybrid electric vehicle configurations. The literature review summarizes previous research on modeling hybrid electric vehicles in Simulink. The research gap identified is improving fuel economy beyond 20% in previous studies. The objective is to model vehicle dynamics to determine tractive force requirements and develop a controller in Simulink to optimize the power sources. The methodology outlines considering parameters like battery size and modeling total tractive effort as
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It describes how HEVs can help reduce carbon emissions from transportation and assist with renewable energy integration. The document outlines the components and design considerations of electric vehicle (EV) and HEV systems, including different controller and powertrain options. It also discusses modeling vehicle dynamics and performance to optimize the torque-speed profile of electric motors. The goal is to meet driving requirements with minimum power. Finally, it examines the future potential of EVs and HEVs to address issues like rising fuel costs and dependence on non-renewable energy sources.
Electric Vehicle Concept and Power Management Strategiescountoot
The document provides an overview of electric vehicle concepts and power management strategies. It discusses various types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, range extended electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and solar electric vehicles. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The document also describes the hardware and software aspects of power management in electric vehicles, including the use of multiple control layers and optimization of power distribution between energy sources. Future research directions in power management and charging infrastructure are mentioned as well.
Design and Simulation of a series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) PowertrainShaunak Chandwadkar
This project involves the design and simulation of a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain using Autonomie software. The vehicle selected was a Chevrolet Volt. Various component sizes were tested through simulations to optimize the design for efficiency. The optimized configuration included a smaller 65kW engine, larger 60kW generator and 120kW motor. Simulations of UDDS and HWFET cycles showed improved fuel economy and lower energy losses compared to the original configuration. Overall the optimized design improved the vehicle's efficiency while maintaining performance and lowering costs.
This document reports on simulations performed to optimize the efficiency and performance of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrain using Autonomie simulation software. The simulations varied parameters of an initial parallel pretransmission PHEV model and analyzed the results. A final optimized model showed improvements in fuel economy from 10.23 to 13.39 miles per gallon and acceleration from 10.4 to 11.7 seconds. Graphs and tables demonstrate the effects on metrics like fuel consumption, battery state of charge, and energy flows throughout the simulations.
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation on a Hybrid Power System for Electric Vehicle...IRJET Journal
1) The document reviews dynamic modeling and simulation of a hybrid power system for electric vehicle applications. It discusses modeling a Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid vehicle using Autonomies software.
2) An optimization problem was formulated to minimize gasoline consumption during typical driving cycles. Factors like engine power, battery cells, and motor power were optimized using a genetic algorithm.
3) The component sizing procedure achieved a significant reduction in fuel consumption compared to the baseline model in both urban and highway driving cycles. However, some optimization results that did not consider limits led to unrealistic vehicle performance.
This document summarizes an energy management study of the 2015 BMW i8 plug-in hybrid sports car. Some key points:
- The BMW i8 features a 1.5L turbocharged gasoline engine and a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack.
- The 96 kW electric motor on the front axle works with a 164 kW gasoline engine on the rear wheels for a total output of 260 kW.
- Despite this performance, the i8 gets the equivalent of 94 mpg and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 5 seconds.
- The long, lightweight lithium-ion battery pack is located between the front and rear axles to keep the center of gravity low
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system to achieve better fuel economy or performance than conventional vehicles. HEVs use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor for propulsion, with a battery to store energy from regenerative braking and the engine. The engines charge the batteries and provide rotational power, while the electric motors help drive the wheels. HEVs offer the driving range of gas vehicles with some electric vehicle benefits like regenerative braking, but can be more expensive with higher maintenance costs. Overall, HEVs are more environmentally friendly with less dependence on fossil fuels.
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid Vehicle’ or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It describes how HEVs can help reduce carbon emissions from transportation and assist with renewable energy integration. The document outlines the components and design considerations of electric vehicle (EV) and HEV systems, including different controller and powertrain options. It also discusses modeling vehicle dynamics and performance to optimize the torque-speed profile of electric motors. The goal is to meet driving requirements with minimum power. Finally, it examines the future potential of EVs and HEVs to address issues like rising fuel costs and dependence on non-renewable energy sources.
Electric Vehicle Concept and Power Management Strategiescountoot
The document provides an overview of electric vehicle concepts and power management strategies. It discusses various types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, range extended electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and solar electric vehicles. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The document also describes the hardware and software aspects of power management in electric vehicles, including the use of multiple control layers and optimization of power distribution between energy sources. Future research directions in power management and charging infrastructure are mentioned as well.
