This document summarizes a study that evaluated carcass traits in Japanese quails. It found that sex significantly influenced most carcass traits, with females having higher weights for some traits than males. The quails had an average dressing percentage of 72.36%. Heritability estimates for the carcass traits ranged from low to high. All carcass traits were positively genetically correlated with pre-slaughter live weight. Phenotypic correlations between live weight and other traits followed the same trend as genetic correlations. The study concluded that Japanese quail have high efficiency for meat production and indirect selection could be used to improve the carcass traits.
Combining ability and inheritance of growth traits in rabbitsAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the growth performance of New Zealand Red, Californian White, and Chinchilla rabbits using a diallel analysis. Body measurements and weight were collected from 138 kittens from crosses between these 3 breeds. General and specific combining abilities were found to significantly influence all traits measured. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects impacted hybrid performance, with non-additive effects playing a larger role for some traits like weight and height, and additive effects more important for others like ear length. The New Zealand Red and Californian White parents showed reliable general combining ability. Reciprocal effects were not significant. Therefore, using separate male and female breeds in crossbreeding may not provide additional advantages.
- Sixteen female and four male rabbits aged 18 weeks were fed one of four diets containing varying levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) of dried bovine rumen digesta (DBRD) to evaluate its effect on reproductive performance.
- The does fed 50% DBRD (diet T3) had the highest litter size at birth of 6.75 while those fed 25% DBRD (diet T2) had the lowest of 3.75.
- Diet T3 also resulted in the highest litter size at weaning of 5.50, suggesting 50% DBRD maximized reproductive performance in rabbits.
Genetic parameters for growth traits in zambian cattleMSIMUKO ELLISON
Genetic parameters for growth in two Zambian Cattle was estimated using data obtained from 266 Angoni and 606 Boran weaning weights for 15 years, fitted in linear mixed models to estimate variances and heritabilities. The calves weaned in the winter season had a mean overall weaning weight of 131.85±1.89 kg versus those weaned in summer with a mean overall weaning weight of 129.86±1.89 kg. The data further indicated at weaning that the Boran calves were heavier than the Angoni (19%, 142 vs 119 kg); steers were heavier than heifers (7%, Boran 146 vs 137 kg and Angoni 124 vs 114 kg). The change in the log-likelihood was used to test for improvements when comparing models. Fixed effects of sex, breed, and age were determined on weaning weight. Random effects included breed by animal and breed by dam. Separate breed variances were not significant and so the overall direct heritability and maternal heritability was moderate (20%±0.12 and 19%±0.18, respectively) using the best model (6). Thus, these heritability estimates of direct and maternal effects on weaning weight indicate it should be possible to make good genetic progress for this trait. Zambian cattle provide rich genetic resources, exhibiting moderately heritability, and therefore, have the potential to be improved by using appropriate planning and flexible breeding programs.
Keywords: Heritabilities, Genetic parameters, Maternal, Direct, Growth
Body temperature and haematological indices of boars exposed to direct solar ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of exposure to direct sunlight on body temperature and blood profiles of Large White and crossbred boars in Nigeria. Twenty-four boars were exposed to sunlight for either 0 (control), 45, or 60 minutes daily for 4 weeks. Body temperature and blood samples were collected and analyzed. Ambient temperature averaged 27.8°C indoors and 40.5°C outdoors. Body temperature increased with exposure duration for both genotypes. Several blood parameters also differed between exposed and control boars. The Large White boars were generally more affected by heat stress compared to the crossbred boars. Providing shade and shelters could help pigs cope with heat stress in tropical environments.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the feed intake and carcass characteristics of Bunaji bulls fed diets containing varying levels of raw or parboiled rice offal. Twenty bulls were assigned to one of five dietary treatments containing either 0%, 20%, or 30% raw or parboiled rice offal and fed for 90 days. Carcass evaluation of 15 bulls showed some carcass characteristics like legs, spleen, empty stomach, empty intestine, fat deposits varied significantly depending on the type of rice offal, with parboiled generally higher. Inclusion level of rice offal also significantly affected some carcass traits like dressing percentage and fat levels. The study concluded diets with 30% raw or par
Egg quality characteristics and phenotypic correlations among egg quality tra...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Strains found among Tswana chicken population include the naked neck, dwarf, frizzled, rumpless and normal-feathered (normal). Internal and external egg quality characteristics and phenotypic correlations among egg quality traits in different strains of Tswana chickens under intensive management have never been evaluated. The study was conducted to determine the internal and external egg quality characteristics of the naked neck, normal and dwarf strains of Tswana chicken. A total of 200, 185 and 175 eggs were collected from the naked neck, normal and dwarf strains, respectively, for external and internal egg quality analysis. No significant differences in albumin height, albumen pH and yolk pH were found between the strains. The naked neck strain however produced eggs with the highest egg weight, albumen weight, albumen content, egg volume and egg surface area and the lowest yolk content. The dwarf strain had the lowest egg weight, albumin weight, egg volume, and egg surface area and the highest egg shell thickness.All the three strains of Tswana chicken produced eggs of acceptable quality. The naked neck strain however had the best egg quality characteristics, followed by the normal strain and lastly the dwarf strain. Of the three strains, the naked neck strain had the strongest correlation coefficients among external and internal egg quality characteristics and between external and internal egg quality characteristics. Egg weight was positively and highly correlated with other egg quality traits such as egg length, egg width, egg volume, egg surface area, albumen weight and yolk weight in the three strains of Tswana chicken. Selection for higher egg weight is likely to lead to the greatest improvements in other egg quality characteristics (both internal and external) in the naked neck than in the normal and dwarf strains.
Effects of restricted feeding, low energy diet, and implantationNia Nia
This document describes a study that examined the effects of restricted feeding, a low-energy diet, and implantation of trenbolone acetate plus estradiol on growth, carcass traits, and circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in finishing barrows. Sixty-four barrows were divided into groups subjected to different feeding regimens, diets, and implantation. Blood samples were taken every 3 weeks and animals were slaughtered at approximately 105 kg. Restricted feeding decreased average daily gain, the low-energy diet reduced backfat thickness but decreased feed efficiency, and implantation decreased average daily gain, feed intake and backfat thickness while increasing feed efficiency. Serum I
Phenotypic correlation between the external and internal egg quality traits o...Alexander Decker
This study examined the internal and external quality traits of 360 Pharaoh quail eggs collected over 6 weeks. It found:
1) External traits like egg weight, length, breadth, and shell weight showed significant positive correlations with each other. Egg weight was positively correlated with most other external traits.
2) Internal traits like yolk weight, length, height and index showed significant positive correlations with each other. Yolk index was positively correlated with yolk height and albumen height.
3) The results suggest egg weight is a determinant of many external traits and changes in internal quality. Egg weight can be used to determine shell quality in quail eggs.
Combining ability and inheritance of growth traits in rabbitsAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the growth performance of New Zealand Red, Californian White, and Chinchilla rabbits using a diallel analysis. Body measurements and weight were collected from 138 kittens from crosses between these 3 breeds. General and specific combining abilities were found to significantly influence all traits measured. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects impacted hybrid performance, with non-additive effects playing a larger role for some traits like weight and height, and additive effects more important for others like ear length. The New Zealand Red and Californian White parents showed reliable general combining ability. Reciprocal effects were not significant. Therefore, using separate male and female breeds in crossbreeding may not provide additional advantages.
- Sixteen female and four male rabbits aged 18 weeks were fed one of four diets containing varying levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) of dried bovine rumen digesta (DBRD) to evaluate its effect on reproductive performance.
