This document describes a study that examined the effects of restricted feeding, a low-energy diet, and implantation of trenbolone acetate plus estradiol on growth, carcass traits, and circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in finishing barrows. Sixty-four barrows were divided into groups subjected to different feeding regimens, diets, and implantation. Blood samples were taken every 3 weeks and animals were slaughtered at approximately 105 kg. Restricted feeding decreased average daily gain, the low-energy diet reduced backfat thickness but decreased feed efficiency, and implantation decreased average daily gain, feed intake and backfat thickness while increasing feed efficiency. Serum I
Effects of Adding Different Levels of Phytase to Diet Containing Low Phosphor...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of addition of different levels of phytase containing low phosphorus diets on performance, eggshell quality and bone characteristics in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In the experiment, a total of 162 7-week-oldlaying Japanese quail were fed two different diets containing 0.33 % available phosphorus (AP, control) and 0.15 % AP supplemented with phytase 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 phytase unites/g feed. Each diet was feed to groups having three replicates, each cages nine quail, in completely randomized design. Feed and water supplied for ad-libitum. Light was provided 17 hours daily. Egg production, egg mass, average daily feed consumption, viability, fat-free dried tibia weight were improved, as phytase level increased in the diet. However, final live weight, carcass weight, body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash (%) and deformed egg ratio (%), some eggshell quality parameters measured in eggs collected at the end of the first period, were not affected by treatments. With regard to measured parameters, the responses of laying quail, to the increasing phytase levels, were not linear. The performance and bone parameters of the group fed with 1500 units were very close to that of the control group, even higher than the control group in some traits. Decreasing in shell weight of eggs collected at last three days of the experiment were not prevented any of the phytase levels. At the same period, shell thickness and breaking strength of the eggs of groups fed with 1500 and 2000 units phytase, were significantly lower than that of the control group. Manure ash percentage of phytase added groups were significantly lower than the control group.
Effect of Varying the Energy Density of Protein-adequate Diets on Nutrient Me...Faisal A. Alshamiry
assessing the influence of varied dietary energy densities of a protein-adequate diet on immune response of growing Muzaffarnagari lambs besides nutritional performance and clinical chemistry indices.
Impact of laying hen nutrition on egg quality. Nys, Y. & Bouvarel, I. Presentation at the DSM customer event: Exploring the benefits of feed carotenoids for egg quality, Village Neuf, 2013.
Effects of Adding Different Levels of Phytase to Diet Containing Low Phosphor...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of addition of different levels of phytase containing low phosphorus diets on performance, eggshell quality and bone characteristics in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In the experiment, a total of 162 7-week-oldlaying Japanese quail were fed two different diets containing 0.33 % available phosphorus (AP, control) and 0.15 % AP supplemented with phytase 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 phytase unites/g feed. Each diet was feed to groups having three replicates, each cages nine quail, in completely randomized design. Feed and water supplied for ad-libitum. Light was provided 17 hours daily. Egg production, egg mass, average daily feed consumption, viability, fat-free dried tibia weight were improved, as phytase level increased in the diet. However, final live weight, carcass weight, body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash (%) and deformed egg ratio (%), some eggshell quality parameters measured in eggs collected at the end of the first period, were not affected by treatments. With regard to measured parameters, the responses of laying quail, to the increasing phytase levels, were not linear. The performance and bone parameters of the group fed with 1500 units were very close to that of the control group, even higher than the control group in some traits. Decreasing in shell weight of eggs collected at last three days of the experiment were not prevented any of the phytase levels. At the same period, shell thickness and breaking strength of the eggs of groups fed with 1500 and 2000 units phytase, were significantly lower than that of the control group. Manure ash percentage of phytase added groups were significantly lower than the control group.
Effect of Varying the Energy Density of Protein-adequate Diets on Nutrient Me...Faisal A. Alshamiry
assessing the influence of varied dietary energy densities of a protein-adequate diet on immune response of growing Muzaffarnagari lambs besides nutritional performance and clinical chemistry indices.
Impact of laying hen nutrition on egg quality. Nys, Y. & Bouvarel, I. Presentation at the DSM customer event: Exploring the benefits of feed carotenoids for egg quality, Village Neuf, 2013.
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth perfo...Pig Farm Solution
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae J Anim Sci
published online Sep 11, 2009
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Metabolizable protein requirements of Dorper crossbred ram lambsFaisal A. Alshamiry
Estimates of Net protein (NP) and Metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for the maintenance and growth of crossbred ram lambs assessed by the comparative slaughter technique.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Protein/amino acids are among the most expensive nutrients to deliver in poultry nutrition
The digestibility of protein in poultry is typically incomplete by the terminal ileum
Undigested protein that leaves the ileum is from both exogenous (diet) and endogenous (bird) sources
Understanding the digestion of dietary proteins and the recovery of endogenous proteins is important and can provide a basis for the use of exogenous proteases
Most of the data used in this research is published by Professor Drackley (founder of transition cow research in dairy cattle nutrition)
-Dry herd represents app. 40-70% of the total herd of a typical dairy farm, yet, the feeding practices and nutritional programs does not focus primarily on them. The current presentation presents some concepts related to transition cows and replacement heifer that can be potentially used in those systems where fodder cost are high or purchasing new cows is expensive.