Design and Simulation of a series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) PowertrainShaunak Chandwadkar
This project involves the design and simulation of a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain using Autonomie software. The vehicle selected was a Chevrolet Volt. Various component sizes were tested through simulations to optimize the design for efficiency. The optimized configuration included a smaller 65kW engine, larger 60kW generator and 120kW motor. Simulations of UDDS and HWFET cycles showed improved fuel economy and lower energy losses compared to the original configuration. Overall the optimized design improved the vehicle's efficiency while maintaining performance and lowering costs.
This document reports on simulations performed to optimize the efficiency and performance of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrain using Autonomie simulation software. The simulations varied parameters of an initial parallel pretransmission PHEV model and analyzed the results. A final optimized model showed improvements in fuel economy from 10.23 to 13.39 miles per gallon and acceleration from 10.4 to 11.7 seconds. Graphs and tables demonstrate the effects on metrics like fuel consumption, battery state of charge, and energy flows throughout the simulations.
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation on a Hybrid Power System for Electric Vehicle...IRJET Journal
1) The document reviews dynamic modeling and simulation of a hybrid power system for electric vehicle applications. It discusses modeling a Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid vehicle using Autonomies software.
2) An optimization problem was formulated to minimize gasoline consumption during typical driving cycles. Factors like engine power, battery cells, and motor power were optimized using a genetic algorithm.
3) The component sizing procedure achieved a significant reduction in fuel consumption compared to the baseline model in both urban and highway driving cycles. However, some optimization results that did not consider limits led to unrealistic vehicle performance.
This document summarizes an energy management study of the 2015 BMW i8 plug-in hybrid sports car. Some key points:
- The BMW i8 features a 1.5L turbocharged gasoline engine and a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack.
- The 96 kW electric motor on the front axle works with a 164 kW gasoline engine on the rear wheels for a total output of 260 kW.
- Despite this performance, the i8 gets the equivalent of 94 mpg and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 5 seconds.
- The long, lightweight lithium-ion battery pack is located between the front and rear axles to keep the center of gravity low
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system to achieve better fuel economy or performance than conventional vehicles. HEVs use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor for propulsion, with a battery to store energy from regenerative braking and the engine. The engines charge the batteries and provide rotational power, while the electric motors help drive the wheels. HEVs offer the driving range of gas vehicles with some electric vehicle benefits like regenerative braking, but can be more expensive with higher maintenance costs. Overall, HEVs are more environmentally friendly with less dependence on fossil fuels.
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid Vehicle’ or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution.
Robust Integral Backstepping Control for HEV.pdfAwaisRiaz38
The document presents a unified model for controlling the energy sources and induction motor of a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FHEV). The FHEV model includes a fuel cell, ultracapacitor, battery, DC/DC converters, and DC/AC inverter. A nonlinear controller is designed using robust integral backstepping to simultaneously regulate the DC bus voltage and track the vehicle's speed profile. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink validate the performance of the proposed unified model and controller under the European extra urban drive cycle.
Presentation on Electric Vehicle By Vivek Atalkar.
An electric vehicle, or EV, is a type of vehicle that uses electricity as its main source of power instead of traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel. EVs are powered by electric motors that run on rechargeable batteries, which can be charged by plugging the vehicle into an electrical outlet or charging station.
There are two types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). BEVs are fully electric vehicles that run entirely on battery power and have no backup gasoline engine. PHEVs have both an electric motor and a gasoline engine, and can run on either electricity or gasoline.
Electric vehicles offer several benefits over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they don't contribute to air pollution. They also tend to be more energy-efficient and cost less to operate over the long-term. Additionally, electric vehicles are generally quieter and provide smoother acceleration compared to gasoline-powered vehicles.
One of the main challenges of electric vehicles is their limited range compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, although this is improving as battery technology advances. Another challenge is the availability of charging infrastructure, which is still developing in many parts of the world.
Overall, electric vehicles are an important part of the transition to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly transportation system.
This document discusses electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicle architectures and modeling. It begins by introducing the limitations of fossil fuels and internal combustion engines, as well as the development of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) as alternatives. It then describes the major characteristics, issues, and comparisons of BEVs, HEVs, and FCVs. The rest of the document focuses on vehicle powertrain architectures, including series, parallel, and series-parallel hybrid configurations, and methods for modeling and simulating these different vehicle types.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It begins by introducing HEVs and explaining their benefits over conventional gasoline vehicles, such as producing fewer emissions and improving fuel economy. It then describes the three main types of HEV powertrains: series, parallel, and series-parallel. The document proposes a new hybrid powertrain design that uses freewheels and chain wheels to selectively transmit power from either the engine or electric motor to the transmission. It concludes by stating that this powertrain could improve fuel efficiency in stop-and-go traffic while maintaining the benefits of hybrid vehicles.
