This document reports on simulations performed to optimize the efficiency and performance of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrain using Autonomie simulation software. The simulations varied parameters of an initial parallel pretransmission PHEV model and analyzed the results. A final optimized model showed improvements in fuel economy from 10.23 to 13.39 miles per gallon and acceleration from 10.4 to 11.7 seconds. Graphs and tables demonstrate the effects on metrics like fuel consumption, battery state of charge, and energy flows throughout the simulations.
A review on hybrid vehicles emissions comparison archit tomarArchit Tomar
hybrid vehicle, energy storage units , batteries , types of hybrid vehicle, emission from hybrid vehicle, policies for promotion hybrid vehicle , hybrid vehicle incentive, different batteries comparisons, policies adoption by different countries, fuel cell, new technologies adoption in hybrid vehicle, power splitter, regernative braking, classification of hybrid vehicle,ultra capacitors
This slide is about the type of hybrid vehicle available in the market along with the case study of some hybrid cars. It is prepared from the study paper - presented at the SAE Research Paper competition, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The Research Paper on the above topic which is renamed as "Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on Technology" is published at http://www.ijert.org/view.php?id=12126&title=hybrid-vehicle-a-study-on-technology.
A review on hybrid vehicles emissions comparison archit tomarArchit Tomar
hybrid vehicle, energy storage units , batteries , types of hybrid vehicle, emission from hybrid vehicle, policies for promotion hybrid vehicle , hybrid vehicle incentive, different batteries comparisons, policies adoption by different countries, fuel cell, new technologies adoption in hybrid vehicle, power splitter, regernative braking, classification of hybrid vehicle,ultra capacitors
This slide is about the type of hybrid vehicle available in the market along with the case study of some hybrid cars. It is prepared from the study paper - presented at the SAE Research Paper competition, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The Research Paper on the above topic which is renamed as "Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on Technology" is published at http://www.ijert.org/view.php?id=12126&title=hybrid-vehicle-a-study-on-technology.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor. Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid Vehicle’ or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar report by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
Solar PV-Powered SRM Drive for EVs With Flexible Energy Control Functions Divya Prakash Billa
—Electric vehicles (EVs) provide a feasible solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus become a hot topic for research and development. Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are one of the promised motors for EV applications. In order to extend the EVs’ driving miles, the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels on the vehicle helps to decrease the reliance on vehicle batteries. Based on the phase winding characteristics of SRMs, a tri-port converter is proposed in this paper to control the energy flow among the PV panel, battery, and SRM. Six operating modes are presented, four of which are developed for driving and two for standstill onboard charging. In the driving modes, the energy decoupling control for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV panel and speed control of the SRM are realized. In the standstill charging modes, a grid-connected charging topology is developed without a need for external hardware. When the PV panel directly charges the battery, a multisection charging control strategy is used to optimize energy utilization.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor. Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid Vehicle’ or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar report by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
Solar PV-Powered SRM Drive for EVs With Flexible Energy Control Functions Divya Prakash Billa
—Electric vehicles (EVs) provide a feasible solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus become a hot topic for research and development. Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are one of the promised motors for EV applications. In order to extend the EVs’ driving miles, the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels on the vehicle helps to decrease the reliance on vehicle batteries. Based on the phase winding characteristics of SRMs, a tri-port converter is proposed in this paper to control the energy flow among the PV panel, battery, and SRM. Six operating modes are presented, four of which are developed for driving and two for standstill onboard charging. In the driving modes, the energy decoupling control for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV panel and speed control of the SRM are realized. In the standstill charging modes, a grid-connected charging topology is developed without a need for external hardware. When the PV panel directly charges the battery, a multisection charging control strategy is used to optimize energy utilization.
We are Creative Dreamers, Marketing Experts, Business Strategists & Experiential Evangelists.
We are a work hungry bunch of people from various genres & streams of economic world, coming together for one singular goal of 'Making a Difference' in the lives of everyone that touch us.