An experimental study was carried over a
period of 42 days using 160 day-old commercial broiler chicks
(Ven Cobb) to study the effect of copper and flavomycin as feed
additives on growth performance in broiler chicken. The birds
were divided into four groups with four replicates of ten chicks in
each replicate. The treatment (T1) was control with standard
broiler ration and Cu as CuSO4 at 100 ppm, 200 ppm and
flavomycin at 10 ppm were supplemented in the basal diet to
form treatment 2 (T2), treatment 3 (T3) and treatment 4 (T4)
respectively.
The chemical composition of T1, T2, T3 and T4 rations
contained 15.43, 106.49, 212.54 and 18.69 ppm of Cu in broiler
starter and 12.67, 101.13, 202.72 and 20.20 ppm of Cu in broiler
finisher, respectively. The results of the present study revealed
that the supplementation of Cu as CuSO4 (100 and 200 ppm) or
flavomycin (10 ppm) showed no significant difference among the
treatment groups with regard to the feed consumption, body
weight gain and feed conversion ratio up to six weeks of age. The
carcass weight, slaughter weight, dressing percentage and giblet
yield were not influenced by dietary supplementation of either
Cu or flavomycin. It was concluded that dietary supplementation
of broiler chicken with Cu up to 200 ppm and flavomycin at 10
ppm did not have any adverse effect on production performance
of broiler chicken.
Feeding strategy
• Animal Requirements change with criteria: need to take into account various parameters to optimise performance
- need to take into account complexity due to variability of response and interaction,
no single dose response
- Availability of new tools to integrate complexity (model for dietary formulaƟon)
• Feed recommendation in sustainable system should integrate three objectives: production performance, environment and welfare
Product quality
• Limited influence on lipid fraction
• Effects on oxidation remains controversial
- anƟoxidant vs pro-oxidant
- interacƟons between level and duration of trace elements dietary level, issue, slaughtering conditions, product packaging and transformation, cooking.
• Good potential of product enrichment in trace mineral but limitation due to Regulation in
animal and human feeding and due to toxicity level for animals
Are proteases beneficial for the environment- Kyriazakis, I. Workshop 3 presented at the Feed Proteases and enzyme seminar, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2014.
Milk consumption in Pakistan is 159 liters per person per year, which is among the highest in developing world (FAO). The demand for milk is increasing every year. Moreover, in big cities quality of milk is becoming a primary focus of the consumers. Currently, most of the milk (app. 80-85%) comes from small scale dairy farmers (herd sizer < 30 animals), however, a significant increase in medium and large dairy herds is observed in past decade. The increasing feed and other inputs prices are putting pressure on the dairy producers and a careful assessment of the cost of milk was required. The current survey was conducted in the district Lahore with the 5 different types of producers. We hope that outcomes of this project will be useful for the institutions and private sector to design strategies that will support farmers. We are hopeful that the dairy producers and technical service providers will also find these results interesting and will use them to design there KPIs and targets to improve efficiencies.
M Phil, Final seminar, Topic: Effect of Dietary Selenium supplementation on gross morphology, antioxidant status and biochemical composition of young goat
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is an international, open access, peer reviewed Journal publishing original research & insights in all the related fields of Biotechnology & Bioengineering. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering covers major departments including but not limiting to biotechnology research and bioengineering in industrial sector such as agricultural biotechnology, molecular biology, food and beverages industry, textiles industry, biological products, medicines and pharmaceuticals while on the other hand this branch of science that caters to the requirements of agriculture, animal husbandry, nutrition and environmental conservation. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering provides a new platform for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is a broad Open Access peer reviewed scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide unbounded access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, and Perspectives (Editorials).
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Anatomy research community by amplifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Bibliographical data sources for history of science in Baltic countriesBirute Railiene
In few centuries bibliographical data has changed from lists and bibliographies to multilevel metadata records, linking information worldwide. Though the general idea of tracing, describing and sorting information initially remained for the benefit or a user, still intending to “save the time of the reader” (Ranganathan, Five Laws of Library Science).
Isights are based on the cataloguing practises, which reveal metadata for historical investigation of science: personal bibliography, research advising in PhD, institutional affiliation in research, etc.
Bibliographical databases of major research institutions and universities in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are presented, introducing and discussing ways of integrating relevant entries from national bibliographies into a new open-access international initiative.