IRJET- Study, Development & Modifications of Series Hybrid Electro-Petrol...IRJET Journal
This document describes modifications made to a Series Hybrid Electro-Petroleum Bicycle (SHEPB) to address issues with electricity availability in India. The standard SHEPB is an electric bicycle that requires plugging in to charge its battery. The modified design adds a small engine and alternator so that human pedaling can start the engine to charge the battery, allowing the vehicle to operate without a power source. It works by converting human power to mechanical power from the engine and alternator, storing it as electrical energy in the battery. The stored energy then powers an electric motor to drive the vehicle. The modifications aim to create a more versatile hybrid electric bicycle suitable for use throughout India that obtains charging power from both electricity and human effort.
IRJET- An Overview of Electric Vehicle Concept and its EvolutionIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their evolution and types. It discusses the basic working principle of electric vehicles and how they are powered by batteries or fuel cells rather than gasoline engines. The document outlines the main types of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids, battery-powered vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It also briefly describes the early history of electric vehicles from the 1800s to modern times, highlighting key innovations and factors that affected their adoption such as limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It defines different types of HEVs and describes the concepts and components involved, including the motors, batteries, and regenerative braking systems used. Permanent magnet synchronous motors and induction motors are commonly used in HEV propulsion. Lithium-ion batteries are advantageous for HEVs due to their high energy density and lifespan. HEVs provide benefits like increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric motor and batteries. This allows for improved fuel efficiency through technologies like regenerative braking. There are three main types of HEVs: full hybrids can run solely on electric power, mild hybrids only provide assistance to the engine, and medium hybrids fall between those levels. Plug-in hybrids can be charged through an external power source in addition to regenerative braking. While HEVs provide benefits like lower emissions, reduced fuel costs, and incentives, they also have drawbacks such as higher initial prices and complexity. Ongoing research focuses on improving battery technology to address issues like weight, performance in extreme temperatures, and disposal.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the components and working of HEVs, including how the internal combustion engine and electric motor work together to propel the vehicle using both gasoline and electric power. It also covers the different levels and configurations of hybrid systems, from full hybrids that can run solely on electric power to mild hybrids. The document aims to explain HEV technology and its benefits over conventional vehicles in improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It begins by defining an HEV as a vehicle that combines an electric motor and battery system with a traditional engine. The document then describes the two main types of HEV configurations - parallel and series - and lists the key components of an HEV including electric motors, energy storage batteries, and an auxiliary power unit. Several advantages of HEVs are noted such as increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to gas-only vehicles. In closing, the document states that continued research and development of HEV technology promises more efficient and low-pollution vehicles for the future that can help address current energy and fuel challenges.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on electric and hybrid vehicles. It includes:
- An introduction and overview of various types of electric motors that will be covered, such as DC motors, AC motors, PMSM motors and SRM motors.
- A list of 6 recommended textbooks and references for the course.
- A brief discussion of the different categories of on-road vehicles that will be examined.
ELECTRIC VEHICLE PRESENTATION BY PRANAY GHATODE PranayGhatode
Electric vehicles are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered by electric power. The demand for EVs is increasing day by day. As we have several benefits for Electric Vehicles when compared to Gas Vehicles. Here in this informative essay on electric vehicles, we are giving complete details about them.
Electric Vehicles are means of transport that consume eclectic energy as fuel instead of traditional fuels such as petrol, diesel, and CNG. These vehicles may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources or maybe inbuilt with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells, or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. Electric bikes, electric cars, electric rickshaws, etc are some examples.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
This document discusses different types of hybrid electric vehicles. It begins by defining a hybrid car as having two or more propulsion sources, most commonly gasoline and electric motors. The gasoline engine in hybrids is smaller and more efficient. There are several variations of hybrid configurations including mild, series, parallel, and series/parallel. Mild hybrids use electric motors only for assistance and cannot drive solely on electric. Series hybrids have the engine power an electric generator to charge the battery and power the electric motor driving the wheels. Parallel hybrids can use the engine or motor independently or together to power the wheels. Series/parallel hybrids combine both series and parallel systems to maximize efficiency and performance. The document provides diagrams to illustrate the different
This document provides an overview of a presentation on the limitations of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and the role of electric vehicles. It discusses how hybrid electric vehicles are important because they combine a conventional ICE with an electric propulsion system. It outlines some key limitations of conventional ICE vehicles, including low fuel conversion efficiency, emissions, and inefficient energy usage during braking. The document then defines electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. It classifies different types of electric vehicles and discusses the components and configurations of electric vehicle systems. In the conclusion, it notes that hybrid vehicles can achieve up to 30.2% well-to-wheel efficiency.
IRJET- Modeling of PV based Bidirectional Battery Charger for Electric Ve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling a photovoltaic (PV) based bidirectional battery charger system for electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction to electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. It then discusses the topology and components of a typical plug-in electric vehicle charger, including a bidirectional DC/DC converter and AC/DC converter with controllers. Simulation results are presented showing the power flow between the PV panels, grid, and battery. The document concludes that power electronics can enable electric vehicles to charge from the grid or send power back, and that standards must be followed for vehicle-to-grid applications.