- The does fed 50% DBRD (diet T3) had the highest litter size at birth of 6.75 while those fed 25% DBRD (diet T2) had the lowest of 3.75.
- Diet T3 also resulted in the highest litter size at weaning of 5.50, suggesting 50% DBRD maximized reproductive performance in rabbits.
Genetic parameters for growth traits in zambian cattleMSIMUKO ELLISON
Genetic parameters for growth in two Zambian Cattle was estimated using data obtained from 266 Angoni and 606 Boran weaning weights for 15 years, fitted in linear mixed models to estimate variances and heritabilities. The calves weaned in the winter season had a mean overall weaning weight of 131.85±1.89 kg versus those weaned in summer with a mean overall weaning weight of 129.86±1.89 kg. The data further indicated at weaning that the Boran calves were heavier than the Angoni (19%, 142 vs 119 kg); steers were heavier than heifers (7%, Boran 146 vs 137 kg and Angoni 124 vs 114 kg). The change in the log-likelihood was used to test for improvements when comparing models. Fixed effects of sex, breed, and age were determined on weaning weight. Random effects included breed by animal and breed by dam. Separate breed variances were not significant and so the overall direct heritability and maternal heritability was moderate (20%±0.12 and 19%±0.18, respectively) using the best model (6). Thus, these heritability estimates of direct and maternal effects on weaning weight indicate it should be possible to make good genetic progress for this trait. Zambian cattle provide rich genetic resources, exhibiting moderately heritability, and therefore, have the potential to be improved by using appropriate planning and flexible breeding programs.
Keywords: Heritabilities, Genetic parameters, Maternal, Direct, Growth
Body temperature and haematological indices of boars exposed to direct solar ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of exposure to direct sunlight on body temperature and blood profiles of Large White and crossbred boars in Nigeria. Twenty-four boars were exposed to sunlight for either 0 (control), 45, or 60 minutes daily for 4 weeks. Body temperature and blood samples were collected and analyzed. Ambient temperature averaged 27.8°C indoors and 40.5°C outdoors. Body temperature increased with exposure duration for both genotypes. Several blood parameters also differed between exposed and control boars. The Large White boars were generally more affected by heat stress compared to the crossbred boars. Providing shade and shelters could help pigs cope with heat stress in tropical environments.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the feed intake and carcass characteristics of Bunaji bulls fed diets containing varying levels of raw or parboiled rice offal. Twenty bulls were assigned to one of five dietary treatments containing either 0%, 20%, or 30% raw or parboiled rice offal and fed for 90 days. Carcass evaluation of 15 bulls showed some carcass characteristics like legs, spleen, empty stomach, empty intestine, fat deposits varied significantly depending on the type of rice offal, with parboiled generally higher. Inclusion level of rice offal also significantly affected some carcass traits like dressing percentage and fat levels. The study concluded diets with 30% raw or par
Egg quality characteristics and phenotypic correlations among egg quality tra...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Strains found among Tswana chicken population include the naked neck, dwarf, frizzled, rumpless and normal-feathered (normal). Internal and external egg quality characteristics and phenotypic correlations among egg quality traits in different strains of Tswana chickens under intensive management have never been evaluated. The study was conducted to determine the internal and external egg quality characteristics of the naked neck, normal and dwarf strains of Tswana chicken. A total of 200, 185 and 175 eggs were collected from the naked neck, normal and dwarf strains, respectively, for external and internal egg quality analysis. No significant differences in albumin height, albumen pH and yolk pH were found between the strains. The naked neck strain however produced eggs with the highest egg weight, albumen weight, albumen content, egg volume and egg surface area and the lowest yolk content. The dwarf strain had the lowest egg weight, albumin weight, egg volume, and egg surface area and the highest egg shell thickness.All the three strains of Tswana chicken produced eggs of acceptable quality. The naked neck strain however had the best egg quality characteristics, followed by the normal strain and lastly the dwarf strain. Of the three strains, the naked neck strain had the strongest correlation coefficients among external and internal egg quality characteristics and between external and internal egg quality characteristics. Egg weight was positively and highly correlated with other egg quality traits such as egg length, egg width, egg volume, egg surface area, albumen weight and yolk weight in the three strains of Tswana chicken. Selection for higher egg weight is likely to lead to the greatest improvements in other egg quality characteristics (both internal and external) in the naked neck than in the normal and dwarf strains.
Effects of restricted feeding, low energy diet, and implantationNia Nia
This document describes a study that examined the effects of restricted feeding, a low-energy diet, and implantation of trenbolone acetate plus estradiol on growth, carcass traits, and circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in finishing barrows. Sixty-four barrows were divided into groups subjected to different feeding regimens, diets, and implantation. Blood samples were taken every 3 weeks and animals were slaughtered at approximately 105 kg. Restricted feeding decreased average daily gain, the low-energy diet reduced backfat thickness but decreased feed efficiency, and implantation decreased average daily gain, feed intake and backfat thickness while increasing feed efficiency. Serum I
Phenotypic correlation between the external and internal egg quality traits o...Alexander Decker
This study examined the internal and external quality traits of 360 Pharaoh quail eggs collected over 6 weeks. It found:
1) External traits like egg weight, length, breadth, and shell weight showed significant positive correlations with each other. Egg weight was positively correlated with most other external traits.
2) Internal traits like yolk weight, length, height and index showed significant positive correlations with each other. Yolk index was positively correlated with yolk height and albumen height.
3) The results suggest egg weight is a determinant of many external traits and changes in internal quality. Egg weight can be used to determine shell quality in quail eggs.
This study investigated the effects of different diets on development time and energy content in Drosophila melanogaster flies that were selected for starvation resistance compared to unselected control flies. Larvae from starvation-resistant and control populations were reared on media varying in calorie level (low, medium, high) and sugar fraction (10-90%). Triglyceride and protein assays found that starvation-resistant flies had higher triglyceride levels across all diets compared to controls. Increasing sugar fraction also increased triglyceride levels in both populations. Higher sugar diets led to longer development times, and flies with longer development had higher triglyceride levels. Protein levels were less affected than triglycerides and decreased
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
This document summarizes two experiments that examined the relationship between cattle temperament and productivity, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits. In both experiments, Brahman and Angus cattle were assessed for temperament using flight speed and crush score measurements taken repeatedly over time. The cattle were then evaluated for growth rates, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and meat quality after slaughter. The results showed that increased flight speed and crush scores, indicating a more temperamental nature, were associated with reduced growth, feed intake, carcass weight, and meat quality for Brahman cattle. The relationships were generally weaker for Angus cattle. The average temperament scores over time provided a more reliable assessment than individual measurements.
Evaluation of the relationship between body weight and linear measurements in...Premier Publishers
Study on the relationship between body weight and linear measurements of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats as influenced by sex and agro-vegetational zone was carried out using 200 animals comprising 100 goats each of both sexes. Animals were measured in two different zones where they are reared extensively and kept as security against crop failure and supply of animal protein. Analyzed results indicated significant (P<0.01)><0.01) phenotypic correlations between morphometric traits regardless of sex and zone where the animals are found. Of all body linear measurements, heart girth was closely related to body weight, that is, recorded highest correlation coefficient value with body weight, while height-at-withers has the least relationship, that is, lowest phenotypic correlations with body weight. The study also indicated sexual dimorphism as regards the relationship between body weight and linear measurements. It was also discovered that relationship between body weight and morphometrical traits in WAD goats differed from one zone to another. Therefore, it is suggested that measurements on animals to be used for breeding or commercial purposes should be sex and zone restricted.