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth perfo...Pig Farm Solution
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae J Anim Sci
published online Sep 11, 2009
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Metabolizable protein requirements of Dorper crossbred ram lambsFaisal A. Alshamiry
Estimates of Net protein (NP) and Metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for the maintenance and growth of crossbred ram lambs assessed by the comparative slaughter technique.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Protein/amino acids are among the most expensive nutrients to deliver in poultry nutrition
The digestibility of protein in poultry is typically incomplete by the terminal ileum
Undigested protein that leaves the ileum is from both exogenous (diet) and endogenous (bird) sources
Understanding the digestion of dietary proteins and the recovery of endogenous proteins is important and can provide a basis for the use of exogenous proteases
Most of the data used in this research is published by Professor Drackley (founder of transition cow research in dairy cattle nutrition)
-Dry herd represents app. 40-70% of the total herd of a typical dairy farm, yet, the feeding practices and nutritional programs does not focus primarily on them. The current presentation presents some concepts related to transition cows and replacement heifer that can be potentially used in those systems where fodder cost are high or purchasing new cows is expensive.
An experimental study was carried over a
period of 42 days using 160 day-old commercial broiler chicks
(Ven Cobb) to study the effect of copper and flavomycin as feed
additives on growth performance in broiler chicken. The birds
were divided into four groups with four replicates of ten chicks in
each replicate. The treatment (T1) was control with standard
broiler ration and Cu as CuSO4 at 100 ppm, 200 ppm and
flavomycin at 10 ppm were supplemented in the basal diet to
form treatment 2 (T2), treatment 3 (T3) and treatment 4 (T4)
respectively.
The chemical composition of T1, T2, T3 and T4 rations
contained 15.43, 106.49, 212.54 and 18.69 ppm of Cu in broiler
starter and 12.67, 101.13, 202.72 and 20.20 ppm of Cu in broiler
finisher, respectively. The results of the present study revealed
that the supplementation of Cu as CuSO4 (100 and 200 ppm) or
flavomycin (10 ppm) showed no significant difference among the
treatment groups with regard to the feed consumption, body
weight gain and feed conversion ratio up to six weeks of age. The
carcass weight, slaughter weight, dressing percentage and giblet
yield were not influenced by dietary supplementation of either
Cu or flavomycin. It was concluded that dietary supplementation
of broiler chicken with Cu up to 200 ppm and flavomycin at 10
ppm did not have any adverse effect on production performance
of broiler chicken.
Feeding strategy
• Animal Requirements change with criteria: need to take into account various parameters to optimise performance
- need to take into account complexity due to variability of response and interaction,
no single dose response
- Availability of new tools to integrate complexity (model for dietary formulaƟon)
• Feed recommendation in sustainable system should integrate three objectives: production performance, environment and welfare
Product quality
• Limited influence on lipid fraction
• Effects on oxidation remains controversial
- anƟoxidant vs pro-oxidant
- interacƟons between level and duration of trace elements dietary level, issue, slaughtering conditions, product packaging and transformation, cooking.
• Good potential of product enrichment in trace mineral but limitation due to Regulation in
animal and human feeding and due to toxicity level for animals
Are proteases beneficial for the environment- Kyriazakis, I. Workshop 3 presented at the Feed Proteases and enzyme seminar, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2014.
Milk consumption in Pakistan is 159 liters per person per year, which is among the highest in developing world (FAO). The demand for milk is increasing every year. Moreover, in big cities quality of milk is becoming a primary focus of the consumers. Currently, most of the milk (app. 80-85%) comes from small scale dairy farmers (herd sizer < 30 animals), however, a significant increase in medium and large dairy herds is observed in past decade. The increasing feed and other inputs prices are putting pressure on the dairy producers and a careful assessment of the cost of milk was required. The current survey was conducted in the district Lahore with the 5 different types of producers. We hope that outcomes of this project will be useful for the institutions and private sector to design strategies that will support farmers. We are hopeful that the dairy producers and technical service providers will also find these results interesting and will use them to design there KPIs and targets to improve efficiencies.
M Phil, Final seminar, Topic: Effect of Dietary Selenium supplementation on gross morphology, antioxidant status and biochemical composition of young goat
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is an international, open access, peer reviewed Journal publishing original research & insights in all the related fields of Biotechnology & Bioengineering. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering covers major departments including but not limiting to biotechnology research and bioengineering in industrial sector such as agricultural biotechnology, molecular biology, food and beverages industry, textiles industry, biological products, medicines and pharmaceuticals while on the other hand this branch of science that caters to the requirements of agriculture, animal husbandry, nutrition and environmental conservation. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering provides a new platform for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is a broad Open Access peer reviewed scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide unbounded access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, and Perspectives (Editorials).