The document discusses the key parts of an electric vehicle (EV) including the electric engine or motor, battery, controlling system, regenerative braking, and drive system. It notes that EVs use electric motors that have a single moving part and can use either AC or DC current. EVs also use batteries, such as lithium-ion, lead acid, or nickel metal hydride, to power the motor and store energy that can be recharged through grid electricity. The controlling system monitors and regulates vehicle performance and power distribution. Regenerative braking recovers up to 15% of energy during deceleration to recharge the batteries. Common EV types include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electric
MODULE-I
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle technology: Introduction, LEV, TLEV, ULV & ZEV, Basic
components of Electric vehicles, Batteries suitable for electric vehicles, motor and controllers,
constructional features,
Basic factors to be considered for converting automobiles to electric vehicle, electric hybrid
vehicle, types - series and parallel hybrid, layouts, comparison, Power systems and control
systems, Different modes of operation for best usage. Regenerative braking,
Recent Trends in Automotive Power Plants: Stratified charged / lean burn engines –
Hydrogen Engines- Electric propulsion with cables – Magnetic track vehicles.
MODULE 11
Fuel Cells and Alternative energy systems: Introduction to fuel cells, Operational fuel cell
voltages, Proton Exchange membrane fuel cells, Alkaline Electrolyte fuel cells, Medium and
high temperature fuel cells, fuel and fuel chose, fuel processing, fuel cell stacks, Delivering
fuel cell power, Integrated Air supply and humidification concepts for fuel cell systems, A
comparison of High pressure and low pressure operation PEM Fuel cell systems, Fuel cell
Auxiliary systems,
Modern Developments in Automobiles: Air compression systems, Air powered vehicles,
Vehicle Automated Tracks: Preparation and maintenance of proper road network-National
highway network with automated roads and vehicles-Satellite control of vehicle operation for
safe and fast travel.
Module III
Modem electronic and micro control systems in automobiles: Electronically controlled
concealed headlight systems, LED and Audible warning systems Electro chromic mirrors,
automatic review mirrors, OBD II, Day time running lamps (DRL), Head up display, Travel
information systems, On board navigation system, Electronic climate control, Electronic cruise
control, Antilock braking system, Electronically controlled sunroof, Anti-theft systems,
Automatic door locks (ADL), engine management system, Electronic transmission control,
chassis control system, Integrated system
Vehicle Operation and Control: Computer Control for pollution and noise control and for fuel
economy-Transducers and operation of the vehicle like optimum speed and direction.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Robust Integral Backstepping Control for HEV.pdfAwaisRiaz38
The document presents a unified model for controlling the energy sources and induction motor of a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FHEV). The FHEV model includes a fuel cell, ultracapacitor, battery, DC/DC converters, and DC/AC inverter. A nonlinear controller is designed using robust integral backstepping to simultaneously regulate the DC bus voltage and track the vehicle's speed profile. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink validate the performance of the proposed unified model and controller under the European extra urban drive cycle.
Presentation on Electric Vehicle By Vivek Atalkar.
An electric vehicle, or EV, is a type of vehicle that uses electricity as its main source of power instead of traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel. EVs are powered by electric motors that run on rechargeable batteries, which can be charged by plugging the vehicle into an electrical outlet or charging station.
There are two types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). BEVs are fully electric vehicles that run entirely on battery power and have no backup gasoline engine. PHEVs have both an electric motor and a gasoline engine, and can run on either electricity or gasoline.
Electric vehicles offer several benefits over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they don't contribute to air pollution. They also tend to be more energy-efficient and cost less to operate over the long-term. Additionally, electric vehicles are generally quieter and provide smoother acceleration compared to gasoline-powered vehicles.
One of the main challenges of electric vehicles is their limited range compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, although this is improving as battery technology advances. Another challenge is the availability of charging infrastructure, which is still developing in many parts of the world.
Overall, electric vehicles are an important part of the transition to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly transportation system.
This document discusses electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicle architectures and modeling. It begins by introducing the limitations of fossil fuels and internal combustion engines, as well as the development of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) as alternatives. It then describes the major characteristics, issues, and comparisons of BEVs, HEVs, and FCVs. The rest of the document focuses on vehicle powertrain architectures, including series, parallel, and series-parallel hybrid configurations, and methods for modeling and simulating these different vehicle types.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It begins by introducing HEVs and explaining their benefits over conventional gasoline vehicles, such as producing fewer emissions and improving fuel economy. It then describes the three main types of HEV powertrains: series, parallel, and series-parallel. The document proposes a new hybrid powertrain design that uses freewheels and chain wheels to selectively transmit power from either the engine or electric motor to the transmission. It concludes by stating that this powertrain could improve fuel efficiency in stop-and-go traffic while maintaining the benefits of hybrid vehicles.