#MadeForYourBrand
Computational modelling of six speed hybrid gear box and its simulation using...IJERA Editor
The paper introduces an idea which adds itself into contribution of getting best fuel economy of a passenger car
when it is running at high speed on a highway. A six speed (forward) gear box is addressed in the paper which is
controlled manually and automatically as well. The paper introduces an advancement in manual transmission
gear box for passenger cars. Hydraulic circuit is designed with mechatronics point of view and resulting in
making the shifting of gear automatically. A computational design is made of the Hybrid Gear Box (HGB) using
CATIA P3 V5 as a designing software. A new gear meshing in 5 speed manual transmission gear box which
synchronizes with the output shaft of the transmission automatically after getting command by the automated
system designed. Parameters are considered on the basis of practical model and is been simulated by using
Simdriveline as the Simulink tool of MATLAB r2010a. The mechanical properties of the components of the
hybrid gear box is calculated on the basis of the functional parameters and with help of the fundamental and
dependent properties formulation. The final result is the graphical analysis of the model forobtaining at least
15% fuel efficient than any of the vehicle of same configurations.
Computational modelling of six speed hybrid gear box and its simulation using...IJERA Editor
The paper introduces an idea which adds itself into contribution of getting best fuel economy of a passenger car
when it is running at high speed on a highway. A six speed (forward) gear box is addressed in the paper which is
controlled manually and automatically as well. The paper introduces an advancement in manual transmission
gear box for passenger cars. Hydraulic circuit is designed with mechatronics point of view and resulting in
making the shifting of gear automatically. A computational design is made of the Hybrid Gear Box (HGB) using
CATIA P3 V5 as a designing software. A new gear meshing in 5 speed manual transmission gear box which
synchronizes with the output shaft of the transmission automatically after getting command by the automated
system designed. Parameters are considered on the basis of practical model and is been simulated by using
Simdriveline as the Simulink tool of MATLAB r2010a. The mechanical properties of the components of the
hybrid gear box is calculated on the basis of the functional parameters and with help of the fundamental and
dependent properties formulation. The final result is the graphical analysis of the model forobtaining at least
15% fuel efficient than any of the vehicle of same configurations.
Study and Analysis of Nonlinear Constrained Components A Study of Plug-in Hyb...ijtsrd
Today transportation is one of the rapidly evolving technologies in the world. With the stringent mandatory emission regulations and high fuel prices, researchers and manufacturers are ever increasingly pushed to the frontiers of research in pursuit of alternative propulsion systems. Electrically propelled vehicles are one of the most promising solutions among all the other alternatives, as far as reliability, availability, feasibility and safety issues are concerned. However, the shortcomings of a fully electric vehicle in fulfilling all performance requirements make the electrification of the conventional engine powered vehicles in the form of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PHEV the most feasible propulsion systems. Sadia Andaleeb "Study and Analysis of Nonlinear Constrained Components (A Study of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20308.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/20308/study-and-analysis-of-nonlinear-constrained-components-a-study-of-plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicle/sadia-andaleeb
8HP70 Automatic Transmission- Basic Design Analysis and Modular Hybrid Design...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Hybrid vehicles offer a huge potential for fuel consumption improvement when compared with conventional vehicle power trains. However, the sales volumes of the hybrid vehicles form a very small percentage of the total volume. In the light of uncertain future volume developments, series-parallel hybrid offers the advantage of modular design aspects, which is one of the key criteria for cost reduction and the re-use of parts. This paper analyses the modular hybrid design compatibility of 8HP70, one the most common automatic gearbox in the automotive industry. The paper first analyzes the basic design of the transmission and then provides different parallel hybrid configuration options that the transmission can be used with.
Combined Transmission System for hybrid vehicle is the concept of meshing the dual power source - Electrical and Fuel Engine Power. This system based on the chain drives, simple mechanism makes the good operation and it has less maintenance. Normally hybrid vehicle have dual power but alignment of the sources are one in the front another one in the rear respectively. This system fully differ from that, here dual power will act the same side drive.
Survey on efficient plug in hybrid vehicle chargingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Our future depends upon the renewable energy sources. Since many years vehicles have relied on combustion fuel like oil and
diesel, which will create problem in near future as there are limited reserves of fossil fuels. Hence the most important fact is to
preserve energy. So, plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) is good and effective solution for eco-friendly transportation system.