Evaluation of heat treated small ruminants dropping as an alternative feedstu...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated heat-treated small ruminant droppings (SRD) as an alternative feedstuff in weanling pig diets. 144 crossbred piglets were fed one of four diets: a control diet with 0% SRD or test diets with 10%, 30%, or 50% SRD. Results showed SRD contains protein, fat, fiber and ash. Feed intake increased with SRD level, while weight gain and protein efficiency decreased at 30-50% SRD. Carcass characteristics were unaffected except for thigh weight. Digestibility of nutrients improved in test diets compared to control. The study concludes SRD is a potential feedstuff for pigs up to 50% dietary level.
The Effect of Beak Length and Condition on Food Intake and Feeding Behaviour ...Umifadilah Umifadilah
Hens (70 weeks-of-age) with short (10-11 mm), long (13-15 mm) and divided upper beaks (1-3 mm
difference in beak length between the left and right sides of the upper beak) were selected from a flock of hens
beak trimmed at hatching and re-trimmed at 14 weeks. Hens were switched from a mash diet to various whole
grain diets at weekly intervals in order to determine the effect of beak length and condition on food intake,
feeding behaviour and particle mix consumed from diets. Birds switched from a mash diet to a mixture of whole
grain diets suffered a 22.6 g/day drop (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) more pecks at the water nipple than divided beak birds.
These studies demonstrated that beak condition of layers has important implications for egg farmers. The
performance of birds with short upper beaks might be adversely affected when fed free choice or whole grain
diets.
The effects of banana peels on blood parameters of grower rabbitsAlexander Decker
This academic article examines the effects of including banana peels meal (BPM) in the diets of grower rabbits. Thirty-six rabbits were divided into four treatment groups receiving different levels of BPM inclusion. Blood samples were taken and analyzed for various hematological parameters including PCV, HB, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. The results showed no significant differences in most blood parameters between treatment groups, indicating BPM had no detrimental effects on the rabbits' blood at inclusion levels up to 30%. The study concludes that BPM can be safely included in rabbit feed up to 30% without negatively impacting blood parameters.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Behavior and performance of lactating sows and pigletsreared indoors or outdoorsAmanda D'avila Verardi
This document summarizes a study comparing the behavior and productivity of lactating sows and their litters reared indoors in farrowing crates or outdoors in farrowing huts. The study found that sows housed indoors spent more time lying and drinking than outdoor sows, while outdoor piglets spent more time walking, playing, and nursing than indoor piglets. However, the different housing systems did not significantly influence production parameters such as litter size or piglet mortality. Overall, the outdoor system allowed for a richer behavioral repertoire in piglets but did not impact productivity.
Hematological indices of clarias griepinus (burchell, 1882) fingerlings fed d...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of graded levels of calabash seed meal on the hematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Five iso-nitrogenous diets containing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% calabash seed meal were fed to groups of C. gariepinus for 56 days. The results showed no clear trend in hematological indices among the treatment groups. However, fish fed the highest level (60%) had significantly lower packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and mean cell volume compared to the control. White blood cells and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher at the 60% inclusion level. The study concluded that C. gari
Growth and agonistic responses of yaffa breed cockerels administered testoste...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of administering testosterone propionate to Yaffa breed cockerels for different durations on their growth and aggressive behaviors. Cockerels were administered testosterone propionate weekly for durations ranging from 4 to 20 weeks. Those administered the hormone for 4 weeks (T1 group) had significantly higher weight gain and better feed conversion than the control group that received no hormone (T6), with no significant differences in these measures between T1-T5 groups. Aggressive behaviors were higher in hormone-treated birds but did not negatively impact growth. The study concluded that 4 weeks of weekly testosterone propionate administration from 8-12 weeks of age was sufficient to confer fast growth in cocker
Effect Of Oocyte Harvesting Techniques on Recovery and on In Vitro Maturation...Mohammed Muayad TA
This study compared two methods for harvesting sheep oocytes - aspiration and slicing. The percentage of oocytes recovered was significantly higher using the slicing method (84.60±1.01) than the aspiration method (67.60±1.37). However, the percentage of good quality mature oocytes was higher using aspiration (40.57±0.90) than slicing (37.40±0.27), with a significant difference between the two methods. The harvesting method affected both the recovery rate and maturation of harvested oocytes in sheep.
Synergetic effect of cassava sievate soybean milk residue mixtures as replace...Alexander Decker
This study investigated replacing maize with cassava sievate/soybean milk residue mixtures in diets for growing rabbits over 56 days. Four diets were formulated with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement. Replacing maize with the mixtures significantly improved final weight, daily weight gain, and reduced cost per kg weight gain compared to the control. The 50% replacement diet resulted in the lowest cost per kg gain without affecting digestibility, carcass characteristics, or health. Including the cassava/soybean mixtures can thus partially replace expensive maize in rabbit diets, enhancing growth and reducing production costs for farmers.
Effect of various levels of moringa leaf meal on the egg quality of isa brown...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of various levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on egg production and quality in Isa Brown layers. One hundred and twenty layers were fed diets containing 0%, 2.5%, 5%, or 7.5% Moringa leaf meal. Birds receiving the 2.5% diet had significantly higher egg production, egg weight, yolk weight, and albumen weight compared to the other treatment groups. Higher inclusion levels of 5% and 7.5% resulted in poorer productivity and egg quality. The results indicate that inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal at lower levels can improve egg production and quality in layers.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
A comparative study on growth, carcass traits and tissue distribution of awas...Alexander Decker
This study compared growth performance, carcass traits, and tissue distribution of Awassi and Hamdani lambs slaughtered at 30kg and 40kg. Results showed that Hamdani lambs had significantly higher growth rates and dressing percentages than Awassi lambs. Awassi lambs had thicker fat and higher proportions of lean and fat in their carcasses with lower bone content. As slaughter weight increased from 30kg to 40kg, average daily gain decreased while rib eye area, fat thickness, and lean and fat content increased with lower bone proportion. Carcass, non-carcass, and fat tail contributed 51.72%, 2.63%, and 45.63% respectively, to total body fat.
“Evaluation of aromatic short grain rice cultivars and elite lines for yield ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses species and speciation. It covers four major evolutionary forces and reviews natural selection. It defines species concepts, including the morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. The biological species concept defines species as groups that can interbreed. The phylogenetic concept defines them as exclusive monophyletic groups. Speciation involves isolation, divergence, and secondary contact without gene flow. Isolating mechanisms like temporal, spatial, and behavioral barriers can lead to reproductive isolation and the emergence of new species over time through processes like adaptive radiation.
This document discusses the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium. It states that in a large, randomly mating population, the frequencies of genotypes will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences like mutation, migration, genetic drift and non-random mating. The law establishes that the frequency of alleles A and a will be p and q, and the frequencies of genotypes AA, Aa and aa will be p^2, 2pq and q^2 respectively, where p + q = 1. The document provides examples of calculating genotype and gamete frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
The document discusses key concepts related to gene pools and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines a gene pool as the total set of genes in a population and explains that gene and genotype frequencies can be used to describe the proportions of alleles and genotypes in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele frequencies will remain constant across generations if a population is large, randomly mating and experiences no evolutionary influences. The document provides an example calculation of expected genotype frequencies based on known allele frequencies according to the Hardy-Weinberg model.