IRJET- Study, Development & Modifications of Series Hybrid Electro-Petrol...IRJET Journal
This document describes modifications made to a Series Hybrid Electro-Petroleum Bicycle (SHEPB) to address issues with electricity availability in India. The standard SHEPB is an electric bicycle that requires plugging in to charge its battery. The modified design adds a small engine and alternator so that human pedaling can start the engine to charge the battery, allowing the vehicle to operate without a power source. It works by converting human power to mechanical power from the engine and alternator, storing it as electrical energy in the battery. The stored energy then powers an electric motor to drive the vehicle. The modifications aim to create a more versatile hybrid electric bicycle suitable for use throughout India that obtains charging power from both electricity and human effort.
IRJET- An Overview of Electric Vehicle Concept and its EvolutionIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their evolution and types. It discusses the basic working principle of electric vehicles and how they are powered by batteries or fuel cells rather than gasoline engines. The document outlines the main types of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids, battery-powered vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It also briefly describes the early history of electric vehicles from the 1800s to modern times, highlighting key innovations and factors that affected their adoption such as limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It defines different types of HEVs and describes the concepts and components involved, including the motors, batteries, and regenerative braking systems used. Permanent magnet synchronous motors and induction motors are commonly used in HEV propulsion. Lithium-ion batteries are advantageous for HEVs due to their high energy density and lifespan. HEVs provide benefits like increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric motor and batteries. This allows for improved fuel efficiency through technologies like regenerative braking. There are three main types of HEVs: full hybrids can run solely on electric power, mild hybrids only provide assistance to the engine, and medium hybrids fall between those levels. Plug-in hybrids can be charged through an external power source in addition to regenerative braking. While HEVs provide benefits like lower emissions, reduced fuel costs, and incentives, they also have drawbacks such as higher initial prices and complexity. Ongoing research focuses on improving battery technology to address issues like weight, performance in extreme temperatures, and disposal.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the components and working of HEVs, including how the internal combustion engine and electric motor work together to propel the vehicle using both gasoline and electric power. It also covers the different levels and configurations of hybrid systems, from full hybrids that can run solely on electric power to mild hybrids. The document aims to explain HEV technology and its benefits over conventional vehicles in improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It begins by defining an HEV as a vehicle that combines an electric motor and battery system with a traditional engine. The document then describes the two main types of HEV configurations - parallel and series - and lists the key components of an HEV including electric motors, energy storage batteries, and an auxiliary power unit. Several advantages of HEVs are noted such as increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to gas-only vehicles. In closing, the document states that continued research and development of HEV technology promises more efficient and low-pollution vehicles for the future that can help address current energy and fuel challenges.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on electric and hybrid vehicles. It includes:
- An introduction and overview of various types of electric motors that will be covered, such as DC motors, AC motors, PMSM motors and SRM motors.
- A list of 6 recommended textbooks and references for the course.
- A brief discussion of the different categories of on-road vehicles that will be examined.
ELECTRIC VEHICLE PRESENTATION BY PRANAY GHATODE PranayGhatode
Electric vehicles are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered by electric power. The demand for EVs is increasing day by day. As we have several benefits for Electric Vehicles when compared to Gas Vehicles. Here in this informative essay on electric vehicles, we are giving complete details about them.
Electric Vehicles are means of transport that consume eclectic energy as fuel instead of traditional fuels such as petrol, diesel, and CNG. These vehicles may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources or maybe inbuilt with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells, or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. Electric bikes, electric cars, electric rickshaws, etc are some examples.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
This document discusses different types of hybrid electric vehicles. It begins by defining a hybrid car as having two or more propulsion sources, most commonly gasoline and electric motors. The gasoline engine in hybrids is smaller and more efficient. There are several variations of hybrid configurations including mild, series, parallel, and series/parallel. Mild hybrids use electric motors only for assistance and cannot drive solely on electric. Series hybrids have the engine power an electric generator to charge the battery and power the electric motor driving the wheels. Parallel hybrids can use the engine or motor independently or together to power the wheels. Series/parallel hybrids combine both series and parallel systems to maximize efficiency and performance. The document provides diagrams to illustrate the different
This document provides an overview of a presentation on the limitations of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and the role of electric vehicles. It discusses how hybrid electric vehicles are important because they combine a conventional ICE with an electric propulsion system. It outlines some key limitations of conventional ICE vehicles, including low fuel conversion efficiency, emissions, and inefficient energy usage during braking. The document then defines electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. It classifies different types of electric vehicles and discusses the components and configurations of electric vehicle systems. In the conclusion, it notes that hybrid vehicles can achieve up to 30.2% well-to-wheel efficiency.