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Anatomy research community by amplifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Bibliographical data sources for history of science in Baltic countriesBirute Railiene
In few centuries bibliographical data has changed from lists and bibliographies to multilevel metadata records, linking information worldwide. Though the general idea of tracing, describing and sorting information initially remained for the benefit or a user, still intending to “save the time of the reader” (Ranganathan, Five Laws of Library Science).
Isights are based on the cataloguing practises, which reveal metadata for historical investigation of science: personal bibliography, research advising in PhD, institutional affiliation in research, etc.
Bibliographical databases of major research institutions and universities in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are presented, introducing and discussing ways of integrating relevant entries from national bibliographies into a new open-access international initiative.
How MSPs and IT Organizations can Empower High Growth with ITSMMarc Gourvenec
ServiceAide and our MSP partner: The TriZetto Group, a Cognizant Company
Trizetto leads in the Healthcare industry with a grow of 12% CAGR through 2020.
TriZetto delivers world-class, healthcare IT solutions that enable healthcare organizations to work more efficiently and collaboratively to deliver better health.
TriZetto solutions reach 260,000 care providers, streamline processes for more than 350 payers and touch over half the U.S. insured population
How TriZetto manages to deliver high value ITSM services while reducing their costs and growing their business
Revue "L'institulien" n°08 SNIFMK - Novembre 2016
Depuis le 2 septembre 2015, date de parution du nouveau référentiel des études de masso -kinésithérapie, les Instituts de Formations en Masso-Kinésithérapie ont le devoir de mettre en œuvre des stratégies pédagogiques visant au développement de 11 compétences. Au sein de celles-ci, on distingue des compétences de « cœur de métier » (C1 à C5), mobilisées quotidiennement par les masseurs-kinésithérapeutes, et des compétences « transversales », mobilisées de manière plus ponctuelle.
La compétence 8 s’intitule : « Rechercher, traiter et analyser des données professionnelles et scientifiques ».
Le développement d’une telle compétence représente un challenge pour les équipes pédagogiques, car même si certaines ont proposé des anticipations, il s’agit aujourd’hui du programme officiel construit autour d’objectifs pédagogiques précis. Les Unités d’Enseignements 8 (Cycle 1) et 27 (Cycle 2), précisent ces objectifs.
Notre hypothèse est qu’il est possible de développer la compétence 8 chez des étudiants MK sur les deux cycles de formation en IFMK. Nous proposons ici un projet pour tenter de valider cette hypothèse.
Méthodes
Au cours des différentes phases de la formation, différents enseignements sont mis en place afin de développer la C8.
En préalable, les premiers échanges avec les étudiants de K1 ont introduit la notion d’évolution de la profession, soulevant la question de l’intégration du raisonnement scientifique en kinésithérapie (Voir figure 1 : introduction C8).
Cycle 1 :
Les 4 semestres du cycle 1 sont organisés autour des axes suivants : recherche documentaire, esprit critique, management de projet, introduction au raisonnement scientifique et à la méthodologie de recherche clinique. (...)
http://www.reseauprosante.fr/
Colors play vital, symbolic and nonverbal, role in printing designs. It is easier to choose printing colors based on your personal aesthetics but if you want the design to be meaningful than you should consider the following facts.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Veterinary Science.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers, physicians, academicians and other Veterinary professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of diagnosis and treatments in Veterinary sciences.
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Veterinary Science.
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Dr. Dean Boyd - Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using XylanaseJohn Blue
Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using Xylanase - Dr. Dean Boyd, The Hanor Company, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
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Effects of restricted feeding, low energy diet, and implantation
1. Effects of restricted feeding, low-energy diet, and implantation of trenbolone
acetate plus estradiol on growth, carcass traits, and circulating concentrations
of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3
in finishing barrows1
C. Y. Lee*2
, H. P. Lee*3
, J. H. Jeong*, K. H. Baik†, S. K. Jin*, J. H. Lee‡, and S. H. Sohn†
Departments of *International Livestock Industry and †Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chinju National
University, Chinju 660-758 and ‡Pusan and Kyungnam Cooperative Swine Farms Feed Mill,
Kimhae 621-010, South Korea
ABSTRACT: Effects of restricted feeding (80% ad li-
bitum), feeding a low-energy diet containing 84% DE
(2.95 Mcal/kg) of the control diet, and implantation of
Revalor H (140 mg trenbolone acetate plus 14 mg estra-
diol-17β) on growth, carcass traits, and serum concen-
trations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-
binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were studied in crossbred
finishing barrows beginning from 59 ± 0.9 kg of body
weight. Blood samples were taken every 3 wk and the
animals were slaughtered at approximately 105 kg
body weight. Restricted feeding caused a decrease (P <
0.01) in ADG; feeding the low-energy diet was effective
in reducing backfat thickness but decreased gain:feed;
the implantation caused a decrease in ADG, feed intake,
and backfat thickness and increased gain:feed. Overall
pork quality based on pH, drip loss, and the lightness
in color of longissimus muscle was not affected by any
of the treatments. Serum IGF-I concentration increased
Key Words: Anabolics, Diet, Insulin-like Growth Factor, Pigs, Restricted Feeding
2002 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. 80:84–93
Introduction
When pigs are fed to appetite, barrows eat excessively
more feed than boars and gilts, and because of this
their carcass leanness and feed efficiency are reduced
compared with that of boars and gilts (Field, 1971).