This study investigated the effects of different diets on development time and energy content in Drosophila melanogaster flies that were selected for starvation resistance compared to unselected control flies. Larvae from starvation-resistant and control populations were reared on media varying in calorie level (low, medium, high) and sugar fraction (10-90%). Triglyceride and protein assays found that starvation-resistant flies had higher triglyceride levels across all diets compared to controls. Increasing sugar fraction also increased triglyceride levels in both populations. Higher sugar diets led to longer development times, and flies with longer development had higher triglyceride levels. Protein levels were less affected than triglycerides and decreased
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
This document summarizes two experiments that examined the relationship between cattle temperament and productivity, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits. In both experiments, Brahman and Angus cattle were assessed for temperament using flight speed and crush score measurements taken repeatedly over time. The cattle were then evaluated for growth rates, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and meat quality after slaughter. The results showed that increased flight speed and crush scores, indicating a more temperamental nature, were associated with reduced growth, feed intake, carcass weight, and meat quality for Brahman cattle. The relationships were generally weaker for Angus cattle. The average temperament scores over time provided a more reliable assessment than individual measurements.
Evaluation of the relationship between body weight and linear measurements in...Premier Publishers
Study on the relationship between body weight and linear measurements of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats as influenced by sex and agro-vegetational zone was carried out using 200 animals comprising 100 goats each of both sexes. Animals were measured in two different zones where they are reared extensively and kept as security against crop failure and supply of animal protein. Analyzed results indicated significant (P<0.01)><0.01) phenotypic correlations between morphometric traits regardless of sex and zone where the animals are found. Of all body linear measurements, heart girth was closely related to body weight, that is, recorded highest correlation coefficient value with body weight, while height-at-withers has the least relationship, that is, lowest phenotypic correlations with body weight. The study also indicated sexual dimorphism as regards the relationship between body weight and linear measurements. It was also discovered that relationship between body weight and morphometrical traits in WAD goats differed from one zone to another. Therefore, it is suggested that measurements on animals to be used for breeding or commercial purposes should be sex and zone restricted.
Evaluation of heat treated small ruminants dropping as an alternative feedstu...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated heat-treated small ruminant droppings (SRD) as an alternative feedstuff in weanling pig diets. 144 crossbred piglets were fed one of four diets: a control diet with 0% SRD or test diets with 10%, 30%, or 50% SRD. Results showed SRD contains protein, fat, fiber and ash. Feed intake increased with SRD level, while weight gain and protein efficiency decreased at 30-50% SRD. Carcass characteristics were unaffected except for thigh weight. Digestibility of nutrients improved in test diets compared to control. The study concludes SRD is a potential feedstuff for pigs up to 50% dietary level.
The Effect of Beak Length and Condition on Food Intake and Feeding Behaviour ...Umifadilah Umifadilah
Hens (70 weeks-of-age) with short (10-11 mm), long (13-15 mm) and divided upper beaks (1-3 mm
difference in beak length between the left and right sides of the upper beak) were selected from a flock of hens
beak trimmed at hatching and re-trimmed at 14 weeks. Hens were switched from a mash diet to various whole
grain diets at weekly intervals in order to determine the effect of beak length and condition on food intake,
feeding behaviour and particle mix consumed from diets. Birds switched from a mash diet to a mixture of whole
grain diets suffered a 22.6 g/day drop (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) more pecks at the water nipple than divided beak birds.
These studies demonstrated that beak condition of layers has important implications for egg farmers. The
performance of birds with short upper beaks might be adversely affected when fed free choice or whole grain
diets.
The effects of banana peels on blood parameters of grower rabbitsAlexander Decker
This academic article examines the effects of including banana peels meal (BPM) in the diets of grower rabbits. Thirty-six rabbits were divided into four treatment groups receiving different levels of BPM inclusion. Blood samples were taken and analyzed for various hematological parameters including PCV, HB, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. The results showed no significant differences in most blood parameters between treatment groups, indicating BPM had no detrimental effects on the rabbits' blood at inclusion levels up to 30%. The study concludes that BPM can be safely included in rabbit feed up to 30% without negatively impacting blood parameters.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Behavior and performance of lactating sows and pigletsreared indoors or outdoorsAmanda D'avila Verardi
This document summarizes a study comparing the behavior and productivity of lactating sows and their litters reared indoors in farrowing crates or outdoors in farrowing huts. The study found that sows housed indoors spent more time lying and drinking than outdoor sows, while outdoor piglets spent more time walking, playing, and nursing than indoor piglets. However, the different housing systems did not significantly influence production parameters such as litter size or piglet mortality. Overall, the outdoor system allowed for a richer behavioral repertoire in piglets but did not impact productivity.
Hematological indices of clarias griepinus (burchell, 1882) fingerlings fed d...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of graded levels of calabash seed meal on the hematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Five iso-nitrogenous diets containing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% calabash seed meal were fed to groups of C. gariepinus for 56 days. The results showed no clear trend in hematological indices among the treatment groups. However, fish fed the highest level (60%) had significantly lower packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and mean cell volume compared to the control. White blood cells and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher at the 60% inclusion level. The study concluded that C. gari
Growth and agonistic responses of yaffa breed cockerels administered testoste...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of administering testosterone propionate to Yaffa breed cockerels for different durations on their growth and aggressive behaviors. Cockerels were administered testosterone propionate weekly for durations ranging from 4 to 20 weeks. Those administered the hormone for 4 weeks (T1 group) had significantly higher weight gain and better feed conversion than the control group that received no hormone (T6), with no significant differences in these measures between T1-T5 groups. Aggressive behaviors were higher in hormone-treated birds but did not negatively impact growth. The study concluded that 4 weeks of weekly testosterone propionate administration from 8-12 weeks of age was sufficient to confer fast growth in cocker
Effect Of Oocyte Harvesting Techniques on Recovery and on In Vitro Maturation...Mohammed Muayad TA
This study compared two methods for harvesting sheep oocytes - aspiration and slicing. The percentage of oocytes recovered was significantly higher using the slicing method (84.60±1.01) than the aspiration method (67.60±1.37). However, the percentage of good quality mature oocytes was higher using aspiration (40.57±0.90) than slicing (37.40±0.27), with a significant difference between the two methods. The harvesting method affected both the recovery rate and maturation of harvested oocytes in sheep.
Synergetic effect of cassava sievate soybean milk residue mixtures as replace...Alexander Decker
This study investigated replacing maize with cassava sievate/soybean milk residue mixtures in diets for growing rabbits over 56 days. Four diets were formulated with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement. Replacing maize with the mixtures significantly improved final weight, daily weight gain, and reduced cost per kg weight gain compared to the control. The 50% replacement diet resulted in the lowest cost per kg gain without affecting digestibility, carcass characteristics, or health. Including the cassava/soybean mixtures can thus partially replace expensive maize in rabbit diets, enhancing growth and reducing production costs for farmers.
Effect of various levels of moringa leaf meal on the egg quality of isa brown...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of various levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on egg production and quality in Isa Brown layers. One hundred and twenty layers were fed diets containing 0%, 2.5%, 5%, or 7.5% Moringa leaf meal. Birds receiving the 2.5% diet had significantly higher egg production, egg weight, yolk weight, and albumen weight compared to the other treatment groups. Higher inclusion levels of 5% and 7.5% resulted in poorer productivity and egg quality. The results indicate that inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal at lower levels can improve egg production and quality in layers.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
A comparative study on growth, carcass traits and tissue distribution of awas...Alexander Decker
This study compared growth performance, carcass traits, and tissue distribution of Awassi and Hamdani lambs slaughtered at 30kg and 40kg. Results showed that Hamdani lambs had significantly higher growth rates and dressing percentages than Awassi lambs. Awassi lambs had thicker fat and higher proportions of lean and fat in their carcasses with lower bone content. As slaughter weight increased from 30kg to 40kg, average daily gain decreased while rib eye area, fat thickness, and lean and fat content increased with lower bone proportion. Carcass, non-carcass, and fat tail contributed 51.72%, 2.63%, and 45.63% respectively, to total body fat.