IRJET- Modeling of PV based Bidirectional Battery Charger for Electric Ve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling a photovoltaic (PV) based bidirectional battery charger system for electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction to electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. It then discusses the topology and components of a typical plug-in electric vehicle charger, including a bidirectional DC/DC converter and AC/DC converter with controllers. Simulation results are presented showing the power flow between the PV panels, grid, and battery. The document concludes that power electronics can enable electric vehicles to charge from the grid or send power back, and that standards must be followed for vehicle-to-grid applications.
The document discusses the key parts of an electric vehicle (EV) including the electric engine or motor, battery, controlling system, regenerative braking, and drive system. It notes that EVs use electric motors that have a single moving part and can use either AC or DC current. EVs also use batteries, such as lithium-ion, lead acid, or nickel metal hydride, to power the motor and store energy that can be recharged through grid electricity. The controlling system monitors and regulates vehicle performance and power distribution. Regenerative braking recovers up to 15% of energy during deceleration to recharge the batteries. Common EV types include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electric
MODULE-I
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle technology: Introduction, LEV, TLEV, ULV & ZEV, Basic
components of Electric vehicles, Batteries suitable for electric vehicles, motor and controllers,
constructional features,
Basic factors to be considered for converting automobiles to electric vehicle, electric hybrid
vehicle, types - series and parallel hybrid, layouts, comparison, Power systems and control
systems, Different modes of operation for best usage. Regenerative braking,
Recent Trends in Automotive Power Plants: Stratified charged / lean burn engines –
Hydrogen Engines- Electric propulsion with cables – Magnetic track vehicles.
MODULE 11
Fuel Cells and Alternative energy systems: Introduction to fuel cells, Operational fuel cell
voltages, Proton Exchange membrane fuel cells, Alkaline Electrolyte fuel cells, Medium and
high temperature fuel cells, fuel and fuel chose, fuel processing, fuel cell stacks, Delivering
fuel cell power, Integrated Air supply and humidification concepts for fuel cell systems, A
comparison of High pressure and low pressure operation PEM Fuel cell systems, Fuel cell
Auxiliary systems,
Modern Developments in Automobiles: Air compression systems, Air powered vehicles,
Vehicle Automated Tracks: Preparation and maintenance of proper road network-National
highway network with automated roads and vehicles-Satellite control of vehicle operation for
safe and fast travel.
Module III
Modem electronic and micro control systems in automobiles: Electronically controlled
concealed headlight systems, LED and Audible warning systems Electro chromic mirrors,
automatic review mirrors, OBD II, Day time running lamps (DRL), Head up display, Travel
information systems, On board navigation system, Electronic climate control, Electronic cruise
control, Antilock braking system, Electronically controlled sunroof, Anti-theft systems,
Automatic door locks (ADL), engine management system, Electronic transmission control,
chassis control system, Integrated system
Vehicle Operation and Control: Computer Control for pollution and noise control and for fuel
economy-Transducers and operation of the vehicle like optimum speed and direction.
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As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
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"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
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IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
1. Project Title:-
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Design &
Simulation Using MATLAB/Simulink
Presented by:-
Patel Harshkumar K.
180090709009
Guided by:- Dr. Chaitanya K. Desai
2. Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 different types of electric powered vehicle
1.2 Working of Hybrid Electric vehicle (HEV)
1.3 Model-Based Design (MBD), Modeling and Simulation
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Literature
Chapter 3: Research gap and objective
3.1 Research gap
3.2 Objective
Chapter 4: Methodology
4.1 Vehicle dynamics
3. Chapter 1:- Introduction
In last few decades, India face shortage and higher prices of crude oil due to urbanization and higher growth of automobile
sector. India is crude oil import country so significantly it increases the current account deficit. Tremendous urbanization and
Consumption of the fossil fuel increase traffic problem in India, which serve air pollution, noise pollution, climate change,
global warming, decrease air quality and it creates health related problems.
Flue gases produced by conventional vehicle consist of 20% solid particles, 25% CO2 and 30% volatiles mixture (like 28%
PB, 32% NO, 62% CO). From, total CO2 emission in India 73% is due to road traffic by conventional vehicle. Here given
fig.1 shows CO2 emission forecast in India due to conventional vehicle that is increases very fast. Primary purpose is to
reduce the emission and decrease the dependency of oil so one of the environment friendly and plausible solution is to
introduce the electric power into conventional vehicle.
To overcome the limited range of pure electric vehicle and low efficiency of engine in conventional vehicle, a new concept of
hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) suggested in field of vehicle technology. Currently we can see that most of the carmakers use
this concept in cars because HEV technology is best to tradeoff between EV and conventional vehicle.