Therefore, in this paper a plug-in hybrid vehicle approach is presented along with portable solar panel mounted on it to charge
battery. As solar panel is less efficient, a new technique called external light trapping is presented. A 3D printed parabolic
concentrator is used for this purpose. It redirects reflected photons back to solar cells and hence due to multiple reflections its
power conversion efficiency increases. If in any case, battery run out of charge then to charge it mobile chargers (MC) are used.
An android application is developed to support PHEV mobility. It provides full support to driver through its various functions like
monitoring of battery, prediction of range it can travel with current battery state and its location. The mobile server based on
queuing approach determines design parameter for such mobile charging system. An NJN (nearest-job-next) strategy is used to
serve this purpose. In NJN, MC serves next closest PHEV when its current job is done. Moreover, driver can reserve charging slot
based on their availability. So, in short our main purpose is to reduce carbon dioxide emission and mitigate PHEV driver range
anxiety problem.
Keywords: Battery Charging, 3D Printed Parabolic Concentrator, Queuing Theory, Slot Booking, Plug-In Hybrid
Vehicle.
project includes
I. Design components of SLA 3d printer.
II. Assembly.
III. Finite Element Analysis - Using Ansys for structural
IV. Finite Element Analysis - CFD
When I searched for the recent technology and developments in SLA/ DLP printers, I found limited resources that speaks about the existing problems, but there is ample of resources that talk about the technology and its basics. Very limited open source material is available online related to this topics. A candidate without the firsthand experience of these printers will never be able to understand the limitations. Hence these efforts are made to make the problem statement more open source to the people who cannot actually have the privilege to experience such printers first hand. This paper talks about the normal problems one faces while operating this printer, cautions and maintenance aspects I hope all the information provided in this report shall and will be used for the development of existing technology.
The objective of the project is to learn the solid modelling of the parts of the AC-40 Air Circulator assembly. Objective also includes assembling the modelled parts simultaneously using CREO Parametric software.
1. Engine assembly- includes piston, pin and crankshaft and engine block
2. Blower Assembly- includes flange, impeller, housing
3. AC-40 assembly
1.Successfully learn and apply the various tools and applications.
2.Learn drawing sheets and editing the same
Creating new sheet- New drawing sheet is created from the already built parts
Creating views -like projection views, general views, auxiliary views
Detailed part- a small part of the view is zoomed and various details are mentioned
Scaling views- views are scaled in different sizes and
Dimensioning- views are dimensioned and easily transferred within different views and sheets
3.Creating Assemblies
4.List of Modules
PISTON
PISTON PIN
CONNECTING ROD
ENGINE BLOCK
CRANKSHAFT
ENGINE HEAD
GLOW PLUG
MUFFLER
ENGINE COVER
IMPELLER HOUSING
IMPELLER
FLANGE
FAMILY OF BOLTS
FRAME
CARBURETOR
NUT
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
1. HYBRID ELECTRIC TRANSPORT
SATYAJEET UDAVANT PAGE NO 1
PROJECT REPORT
HYBRID ELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION
ME 50105
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PLUG-IN HYBRID
ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV) POWERTRAIN
SATYAJEET UDAVANT
IUPUI, INDIANAPOLIS
SUBMISSION: MAY 1, 2016
2. HYBRID ELECTRIC TRANSPORT
SATYAJEET UDAVANT PAGE NO 2
Abstract:
Hybrid technology is an emerging and promising field of sustainable future in
especially automobile industry. There are various types of powertrain configuration
possible. These different possibilities give opportunity to work on various aspects of
automobile as per ones need. In recent years hybrid technology has taken a good grip and
many companies are embracing this technology as its supportive to environment with zero
emissions. In the following project I am using a Parallel Pretrans PHEV 2 wheel drive
midsize car. For simulation purposes, a software named Autonomie, is used. The focus of
this project is in two main areas.
1. Increase in efficiency, better performance fuel economy, and battery aspects among
the least. Varying a sect of parameters this can be achieved.