Restricted feeding is known to be effective for improving
the reduced production efficiency of barrows (Leymas-
1
This study was supported by Research Grant 297047-3 (CYL) of
the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, South Korea.
2
Correspondence: phone: +82 55-751-3285; fax: +82 55-753-4422;
E-mail: cylee@cjcc.chinju.ac.kr.
3
Present address: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Col-
lege of Medicine, Gyungsang National University, Chinju 660-702,
South Korea.
Received April 14, 2001.
Accepted August 22, 2001.
84
following the implantation but did not change (P > 0.05)
due to other treatments. Immunoreactive IGFBP-3 con-
centration was not changed by any of the treatments.
Overall ADG was positively correlated with early-stage
(d 21) IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations only in unim-
planted barrows, whereas backfat thickness was nega-
tively correlated with d-42 IGF-I concentration in all
but unimplanted barrows with ad libitum intake. A
strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) between IGF-I and
IGFBP-3 concentrations was apparent with increasing
age of the animals. Results suggest that growth rate
and backfat thickness are decreased by a moderate re-
striction of feed or energy intake with no accompanying
changes in circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentra-
tions and that the beneficial effect of Revalor H implan-
tation on feed efficiency may be mediated, in part, by
IGF-I. Moreover, both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentra-
tions may be useful as growth indices in pigs.
ter and Mersmann, 1991), although this practice re-
quires additional labor for weighing the feed. Alterna-
tively, use of a low-energy diet (Coffey et al., 1982;
Hale et al., 1986) or an anabolic implant (Galbraith and
Topps, 1981) also is known to be effective in reducing fat
deposition. Moreover, feed efficiency is also improved by
the anabolic implant. An increase in growth rate with
no change in feed intake (Grandadam et al., 1975; van
Weerden and Grandadam, 1976), as well as a decrease
in both of these (De Wilde and Lauwers, 1984), has
been reported as an effect of a combined trenbolone/
estradiol implant in barrows.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is a 7.5-kDa endo-
crine as well as autocrine/paracrine peptide that medi-
ates the growth-stimulating action of GH (Jones and
Clemmons, 1995; Simmen et al., 1998; Liu and LeRoith,
1999). As such, circulating IGF-I concentration is re-
flective of endogenous GH status in well-nourished hu-
2. Nutrition, steroids and IGF system in barrows 85
Table 1. Composition of experiment diets (as-fed basis)
fed to growing pigs
Item Control diet Low-energy diet
Ingredient, %
Corn 62.68 30.48
Wheat 5.38 13.44
Wheat mill run — 35.00
Rice bran (13% fat) 3.00 3.00
Soybean meal (44% CP) 17.76 9.64
Limestone 0.48 0.88
Rapeseed meal 2.00 2.00
Dicalcium phosphate 1.80 1.62
Salt 0.30 0.30
Vitamin premixa
0.30 0.30
Mineral premixb
0.26 0.26
Tallow 3.04 —
Molasses 3.00 3.00
Lysine-HCl — 0.08
Calculated chemical composition
DE, Mcal/kg 3.50 2.95
Crude protein, % 15.0 15.0
Lysine, % 0.75 0.75
Crude fat, % 6.2 3.2
Crude fiber, % 3.4 5.2
Crude ash, % 5.0 5.9
Ca, % 0.85 0.98
P, % 0.67 0.83
a
Provided per kg of diet: 8,100 IU vitamin A, 1,200 IU vitamin D3,
45 IU vitamin E, 2.55 mg vitamin K, 1.5 mg thiamin, 0.6 mg riboflavin,
2.55 mg pyridoxine, 0.03 mg vitamin B12, 19.5 mg pantothenic acid,
39 mg niacin, 0.09 mg biotin, and 0.75 mg folic acid.
b
Provided per kg of diet: 102.7 mg FeSO4, 0.442 mg CoSO4, 174.2
mg CuSO4, 54.18 mg MnSO4, 106.6 mg ZnSO4, 0.546 mg CaIO3, and
0.338 mg Na2SeO3.
mans and animals (Blum et al., 1993; Simmen et al.,
1998). Moreover, the majority of circulating IGF is
bound to 40- to 45-kDa IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-
3), which also is GH-dependent (Jones and Clemmons,
1995; Bell et al., 1998; Baxter, 2000). Besides GH, nutri-
tion and gonadal steroids also are known to regulate
the expression of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 (Lee et al., 1990;
Ketelslegers et al., 1996; Hall et al., 1999).