“Evaluation of aromatic short grain rice cultivars and elite lines for yield ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses species and speciation. It covers four major evolutionary forces and reviews natural selection. It defines species concepts, including the morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. The biological species concept defines species as groups that can interbreed. The phylogenetic concept defines them as exclusive monophyletic groups. Speciation involves isolation, divergence, and secondary contact without gene flow. Isolating mechanisms like temporal, spatial, and behavioral barriers can lead to reproductive isolation and the emergence of new species over time through processes like adaptive radiation.
This document discusses the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium. It states that in a large, randomly mating population, the frequencies of genotypes will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences like mutation, migration, genetic drift and non-random mating. The law establishes that the frequency of alleles A and a will be p and q, and the frequencies of genotypes AA, Aa and aa will be p^2, 2pq and q^2 respectively, where p + q = 1. The document provides examples of calculating genotype and gamete frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
The document discusses key concepts related to gene pools and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines a gene pool as the total set of genes in a population and explains that gene and genotype frequencies can be used to describe the proportions of alleles and genotypes in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele frequencies will remain constant across generations if a population is large, randomly mating and experiences no evolutionary influences. The document provides an example calculation of expected genotype frequencies based on known allele frequencies according to the Hardy-Weinberg model.
Bio 106
Lecture 11 Genes in Populations
A. Population Genetics
B. Gene Frequencies and Equilibrium
1. Gene Frequencies
2. Gene Pool
3. Model System for Population Stability (Hardy – Weinberg Law)
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C. Changes in Gene Frequencies
1. Mutation
2. Selection
2.1 Relative Fitness
2.2 Selections and Variability
2.3 Selection and Mating
3. Systems
4. Migration
5. Genetic Drift
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D. Race and Species Formation
1. The Concept of Races
2. The Concept of Species
2.1 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
2.2 Rapid Speciation
This document discusses quantitative traits and heritability. It begins by defining qualitative and quantitative traits, with PKU used as an example of a qualitative trait and ADHD as an example of a quantitative trait. It then discusses how quantitative traits are assumed to arise from many genetic variants of small effect, following a normal distribution. The document also defines heritability as the proportion of trait variation attributable to genetic factors, and discusses how heritability is estimated from twin studies. It notes that heritability is population-specific. The last part discusses preparing phenotype data, including summarizing sample characteristics and trait distributions, and checking if a trait follows a normal distribution. Transformations may be needed to achieve normality before further analysis.
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population's gene pool contains all the alleles of all individuals. Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies remain constant between generations if there is no mutation, migration, genetic drift, or natural selection. Five agents cause evolution: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection, which is the only mechanism that leads to adaptation. Natural selection maintains genetic variation and can preserve polymorphisms through mechanisms like heterozygote advantage.
This document provides information about population genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium. It defines key population genetics concepts such as gene pool, allele frequencies, and genotypes. It describes the five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: large population size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate allele and genotype frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allows prediction of allele and genotype frequencies in a population over generations if the population is large, mates randomly, and is unaffected by mutations, migration or selection. It states that the allele frequencies will remain constant and can be used to determine the expected proportions of genotypes such as AA, Aa, and aa based on the allele frequencies p and q where p + q = 1.
This document discusses several evolutionary mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation introduces heritable changes in DNA and is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance, especially in small populations. It can reduce genetic variation over time. Natural selection leads to populations becoming locally adapted as individuals better suited to their environment leave more offspring.
1. The document discusses components of variation, heritability, types of heritability, genetic advance, environment, and genotype-environment interaction. It defines key terms like phenotypic variation, genotypic variation, broad sense heritability, narrow sense heritability, genetic advance, and genotype-environment interaction.
2. Heritability is the ratio of genotypic variance to phenotypic variance and indicates the proportion of a phenotypic trait caused by genetic factors. Broad sense heritability includes all genetic effects while narrow sense only includes additive genetic effects.
3. Genetic advance measures the expected genetic improvement from selection and depends on genetic variability, heritability, and selection intensity. High genetic advance indicates a trait is
Similar to Heritability estimates of, genetic and phenotypic correlations among some selected carcass traits of japanese quail raised in a sub humid climate
Heterosis of body weights and egg weights of f1 snails (archachatina marginat...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated heterosis (hybrid vigor) of body weights and egg weights in three mating groups of Archachatina marginata snails - a black-skinned x black-skinned group, a white-skinned x white-skinned group, and a black-skinned x white-skinned crossbred group. All groups showed positive heterosis for body weight at hatching and in juvenile stages up to 4 weeks, with the crossbred group showing significantly higher values. Similarly, all groups showed positive heterosis for egg weight, with the crossbred group having a significantly higher value of 60.77%. The results suggest that heterosis can be exploited to improve snail growth and reproductive traits through selective breeding
Effect of Genotype on Body Conformation and Udder Morphometrics in Milking Da...YogeshIJTSRD
Bodyweight is one of most important economical traits in dairy cattle and is affected by different environmental factors. One of genetic factors that affects cow conformation traits, is the breed effect. The aim in this study was to determine how breed of cattle affect morphological traits in cattle. In this study, bodyweight BW , seven body traits Body weight, BW Body condition score, BCS stature, ST chest width, CW body depth, BD heart girth, HG rump width, RW , five udder traits chest ligament, CL rear udder height, RUH rear udder width, RUW udder clearance, UC teat length, TL were analyzed. Analysis of variance procedures of R 3.0.3 statistical software was used to test the breed and significance difference in means were separated using Tukey test. In hot climate of Kwara State, the effects of genotype significantly influence body weight, body depth, heart girth and rear udder depth. The crosses of Holstein Friesian and Jersey were more superior to its crossbred’s cows. It is concluded that Holstein and Jersey crosses should be use for genetic improvement programs targeted at improving meat and milk production. Omoniwa D. O | Okeke R. O | Adeniyi, O. O | Oladipo M. F | J. M Madu | D. S. Bunjah Umar "Effect of Genotype on Body Conformation and Udder Morphometrics in Milking Dairy Cows in Humid Tropical Conditions of Kwara State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43747.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/43747/effect-of-genotype-on-body-conformation-and-udder-morphometrics-in-milking-dairy-cows-in-humid-tropical-conditions-of-kwara-state/omoniwa-d-o
A Study on Gross Structure of Thyroid Gland in Pati Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos...iosrjce
In the present investigation, a total of 42 Pati ducks were utilized. The ducks were randomly divided
into seven (7) groups consisting of six (6) birds in each group. The seven groups of birds were sacrificed at 7
different age viz. day old, 2 weeks, 4weeks, 8weeks, 20weeks, 30weeks and 40 weeks. The location and relative
topographic in-situ position of the thyroid gland was recorded. Both the thyroid glands were taken out and the
weight of each of them were recorded. The paired thyroid glands in the Pati ducks were located on either side of
the trachea close to the vascular angle formed by the subclavian artery and common carotid artery. The
average lengths of the thyroid gland were 0.2716± 0.0054 cm and 0.2750 ± 0.0050 cm for left and right
respectively in day old ducks. Weight of the thyroid gland also showed an increasing trend with age.