4. HEV technology is most promising and there are number of advantages like high
fuel economy, increase performance, decrease the demand of crude oil, high
driving range, decrease the engine size due to regenerative braking concept and
zero emission vehicle in city driving which reduce the fuel consumption
ultimately it decreases air pollution.
Figure 1:- CO2 emission in Indian road
1.1 Different Types of electric powered vehicles
To introduce the electric powered components into the vehicle called electric
powered vehicle. There are following types of electric vehicle technology used
currently.
Electric-powered
vehicles
Fully electric
vehicle (FEV)
Hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV)
Series hybrid
electric vehicle
(SHEV)
Parallel hybrid
electric vehicle
(PHEV)
Series-parallel
hybrid electric
vehicle
Fuelled cell elctric
vehicle
Figure 2:- Classification of electric
powered vehicle
5. Fully Electric Vehicle (FEV):- This vehicle technology consist of an electric battery as energy storage and electric motor with
controller use to drive the vehicle. Battery can be recharge from external source like plug-in battery charging unit. This
normally known as two-quadrant controller, forwards and backwards. All of these vehicles have a limited ranges and
performance with currently high cost due to lack of infrastructure.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV):- A hybrid electric vehicle has two or more power sources to drive the vehicle and there are
large number of possible variations. Most common types of hybrid electric vehicle is internal combustion engine (ICE) with
battery and electric drive components. Series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles are two different arrangement of HEV. There
are several HEV currently available in the market and this sector grow rapidly.
Fuelled Cell Electric Vehicle:- The basic principle of this vehicle is to use fuel cell or metal air battery replacing the
rechargeable electric battery in battery electric vehicle. The fuel cell vehicle technology use liquid hydrogen to generate the
electricity and drive the vehicle. This technology have long driving range so it may be most promising in future. Most of the
major motor companies researched and developed very advanced fuel cell technology because it is not easy task to store
hydrogen and production of hydrogen.
6. 1.2 Working of Hybrid Electric vehicle (HEV)
Hybrid electric vehicle has two power sources to drive the vehicle. One is conventional ICE and other is battery. At low speed
urban driving condition vehicle is propelled by only electric power from battery and for high speed it can be propelled by ICE or
by both as per energy requirement by driver. There are three different combination series, parallel and combination of series-
parallel as figure shown below.
In series HEV, IC engine (ICE) connected with generator and
driveshaft connected with electric motor and controller with
rechargeable battery as shown in fig.3. Generator convert the
mechanical energy of ICE into electricity use to drive the vehicle
whenever required. Based on driving conditions power
requirement fulfilled by different power sources with use of
controller that sense the power requirement by driver. One of the
main disadvantage is the entire electric energy pass through
generator and motor so it increases the cost of such system. Figure 3:- Series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) layout
7. In parallel HEV, transmission system connected with IC engine and motor or generator with battery. In the simplest, it can run
on electricity from batteries in city driving where exhaust emission are undesirable and for highway driving it can run on ICE
or combination of two based on energy requirement from driving pedal and driving conditions
Advantage of parallel hybrid electric vehicle over series hybrid electric vehicle is whenever if one power source is fails then
other power source automatically provide the requirement to drive the vehicle.
Combination of series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle can run on ICE alone or electric motor by itself or by both.
Figure 4:- Parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) layout
Figure 5:- Series-Parallel hybrid electric vehicle layout
8. 1.3 Model-Based Design (MBD), Modeling and Simulation
Modeling and simulation is simple that it use physical experimentation in which computers used to calculate the results of some
physical phenomenon.
Modeling is a way to create a virtual representation of real world system. From this modeling, we can simulate this virtual
representation under a wide range of conditions to see how it behaves.
Modeling and simulation are especially valuable for testing conditions that are difficult to reproduce with hardware prototype
alone. This can improve the quality of the system design early, by reducing the number of errors found later in the design process.
Figure 6:- Example
Model-based design
of HEV using
Simulink
9. Chapter 2:- Literature Review
This chapter focused on the research work that already completed in the model based modelling, designing and simulation of
electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Literature review such kind of work that gives you command to refer the
fundamental data available, the work already has been done and additionally gives the importance of the present project. This
chapter gives knowledge about the research trends, advantages and problems with the HEV.
2.1 Literature
Boukehili Adel studied the parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) power management and HEV hybrid controller modeling using
MATLAB/Simulink. For this research work, author estimated power demand from the pedal position of the driver under different
driving cycles. Author make Hybrid controller in Simulink that use to estimate the demanded power and split the power from
sources accordingly. From this such hybrid controller, Author demonstrated that the parallel HEV with hybrid controller make a
good fuel economy up to 24% compared to the conventional vehicle with the same characteristics.