2. To give a comparative study of the various powertrain configuration.
After completing more than 70 simulations, I came to a conclusion and the report explores
the same. Most of the simulations were invalid as the configurations at times were absurd
or the specifications were not within the permissible limits. For most of the valid
simulations a base model was set and then changing a few parameters above mentioned
goals were achieved. A final model was set to compare the achieved results with that of
the base model. In between the other simulations were used to give a comparative study.
Analysis was made using the various plots of State of charge, Fuel consumption, fuel rate,
driver demand of acceleration, power out, power in, energy out, energy in, both for engine
and motor, and other battery performance. Simulations for Urban Dynamometer Driving
Schedule (UDDS) and HWFET rating for highway driving cycle were made.
3. HYBRID ELECTRIC TRANSPORT
SATYAJEET UDAVANT PAGE NO 3
Objective:
The primary objective of this report is to set a vehicle model/configuration and while
changing the various parameters obtain better fuel economy, better performance. Design
and optimization of component sizes. Design of energy management algorithm for the
powertrain. Use of Autonomie simulation software to build the model. Analyze the
performances of energy management algorithm. Result discussion is performed at the end
of the report. With these objectives in mind, I hope this report will serve as an example for
research and analysis in above mentioned aspect of Hybrid technology. Two different
approaches are made to achieve the desired goal. Varying the parameters simulations are
performed and a comparison is made between the Urban Driving Dynamometer Schedule
(UDDS) and Highway fuel Efficiency Test (HWFET) rating of the hybrid car. Acceleration
performance and gradeability is also considered while performing the simulation.
Literature review:
Hybrid Philosophy:
1. Operate electric motor first (less emissions/less fuel consumed).
2. Add gasoline engine only when needed.
3. Operate gas engine at the best rpm and throttle setting, that is, operate on minimum
fuel consumption line in engine map.[1]
Hybrid cars have many modes of operations and so there are many powertrain
configurations possible. Based on Drivetrain, they can be classified as:
Series- Hybrid electric drivetrain.
Parallel- Hybrid electric drivetrain.
Series-Parallel electric drivetrain.
There are different types of Hybrid cars:
Plug-in hybrid car.
Electric cars
Fuel-cell hybrid cars
Solar powered cars etc
4. HYBRID ELECTRIC TRANSPORT
SATYAJEET UDAVANT PAGE NO 4
For the purpose of this project Parallel Pretrans PHEV Autotrans 2-wheeldrive midsize
car is considered.
Fig [1] - Parallel Pretrans PHEV
Here, as shown in the figure both the engine and the torque are modified in the
transmission. However the engine and motor are to have the same speed range. A PHEV
is a drivetrain in which engine supplies its mechanical power directly to driven wheels.
Here IC Engine is supported by the Electric motor which is mechanically coupled to the
driveline.[2]
Advantages of Parallel driveline over Series driveline are:
Both engine and motor directly supply torques. Its compact. Traction motor is smaller than
in series.
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Batteries:
The lithium batteries are of following types:
• Lithium polymer batteries • Lithium ion batteries
Battery is defined with its specifications and properties:
• specific energy • energy density • specific power • typical voltages
• amp hour efficiency • energy efficiency • commercial availability
• cost, operating temperatures • self-discharge rates • number of life cycles
Autonomie has been designed to be useful as a single tool in all of the different phases of
Model Based Design of the Vehicle Development Process (VDP). Model Based Design is
a math-based visual method for designing complex control systems. It is being used
successfully in many motion control, industrial, robotics, aerospace, and automotive
applications. It provides an efficient methodology that includes four key elements in the
development process which are as follows: modeling a plant (from first principles or
system identification), synthesizing and analyzing a controller for the plant, simulating the
plant and controller together, and programming/deploying the controller. Model Based
Design integrates all these multiple phases. It provides a common framework for
communication throughout the entire design process.[3]
Fig[2]- Sample of user
interface of Autoonmie
Simulation Software.