Morpho-biometric characterization of the indigenous Djallonke sheep in Ngaoun...Open Access Research Paper
In order to study the morpho-biometric characterisation of the indigenous Djallonke sheep Ngaoundere, 126 adult indigenous Djallonke sheep (38 males and 88 females) were sampled from January to December 2020. The results of this study show that the coat colour is dominated by white; the horns, mane and Pendulous are less present; the facial profile is convex and the ears are semi-pendent. In addition, ear length, body length, chest depth, croup length and tail length showed significant differences (p<0.05). The correlation (r=0.844) between the substernal gracility index and the auriculo-thoracic index revealed the existence of sub-populations of indigenous Djallonké sheep that can be the subject of an improvement and preservation programme.
Effect of Age of Spawned Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Broodstock on Quantity ...IOSR Journals
This study examined the effect of broodstock age on egg and milt production in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and subsequent fry growth. Older female broodstock (24-30 months) produced more eggs (260-300g) than younger females (150-160g at 15-18 months). Similarly, older males (24-32 months) produced more milt (280-320g) than younger males (200-240g at 16-20 months). Hatchability and fry growth were also higher for eggs and fry from older broodstock. The study recommends using broodstock at least 24 months old to obtain optimal egg quantity, hatchability, and
Hematological Parameters of three Strains of Local Cocks in Northern NigeriaIJEAB
The study was conducted to determine the hematological parameters of three strains of the Nigerian indigenous cocks. A total of 15 sexually matured (14-18 month of age) breeders cocks comprising (5 normal feathered, 5 frizzled feathered and 5 naked neck) were used for the experiment. The study was conducted from October to December 2016 at the Teaching and Research Farm University of Maiduguri. Blood samples were collected from 9 breeder’s cocks which were randomly selected 3 per genotype and used for hematological parameters examination. Hematological examination such as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell ( RBC) , Haemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell (WBC), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration ( MCHC), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Volume ( MCV) showed significant (P<0.05)> 0.05) different between normal feathered and frizzle feathered but there is significant difference ( P< 0.05) with naked necked cock. Neutrophil ( N) showed significant (P<0.05)>0.05) difference between normal feathered and naked neck feathered , fizzle feathered and necked neck respectively but showed significant (P<0.05) difference between fizzle feathered and normal feathered respectively for M and E. the study concluded that variation in the heamatoloical parameters between three strains of local chicken in Nigeria is due to difference in their genetic makeup.
3 linda majdoub mathlouthi 2013 meat scienceLinda Majdoub
This study evaluated the effects of two concentrate levels (low vs. high) and two slaughter body weights (35 kg vs. 42 kg) on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of Barbarine lambs fed an oat hay-based diet. Lambs that received the high concentrate level had higher average daily gain, carcass yields, and subcutaneous fat thickness, but lower carcass meat proportion, compared to those on the low concentrate level. Increasing slaughter body weight from 35 kg to 42 kg improved carcass yields and increased carcass adiposity, but did not affect carcass meat proportion or shoulder tissue composition. Slaughter body weight had an effect on meat color and fatty acid composition.
Gonadal histo morphology and antifertility effects of bonny light crude oil i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of ingesting Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) on male fertility in rats. Rats were given varying doses of BLCO for 60 days, then sperm counts were analyzed and testes were examined histologically. Sperm counts significantly decreased in treated rats compared to controls. Histological examination found degenerative and necrotic changes in testes of treated rats, including fewer sperm-producing cells and damage to Sertoli cells that support sperm maturation. The results suggest that ingesting BLCO has adverse effects on the male reproductive system and fertility in rats.
A comparative study on growth, carcass traits and tissue distribution of awas...Alexander Decker
This study compared growth performance, carcass traits, and tissue distribution between Awassi and Hamdani lambs slaughtered at 30kg and 40kg. Results showed that Hamdani lambs had higher growth rates and dressing percentages than Awassi lambs. Awassi lambs had thicker fat but lower proportions of lean, fat, and higher bone in carcass cuts compared to Hamdani lambs. As slaughter weight increased from 30kg to 40kg, average daily gain decreased while rib eye area and fat thickness increased for both breeds.
Biometric characterization of local chicken “Gallus gallus domesticus” accord...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study having for objective the biometric characterization of the local chicken according to the sex and the type of feathering was conducted in the department of Dabakala. A sample of 116 local reared chickens (39 cocks and 77 hens) from traditional breeding was the object of a description by observation, weighing and physical measurement. This study has shown a sexual dimorphism between the cock and the hen. Thus cock’s average weight was 1571.79 ± 60.69 g against 1120.78 ± 29.70 g for the hen. The whole population of chicken weight average was 1272.41 ± 34. 51 g. The eight (8) biometric traits studied were distributed in five (5) phenotypes and three (3) subgroups according to the number of common traits. The biometric parameter that could best serve the determination of body weight of a chicken without actually weighing it, was thoracic perimeter with better correlation with weight.
Evaluation of some reproduction performances of the exotic Hyplus rabbit (Ory...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of the study was to evaluate the reproductive performance and estimate the genetic parameters, in a real environment, of the rabbit of the exotic Hyplus breed. The study will allow appreciating the parameters that could be the object of genetic improvement in view of a selection to produce a more efficient rabbit. The work took place at the SAP Mé d’Adzopé farm from January 2013 to June 2015. One hundred and twenty breeding does were followed for five successive generations of five parities each, with an interval of 11 days between the parturition and the next mating with weaning at 30 days. These females produced 5283 total born rabbits with 5164 born alive and 4732 weaned. The genetic parameters including heritability, genetic, phenotypic and non-genetic correlations (environmental effects) did analyzed using the Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood program. The results obtained showed that the receptivity and fertility rates did significantly influenced by the order of parity and the season of kindling. The pre-weaning mortality rate was 8.37%. Females had the best prolificacies’ between the second and fourth parity, with an average of 9.9, 10.19 and 9.79 kits respectively. The heritability values of young rabbits total born alive, born alive, weaned and old rabbits were 0.22; 0.20; 0.16 and 0.12 respectively. These results showed that selection is possible for these studied traits.
Evaluating pepper (capsicum annuum) and garlic(allium sativum) on performance...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of garlic powder and dried pepper supplementation on performance, egg traits, and serum parameters of old laying chickens. 90 laying hens were fed one of three diets: a control diet or diets with 4g/kg of garlic powder or dried pepper. Results showed garlic improved hen day production and egg quality as indicated by increased albumen index and haugh unit. Egg yolk cholesterol was lower in hens fed garlic. Serum total protein was higher and blood glucose and cholesterol were lower in garlic-fed hens. In conclusion, garlic supplementation improved performance and egg quality, and may increase egg shelf life in old laying hens.
Brain Mass and Encephalization Quotients in the Domestic Industrial Pig (Sus ...Serena Minervini
This research article examines brain mass and encephalization quotients in domestic pigs raised for meat production. Brain and body weights were recorded from fetal, newborn, and adult pigs to calculate encephalization and cerebellar quotients. The results, based on a large sample size, show that domestic pigs have smaller brains relative to body size (adult EQ = 0.38) compared to other terrestrial even-toed ungulates. This is possibly due to selective breeding for increased meat production and body weight. Comparison to other domesticated species indicates a similar trend toward smaller brain sizes in domesticated forms.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This study evaluated the effects of different formulated feed rations on albino rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups and fed different feed formulations for 21 days. Group II, which was fed a diet of 600g corn, 200g millet, 160g crayfish and 40g groundnut, showed the most positive effects on growth performance and health biomarkers compared to the control group. While Group I and III showed some increased biomarkers suggesting potential liver damage, Group II most closely mimicked the effects of the control commercial feed. The study concludes that Group II's formulated feed is a suitable substitute for rat feed.