The present study was undertaken to further investi-
gate the effect of trenbolone-plus-estradiol implant on
production efficiency and to find whether effects of mod-
erately restricted nutrition and the anabolic implant
on growth are associated with a change in the circulat-
ing IGF-I system in finishing barrows.
Materials and Methods
Animals
Sixty-four 104 ± 7-d-old barrows weighing approxi-
mately 50 kg, which were progenies of Landrace × York-
shire dams and Duroc sires, were randomly divided into
eight groups under a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement
of treatments in such a way that each group had eight
animals in one pen. Main effects included feeding (ad
libitum intake vs 80% ad libitum intake), diet (control
vs low-energy), and anabolic implant. The low-energy
and control diets (Table 1) were formulated to contain
87 and 103% DE requirement for barrows (NRC, 1998);
the relative energy level of the former was low enough
to bring about a reduction in backfat thickness, as could
be expected from previously reported results (Coffey
et al., 1982; Hale et al., 1986). Crude protein, lysine,
vitamin, and mineral contents of the two diets were
similar. The animals, which were group-fed, were pro-
vided with 2.4 m2
space and 30 cm feeder length per
pig and free access to water. On d 0 of the experiment
after 2 wk of adaptation to the respective diet and new
environment, half of the animals weighing 59 ± 0.9
kg received an implantation of Revalor H (Hoechst-
Roussel, Warren, NJ) containing 140 mg trenbolone
acetate and 14 mg estradiol-17β at the base of an ear.
Each restricted feeding group of each diet × implant
combination received 80% of the average daily feed in-
take of the corresponding ad libitum group during the
previous week. The amount of feed given to the re-
stricted feeding group was adjusted every 7th d. A 10-
mL jugular blood sample was taken from each animal
every 3 wk for the analysis of hormones and glucose.
The sixteen heaviest animals, irrespective of the pen,
that had reached approximately 105 kg body weight
were slaughtered at one time at the abattoir of Pusan
and Kyungnam Cooperative Swine Farms Association;
this was repeated four times once a week to minimize
a difference in slaughter weight among groups. Loin-
muscle cross-sectional area (LMA) was estimated at
the 10th rib using a real-time ultrasonic scanner (model
SSD-500V, Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) on the day before
slaughter. The estimated LMA was adjusted for 105-
kg live weight using the following equation suggested
by National Swine Improvement Federation (NSIF;
1997) for barrows weighing 113.4 ± 13.6 kg: adjusted
LMA = actual LMA + [(desired wt − actual wt) × actual
LMA ÷ (actual wt + 70.31)], where weight is in kilo-
grams. Backfat thickness was measured after overnight
chilling of the carcass at 4°C at the last rib and between
the 11th and 12th ribs. The average of the two measure-
ments was adjusted for 105-kg live weight using the
following equation that was suggested for the adjust-
ment of the 10th-rib backfat thickness for barrows
weighing 113.4 ± 13.6 kg (NSIF, 1997): adjusted backfat
= actual backfat + [(desired wt − actual wt) × actual
backfat ÷ (actual wt − 13.608)], where weight is in ki-
lograms.
Physicochemical Analysis
of Longissimus Muscle Section
For the analysis of pork quality traits and chemical
composition of the longissimus dorsi muscle, a midsec-
tion was prepared by slicing the whole muscle, includ-
ing the attached backfat layer, between the 7th and
8th ribs and between the 11th and 12th ribs. Backfat
and muscle color of the longissimus muscle section was
measured on the caudal cut by the Commission Interna-
tionale de l’Eclairage (CIE; 1978) L* (lightness), a* (red-
ness), and b* (yellowness) standards using a chromome-
3. Lee et al.86
ter (model CR 300, Minolta Camera Co., Osaka, Japan),
after which the fat layer was removed for the physico-
chemical analysis of the muscle. Drip loss was deter-
mined by measuring the percentage weight loss of a 7-
cm sample of the muscle section from the caudal end
during 48-h suspension at 4°C in a closed plastic con-
tainer, basically as described by Joo et al. (1999). An-
other 7-cm sample at the cranial end of the muscle
section was ground and used for the determination of
pH and chemical composition. The pH of the ground
muscle was measured after homogenization with dis-
tilled water at a 1:10 (wt/vol) ratio as described by Za-
nardi et al. (2000). Moisture and fat contents of the
longissimus muscle were determined by freeze-drying
and Soxhlet extraction, respectively, following the pro-
cedure of AOAC (1990). Fatty acid composition was
determined by gas chromatography on total lipids ex-
tracted according to the method of Folch et al. (1957)
as described by Zanardi et al. (2000).