Vyas Singh Chauhan studied the different power-train components in electric vehicle (EV) and their simulation using
MATLAB/Simulink. Author can found that different forces acting on vehicle when subjected to different cycles under the different
10. Varsha A. Shah studied the energy management
system for a battery ultra-capacitor hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV) without compromising the vehicle
performance. Author works under simple and
efficient power split rule based on energy
management algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink.
Simulated under Indian driving cycle (Urban
driving cycle) and Indian express highway drive
cycle. Going through research observed that the
ultra-capacitor reduced the battery size and increase
the life span of battery. Battery and ultra-capacitor
both reduced the engine size without compromising
the vehicle performance.
driving conditions. When going through observation obtained via simulation at different slope at different driving cycles, observe
that battery state of charge (SOC) depends on speed, acceleration, deceleration and slope on which vehicle subjected.
Table 1:- SOC of battery under different driving cycle and driving
condition
Figure 7:- Parallel HEV configuration with using ultra-capacitor
11. Swagata Borthakur studied the modification of series hybrid electric
vehicle (SHEV) power train mechanism. Author replaced the generator
with ISG (integrated stator generator), which works both as generator
to convert engine power into electricity to charge the batteries and run
the motor to drive the wheels, so it works under pure electric driving.
Simulation results showed that efficiency of traction motor improved
by 10.95% and power loss decreased by 60.26%. From this research,
find that fuel economy improved by 21.31%.
Sita Mishra studied the future scope and consumer behavior to the electric vehicle (EV) purchase intention in India. Author
work based on six key factors that may influence consumer behavior for EVs: a) Performance feature b) Financial advantage c)
Environmental concerns d) Social influence e) Cost of ownership f) Infrastructure support. Data for this study collected from
sample of 228 respondents using mall intercept method in India by author. Going through the observation obtained that
environmental concerns and performance features most important factors influencing Indian consumers. Presently two factors
cost of ownership and infrastructure are main issue for adoption of EV
Figure 8:- Torque distribution-using ISG in SEV
12. Chapter 3:- Research gap & Objective
3.1 Research gap
Many researchers studied on pure EV, series HEV and parallel HEV aim is to minimizing the fuel economy (FE) and reduce the
emission of pollutants from vehicle. But very few researchers achieved approximately 20% fuel economy only.
There are less data available of model based simulation of parallel HEV which is best among the pure EV and series HEV. It
will be complex in design but economical in general.
This review identifies two research gaps for optimal energy management of HEV from being implemented in real world:
controller and concept of vehicle dynamic.
3.2 Objective
To study the vehicle dynamics first and find tractive force and power requirement for driving wheels under the different driving
cycle and conditions using model based modeling in Simulink.
Make controller in Simulink which control the power source to drive the axle which connected with driving pedal and driving
cycle. From this we can find acceleration, range, battery size and weight and so on of PHEV using Simulink.
13. Chapter 4:- Methodology
For modelling and simulation of parallel HEV
using MATLAB/Simulink require to understand
first simple drive train working. Here fig.9 define
simple drive train working model.
Different parameters consider while PHEV
design and simulations; like battery type and
size, ICE type and size, driving condition,
controller and sensor, gear drive system,
ambient conditions, vehicle dynamics, steering
mechanism, regenerative braking and flywheel
and so on.
Figure 9:- System level representation of general vehicle drive train
First step in vehicle performance modelling is to produce an equation for the tractive effort which is part of vehicle dynamics
and it can propel vehicle to the ground through the drive wheels.
14. 4.1 Vehicle dynamics:-
For vehicles such as cars, Vehicle dynamics is to study of how the vehicle will react to driver inputs on a given solid surface under the
different resisting forces and different driving conditions.
There are following factors consider while modelling of vehicle dynamics:
o Drivetrain and braking
o Suspension and steering mechanism
o Distribution of mass
o Aerodynamics
o Tires
o Shape and material of Vehicle body
Total tractive effort/force can be find by following equation:-
Fte = {Frr + Fad + Fhc +Fla + Fwa}
15. Where,
Fte = total tractive effort to propel the vehicle
Frr = Rolling resistance due to friction of vehicle tyre on road and also consider friction in bearing and gearing system
Fad= Aerodynamic drag due to friction of vehicle body moving through the air
Fhc = Hill climbing force which depend on vehicle weight and angle of slope on which it moves
Fla = linear acceleration of vehicle which is given by well-known equation of Newton’s 2nd law (F=ma)
Fwa = angular acceleration force
From this simulation of this equation in model based modeling in Simulink we can find power requirements from this we can find
torque and speed of vehicle which use by controller and give command to power source according to driving conditions and drive
efficiently of Parallel hybrid electric vehicle.