Comparison of Three Slaughtering Methods of Goat on Carcass and Prime Cuts Re...inventionjournals
Procedures employed on slaughtering of goat varies due to lack of information on the effect of each process such as scalding, flaying and singeing on the different slaughter parameters and prime cut recovery. Using fifteen male Anglo-nubian goats at 8months old, the effect on slaughtering weight, hot carcass, chilled carcass, dressing percentage and drip loss as well as in the prime cut production was documented. Results show that on slaughter weight, there is no significant difference obtained due to the uniform management production system used in raising the animals. On hot and chilled carcass weights, significant difference was found (p=0.01). Difference on dressing percentage revealed that singeing has the highest recovery rate at 59.92%, and values obtained is significantly different (p=0.05). Drip loss is also highly significant (p=0.05). On the prime cut recovery, highly significant differences were obtained on percentage (%) shoulder, loin and flank, offals and the skin and other cuts did not vary significantly from each other. It can therefore be concluded that each of procedures employed has an effectto the differentparameters considered in goat slaughtering and in prime cut recovery.
Inclusions of selection for nematode resistance in British sheep reference sc...Jennifer Larsen
This document discusses the inclusion of selection for nematode resistance in British sheep reference schemes. Resistance to nematode infections is heritable and can be measured by Faecal Egg Counts (FEC). Model calculations for British sheep suggest that an extra 23% gain in growth rate can be achieved with one fewer FEC per lamb. FEC sampling on an individual basis started in 2001 for Texel and Suffolk sire reference schemes. Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) were calculated for FEC and provided to breeders. The benefits of selecting for nematode resistance include direct effects on animal performance, reduced pasture contamination, and potential savings on anthelmintic treatments. The document examines the economic returns from combining selection for nemat
This research article studied the fecundity and gonado-somatic index of Trichiurus lepturus, an important commercial fish species, along the coast of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. The study found that females outnumbered males in the population. Spawning occurred in November and December, as indicated by peak gonado-somatic index values that synchronized with full and new moon phases. Fecundity, or number of eggs produced, was positively correlated with total body length, weight, and ovary weight, with ovary weight found to be the best predictor of fecundity. Understanding the reproductive characteristics of this species can aid in fisheries management.
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Similar to Heritability estimates of, genetic and phenotypic correlations among some selected carcass traits of japanese quail raised in a sub humid climate (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
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Heritability estimates of, genetic and phenotypic correlations among some selected carcass traits of japanese quail raised in a sub humid climate
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.5, 2013
60
Heritability Estimates of, Genetic and Phenotypic Correlations
among Some Selected Carcass Traits of Japanese Quail (Coturnix
coturnix japonica) Raised in a Sub-humid Climate
Daikwo, S. I.1
, Momoh, O. M.2
,Dim, N. I.2
1
Department of Animal Production, Kogi State University, Anyigba Nigeria.
2
Department of Animal Breeding and Physiology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.
⃰ E-mail of the corresponding author: mykemomoh@gmail.com
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate some selected carcass traits in Japanese quails as well as provide estimates of
their heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations among them. A total of 389 quails were slaughtered at 8 weeks
of age. Sex significantly (P<0.05) influenced most carcass traits evaluated. The Japanese quails dressed at an average
dressing percentage of 72.36. The heritability estimates of carcass traits derived from the sire variance components
varied from low to high. All the carcass traits (carcass weight, front half of carcass weight, Rear half of carcass
weight, breast weight, thigh weight, liver weight, heart weight, gizzard weight and dressing percentage) studied were
positively genetically correlated to pre-slaughter live weight. Phenotypic correlations between pre-slaughter live
weight and other carcass traits followed the same trend as for genetic correlation. It was concluded that Japanese
quail have high efficiency of meat production and indirect selection could be used to improve the carcass traits
studied.
Keywords: Japanese quail, carcass traits, Heritability, Genetic correlation.
1. Introduction
Japanese quail is the smallest avian specie farmed for meat and egg production (Panda and Singh, 1990) and it has
assumed world-wide importance as a laboratory animal (Baumgarther, 1993). Both quail meat and eggs are
characterized by high nutritive value that is low in fat and cholesterol (Garwood and Diehl, 1987) which is of
particular importance considering the increasing cases of cardiovascular diseases. Diversification into production of
quail with short generation interval will be a viable tool in ameliorating shortage of animal protein among the
populace in developing countries (NVRI, 1994).
Carcass traits are important in determining the income from meat production because the profitability of a quail
enterprise depends largely not only on the number of birds per female, but also on the weight and quality of carcasses
the birds produced. Carcass parts of Japanese quail have been studied by several investigators (Ayorinde, 1994;
El-Full, 2000, El-Full et al., 2001 and Odunsi and Kehinde, 2009). Dressing percentage is a trait of prime interest to
the poultry industry and Japanese quail may serve a useful role in studies involving dressing percentage. This trait
determines the net out-put of carcass relative to either live body weight or empty body weight. The most important
factors affecting dressing percentage are breed, body size, age at slaughter, sex, nutrition during the growing period
and the processing procedures (Carlson et al., 1975).
This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of some carcass traits and to estimate the genetic and
phenotypic correlations among the traits in Japanese quail.
2. Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out at the poultry unit of the Teaching and Research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture,
Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. The house used for the research consists of an open sided building divided
into 12 pens (each pen measuring 366x221cm) on either side of a central walk way. The same building was used for
mating, brooding and rearing of the quails. A total of 389 pedigree hatched day-old chicks were produced in three
hatches using 30 sires, each mated to three females in the breeding cages. At hatching, the chicks were leg banded
with small plastic bands to indicate individual and sire identities. The chicks were brooded on a floor pen with wood
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.5, 2013
61
shavings as litter materials. Brooding temperature started with 37.5O
C for the first weak after which the temperature
was reduced by 2-3O
C weekly until the end of 3 weeks of age when the birds were transferred to rearing pens. In the
rearing pens, birds were managed on deep litter from the 4th
week to 8 weeks of ages using standard management
procedures. Chicks were fed diet containing 24% crude protein and 2741kcal/kg of feed from hatch to 5 weeks of
age, thereafter; the birds were fed diet containing 18% crude protein and 2707kcal/kg of feed as recommended by
Dafwang (2006). Both feed and water were provided ad libitum.
At 8 weeks of age, Japanese quails to be used for carcass evaluation were kept off feed for 12 hours but allowed
access to water. Thereafter, they were individually weighed to the nearest 0.1g using a sensitive digital scale and
slaughtered by severing the jugular vein. After bleeding each quail was dipped in a water bath at 60O
C for 2 minutes
and feathers were removed by hand. After de-feathering, the quails were weighed individually to obtain the New
York dressed weight. After the removal of head and legs, carcasses were eviscerated manually and carcass weights
were obtained. The carcasses were then cut into parts (front half with wings, Rear half, beast thigh). The weights
were recorded at each processing step. The heart, liver and gizzard weights were also recorded. In order to reduce
variation in the cutting procedure, all dissections were carried out by one operator.
Dressing percentage (D.P) was calculated using the formula;
D.P = Carcass weight x 100
Pre-slaughter live weight 1
2.1 Analytical procedures
Data obtained on carcass traits were analyzed by SPSS 14.0 (2004) using the following model:
Yijk = µ + Si + Bj + (SB)ij + eijk
Where
Yijk = Individual phenotypic observation
µ = Population mean
Si = Effect of sex
Bj = Effect of hatch
(SB)ij = Interaction effect of sex and hatch
eijk = Residual random error.
The carcass data were also subjected to genetic analysis using the mixed model least squares and maximum
likelihood computer programme of Harvey (1990). The reduced sire model (Becker, 1992) was used to fit the data.