Determination of Serum Glucose
and Hormone Concentrations
Blood samples were clotted overnight at 4°C and se-
rum was harvested by centrifugation for 30 min at 1,660
× g. Glucose concentration was determined using a
blood analyzer Dri-Chem 3000 (Fuji Film, Tokyo, Ja-
pan) following manufacturer’s instructions.
Radioimmunoassay of IGF-I was performed using a
commercial IGF-I antiserum (Gropep, Adelaide, Aus-
tralia) following removal of serum IGFBP by acidic C18
Sep-Pak (Waters, Milford, MA) chromatography as pre-
viously described and validated (Lee et al., 1991; Lee
and Chung, 2000). Nonspecific binding (NSB) and B0
of the present assays were 2.3 ± 0.3% and 36 ± 1.8%,
respectively. Intra- and interassay coefficients of varia-
tion were 15.3% and 19.3%, respectively.
Serum IGFBP-3 concentration was determined by a
homologous RIA in which unlabeled pIGFBP-3 stan-
dard and its antiserum had been prepared by Lee and
Chung (2000), according to a standard double-antibody
procedure (Walton and Etherton, 1989). Briefly, whole
serum (10 L) was incubated for 16 h at 4°C in a total
volume of 0.3 mL, with 1:1,500 antiserum and 15,000
cpm [125
I]pIGFBP-3 that had been radiolabeled to ap-
proximately 100 Ci/g by using chloramine-T. Anti-
gen-antibody complexes were precipitated by addition
of 0.1 mL of each of 1:10 goat anti-rabbit IgG (Gropep)
serum and 1:30 normal rabbit serum followed by 1 h
of incubation at room temperature, further addition
of 1 mL of ice-cold PEG-8000 (Amresco, Solon, OH),
centrifugation for 30 min at 4°C at 1,660 × g, and aspira-
tion. The NSB and B0 were 5.3 ± 0.3% and 36.8 ± 2.8%,
respectively; intra- and interassay coefficients of varia-
tion were 13.5% and 10.6%, respectively. It has been
previously reported that the half-maximal binding of
[125
I]pIGFBP-3 was observed at approximately 50 ng
of unlabeled pIGFBP-3 standard and that cross-reactiv-
ities of the pIGFBP-3 antiserum to human, bovine, and
rat IGFBP-3 were less than 5% (Lee and Chung, 2000).
Estradiol-17β concentration in unextracted, raw se-
rum was determined in a single assay using a RIA kit
manufactured for human serum (Diagnostic Products,
Los Angeles, CA). The intra-assay coefficient of varia-
tion was 4.4%. Testosterone concentration also was
measured using a RIA kit (Diagnostic Products) in the
last blood sample from each animal only to confirm the
success of castration.
Statistical Analysis
Measurements of the live animal and carcass and
hormone concentrations were analyzed using the GLM
procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The model
included main effects of feeding, diet, and implant, two-
way interactions of these, and a three-way interaction.
Additionally included in the model for the analysis of
repeated hormone and glucose measurements were
blood sampling day and corresponding interactions as-
sociated with it. The animal nested within feeding ×
diet × implant was used as the error term for the test
of main effects and their interactions. In the analysis
of feed intake and gain:feed in which pen was the exper-
imental unit, only main effects and two-way interac-
tions of them were included in the model.