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Simulation:
A total of around 70 simulations were made to learn and understand the various
aspects of the software autonomie. Most of the time with absurd results and the invalid
configurations the simulation was a disaster but failures taught the right way to use the
system. With the following parameter as base model, model was simulated for UDDS cycle
and HWFET cycle.
Parameters:
Vehicle model- Autotrans PHEV Pretrans 2-WheelDrive midsize vehicle.
Honda Accord (chassis and final drive)
Fig[3] model setup –base model
Base model includes: Motor of size, 34 kw. Engine size considered is 76 kw. Wheel used is R17
with aspect ratio 235/35. Drag Coefficient is 0.3 and frontal area is 2.275m2
.
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Simulation result:
Simulation results describe the results in four columns UDDS, HWFET, acceleration and
gradeability. Important figures marked are described here.
Fuel Economy: 106 UDDS- 107 HWFET
Final SOC: 80.81 UDDS – 75.89 HWFET
Here you can see that the Final SOC of UDDS is more than HWEFT. A logical explanation
to this is regenerative braking. Because in urban driving a car has to stop and start
frequently. Due to this frequent brakes need to apply which generates energy and is stored
in battery. UDDS cycle is different than HWFET because of urban traffic and signal stops.
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Following three graphs describes the following in respective manner:
1. Engine plant fuel consumption. Green line steeps early than blue as it represents the
HWFET cycle were engine is more utilized highway. As motors are more used in
urban cycle the blue line in graph raises gradually.
2. This describes the fuel rate. With the same explanation as above.
3. Torque output is described in graph 3.
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Following graph describes power output of the motor. Blue line describes the urban cycle
as the alternative high peaks in blue line represents the frequent use of motor.
State of charge of the battery pack is depicted in the following graph.
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The energy balance and the energy losses for the fuel efficient engine are as shown below:
Energy flow of the car is represented by the red and blue arrows , size of the arrow is with
respect to the amount of energy transferred. Energy generated from regenerative is storedin
battery.
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Final model simulation details;
Changes in first model:
Final model includes:
Motor of size, 40 kw.
Engine size considered is 82 kw.
Wheel used is R18 with aspect ratio 235/35.
Drag Coefficient is 0.27 and frontal area is 2.0 m2
.
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Simulation results:
1. Engine power output
2. Engine torque output
3. Fuel Consumption
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1. Battery Energy output
2. Battery power out
3. Battery State of Charge
Green line steeps early than blue as it represents the HWFET cycle were engine is more
utilized highway. As motors are more used in urban cycle the blue line in graph raises
gradually
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For simulation 2:
UDDS cycle The energy balance and the energy losses for the fuel efficient engine are as
shown below:
Energy flow of the car is represented by the red and blue arrows , size of the arrow is with
respect to the amount of energy transferred. Energy generated from regenerative is stored
in battery
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This figure gives the comparison between the Acceleration and Gradebility between the
two models under consideration.
Acceleration performance is improved from 10.4 to 11.7
Fuel Economy of the first model is 10.23 and that of the final model is 13.39
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Following is the comparison between the UDDS and HWFET cycle of Initial and Final
model.
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Conclusion:
Hence we can conclude that using certain performance parameters in and applying
the necessary changes, we can simulate a car with better performance. These performances
are then analyzed in various different parameters like state of charge of battery,
acceleration, fuel economy etc.
We can also analyze the basic functions of UDDS and HWFET cycles and their role in
vehicle performance. More technological advances and our ability to read into the
performance data insures better cars in future.
Design and simulation of the vehicle is performed successfully.
Energy flow of the car is studied and analyzed.
Energy optimization is achieved in second model.
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References:
[1] http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108103009/28 -web content for HEVs and EVs
[2] M. Ehsani, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles:
Fundamentals, Theory and Design , CRC Press, 2005
[3] http://en.openei.org/wiki/Autonomie_Automotive_Simulation_Tool
Figures:
[1] pretransmission parallel hybrid power train
[2] Sample of user interface of Autonomie http://energy.gov/eere/articles/models-
move-vehicle-design-forward
[3] model setup of the base model in Autonomie software.
[4] comparative table for the changes that were made in the base parameter.
THE END