Yij = µ + ai + eij
Where
Yij = observation on the jth
progeny of the ith
sire
µ = population mean
ai = Random effect of the ith
sire (i = 1,…30).
eij = Residual random error.
The Harvey programme computed estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlation as well as heritability estimates of
traits from sire variance components.
3. Results and Discussion
Table 1 presents the effect of sex on carcass traits. Sex had very highly significant (P<0.001) effect on pre-slaughter
live, carcass, front half of carcass, rear half of carcass, breast, thigh, liver and gizzard weights. However, sex, hatch
and sex × hatch interaction had no significant (P>0.05) effect on heart-weight and dressing percentage. Female
quails had significantly higher (P<0.05) pre-slaughter, carcass, rear half of carcass, breast, liver and gizzard weights
than the males but showed no significant (P>0.05) differences in heart weight and dressing percentage. The
significant effect of sex on most carcass traits studied agrees with the results of Yalcin et al. (1995) and Sharaf (1996)
who reported significant sex effect on carcass characteristics. Male quails had heavier thigh than females. A similar
observation was made by Odunsi and Kehinde (2009). The males had significantly (P<0.05) heavier front half of
carcass than the females which contradicts the report of EL-Full (2000) who reported no significant difference in
both front and rear half of carcass of male and female Japanese quail. Although male quails had higher dressing
percentage than the females, the difference was not significant (P>0.05). This agrees with the finding of Joseph et al.
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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(1992), but disagrees with EL-full (2000) who reported that female quails have significantly (P<0.05) higher dressing
percentage than males. The pre-slaughter live weight (for sexes combined) reported in this study closely agrees
with the findings of Singh et al. (1981) who reported 134.4g for Live weight of Japanese quail at slaughter age of 8
weeks. Pre-slaughter live weight is important because it has been found that carcass weight and all carcass
composition are influenced by live body weight (Bacon and Nestor, 1983). The dressing percentage of 72.36 for the
sexes combined in this study is lower than the value of 77% and 78.7% reported by Jones et al. (1979) and EL-full
(2002). It is however comparable to the values of 71% and 72% reported by Hay and Marion (1973) and Dobson
(1969) for dressing percentages in broiler chicken and turkey, respectively. Consequently, the high efficiency of
Japanese quail for meat production could be established by comparing the estimates reported for the dressing
percentage of quail with those reported for broiler chicken and turkey.
Heritability estimates of carcass traits derived from the sire variance components in Japanese quail is presented in
Table 2. The estimate ranged from 0.11±0.10 for heart weight to 0.42±0.03 for carcass weight. The carcass traits
were lowly to highly heritable. The h2
estimates for heart and liver weights (0.11±0.10 and 0.25±0.08) were similar
to those (0.11 and 0.27) reported by Ledur et al. (2006) but diverged from those found by Kawahara and Saito (1976)
and EL-Full et al. (2001). The heritability estimate for breast weight (0.34±0.10) was similar to that reported by
Singh and Trehan (1994) and Gaya et al. (2006) but differed from those reported by Vali et al. (2005) and Rance et al.
(2002).
The heritability estimate for dressing percentage (0.21±0.06) reported in this study is in chose agreement with that
found by EL-Full et al. (2001). Nether the less, the heritability estimates for carcass and thigh weights (0.42±0.03
and 0.39±0.02) were different from those reported by Vali et al. (2005). Heritability estimate for gizzard weight was
similar to that reported by Gaya et al. (2006) but differed from the values reported by Kawahara and Saito (1976)
and Rance et al. (2002). Differences in heritability estimates could be attributed to different methods of estimation,
breed, environmental effects and sampling error due to small data set or sample size (Prado-Gonzalez et al., 2003).
Based on estimated heritability values for pre-slaughter live, carcass, front half of carcass, rear half of carcass, breast,
thigh, liver and gizzard weight and dressing percentage, it appears that direct selection would be effective in
improving these traits. In order words, considerable direct additive genetic effects seem to exist in the expression of
these carcass traits based on their heritability estimates.
Table 3 shows the genetic (below diagonal) and phenotypic (above diagonal) correlation among carcass traits in
Japanese quail. All carcass traits were positively genetically correlated to pre-slaughter live weight. Unrealistic
genetic correlation estimates (>1) were obtained between pre-slaughter live weight and carcass weight (1.26) and
also between thigh weight and dressing percentage (1.44) due to small sample size. Phenotypic correlations among
carcass traits ranged from -0.01 to 0.98 with most of the estimates being positive. Dressing percentage showed the
weakest non-significant (P>0.05) relationship with other carcass traits.
The positive genetic correlations between pre-slaughter live weight and all other carcass traits were similar to the
observations of Vali et al. (2005) and Gaya et al. (2006) who reported positive genetic correlation between live
weights and most carcass traits considered. The phenotypic correlation between pre-slaughter live weight and other
carcass traits followed the same trend as for genetic correlation. Heart weight appeared to be negatively, genetically
correlated with gizzard weight and dressing percentage. Liver weight showed negative genetic correlation with
gizzard weight and dressing percentage. Also, gizzard weight expressed negative genetic correlation with dressing
percentage. These results were in agreement with the findings of EL-Full et al. (2001). The corresponding
phenotypic correlations followed a similar trend.
Where genetic correlations between carcass traits were positive, it indicates that such traits might be controlled by
the same group of genes or closely linked genes. Where correlations were positive and varied from moderate to high,
it implies that selection for one carcass trait may lead to a concomitant increase in the other, although not in the same
proportion. The reverse is the case where correlations were negative.
4. Conclusion
In this study, Japanese quails dressed at an average dressing percentage of 72.36. This dressing percentage is high
and comparable to values obtained for broiler chickens and turkeys and this indicates high efficiency of meat
production from quail birds. Carcass traits, although with moderate to high heritability may not be selected for
directly because they are slaughter traits. Indirect selection such as family or pedigree selection could be used to
improve this category of traits.
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Table 1: Effect of sex on least-squares means ± SEM of carcass traits in
Japanese quail.
Traits Sex Mean Combined sexes
Pre-slaughter Liveweight Male
Female
126.49±1.29b
149.83±2.14a
133.76±1.32
Carcass weight Male
Female
87.96±0.99b
92.45±1.64a
90.01±0.81
Front half of carcass weight Male
Female
54.93±0.71a
51.80±1.18b
54.78±0.58
Rear half of carcassweight Male
Female
33.03±0.34b
40.64±0.57a
35.24±0.38
Breast weight Male
Female
28.82±0.38b
33.04±0.63a
29.73±0.34
Thigh weight Male
Female
6.62±0.10a
5.64±0.17b
6.44±0.09
Liver weight Male
Female
2.06±0.09b
2.84±0.15a
2.37±0.08
Heart weight Male
Female
1.13±0.02
1.17±0.03 1.15±0.01
Gizzard weight Male
Female
2.45±0.04b
3.31±0.06a
2.67±0.04
Dressing Percentage Male
Female
73.31±6.18
61.77±10.23 72.36±4.82
a,b = means within sex – subgroup with different superscripts are significantly
different (P<0.05)
Table 2: Heritability estimates of carcass traits from sire variance
components in Japanese quail.
Parameter h2
Pre-slaughter live weight 0.27±0.10
Carcass weight 0.42±0.03
Front half of carcass weight 0.38±0.06
Rear half of carcass weight 0.29±0.10
Breast weight 0.34±0.10
Thigh weight 0.39±0.02
Liver weight 0.25±0.08
Heart weight 0.11±0.10
Gizzard weight 0.36±0.30
Dressing percentage 0.21±0.06
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