Results
Growth and Carcass Traits
Growth performance and carcass traits of the animals
are shown in Table 2. Average daily gain was reduced
(P < 0.01) by restricted feeding by 18% (0.86 and 0.70
kg for ad libitum vs restricted intake, respectively) as
well as by implantation of Revalor H by 14% (0.84 and
0.72 kg for unimplanted vs implanted groups, respec-
tively). The low-energy diet only tended to cause a de-
crease in ADG (0.81 and 0.76 kg for the control vs low-
energy diet group; P = 0.06). The ADFI was 21% less
(P < 0.01) in the restricted feeding group than in the ad
libitum group (2.48 vs 3.14 kg). Feed intake increased (P
< 0.05) when the barrows were fed the low-energy diet
(3.00 kg) vs the control diet (2.62 kg) but decreased (P
< 0.01) by as much as 24% following implantation (3.19
vs 2.43 kg for the unimplanted and implanted groups,
respectively). The gain:feed did not change (P = 0.48)
due to restricted feeding (0.285) vs ad libitum intake
(0.278). It was decreased (P < 0.01) by feeding the low-
energy diet (0.309 vs 0.254 for the control and low-
energy diets, respectively) but increased (P < 0.05) by
the implant (0.267 vs 0.297 for unimplanted and im-
planted groups, respectively). Carcass weight was re-
duced (P < 0.01) in the restricted feeding group com-
pared with its counterpart, which was attributable to
the reduced final weight (P < 0.01) in the former. Simi-
larly, the decreased carcass weight (P < 0.05) in the
low-energy diet group (74.0 ± 0.9 kg) vs control diet
4. Nutrition, steroids and IGF system in barrows 87
Table2.Effectsofrestrictedfeeding,low-energydiet,andtrenboloneacetateplusestradiol-17βimplantationon
growthperformanceandcarcasstraits
incrossbredfinishingbarrows
AdlibitumintakeRestrictedfeedinga
ControldietLow-energydietb
ControldietLow-energydiet
Pooled
ItemNoneImplantc
NoneImplantNoneImplantNoneImplantSEP-value
Initialwt,kg58.059.960.060.161.060.657.056.92.5
Finalwt,kg112.7107.5108.5110.0105.7102.4102.998.22.3Feeding**
ADG,kg0.970.810.860.800.790.670.740.610.04Feeding**,implant**
ADFI,kgd
3.252.523.942.842.592.102.972.250.09Feeding**,diet*,implant**
Gain:feedd
0.2970.3180.2170.2790.3040.3170.2480.2720.007Diet**,implant*
Carcasswt,kg82.7±1.978.4±1.878.1±1.879.4±1.876.9±1.874.6±1.972.3±1.870.1±1.8Feeding**,diet*
Dressing,%75±1.072±0.972±0.971±0.972±0.972±1.070±0.971±0.9Diet**
Backfat,measured,mme
23.1±1.717.1±1.619.6±1.618.1±1.621.8±1.617.1±1.714.5±1.613.8±1.6Feeding*,diet**,implant**
Backfat,adjusted,mmf
21.2±1.516.6±1.419.0±1.417.1±1.421.6±1.417.4±1.514.9±1.414.7±1.4Diet**,implant**
LMA,cm2g
38.837.338.238.937.836.336.336.11.0Feeding*
a
80%adlibitumintake.
b
Contained84%DE(2.95Mcal/kg)ofthecontroldiet(3.50McalDE/kg;15%CP;0.75%lysine).
c
ImplantedwithRevalorH(140mgtrenboloneacetate+14mgestradiol−17β).
d
Penwastheexperimentalunit.Onlymaineffectswereincludedinthemodelafterconfirmingnon-significance(P>0.05)ofallthethreetwo-wayinteractions.
e
Averagethicknessatslaughterbetweenthe11thand12thribsandatthelastrib.
f
105-kgliveweight-adjustedaveragethicknessbetweenthe11thand12thribsandatthelastrib.
g
Loinmuslcearea(adjustedfor105-kgliveweight)estimatedatthe10thribusingareal-timeultrasonicscanner.
*P<0.05.
**P<0.01.
5. Lee et al.88
group (78.1 ± 0.9 kg) may have been related to the
smaller final weight of the former group (107.1 kg vs
104.9 kg for the control and low-energy diet groups,
respectively; P = 0.18). Of note, dressing percentage
was reduced (P < 0.01) in the low-energy diet group vs
the control diet group. Backfat thickness at slaughter
was less in the restricted feeding (P < 0.05), low-energy
diet (P < 0.01) and implanted (P < 0.01) groups than
in their respective counterparts. However, when the
measurements were adjusted to 105 kg live weight,
significant effects (P < 0.01) were detected only for the
diet and implant (19.2 ± 0.73 and 16.5 ± 0.70 mm for
the control diet group vs low-energy diet group, respec-
tively; 19.2 ± 0.71 and 16.5 ± 0.71 mm for the unim-
planted group vs implanted group, respectively).
Whereas adjusted backfat thickness did not change (P
= 0.19) due to restricted feeding (18.5 and 17.2 mm for
ad libitum intake vs restricted feeding), LMA at the
10th rib was affected (P < 0.05) only by restricted feed-
ing (38.3 and 36.5 cm2
for ad libitum intake vs restricted
feeding, respectively). The LMA and backfat thickness
were also analyzed by including the live weight as a
covariate in the statistical model; results (data not
shown) were very similar to those described above.
Longissimus muscle color was affected by the implant
(Table 3). The lightness (L*) tended to decrease (P =
0.07) due to implantation when pigs were restrictively
fed but not when they had ad libitum access to feed (P
= 0.35). Both the redness (a*) and the yellowness (b*)
also decreased (P < 0.05) in response to the implant
(8.1 ± 0.41 vs 6.8 ± 0.38 for a* and 5.5 ± 0.29 vs 4.5 ±
0.27 for b* for unimplanted vs implanted groups, re-
spectively). Moreover, the yellowness decreased in the
implanted group vs the unimplanted group only when
the barrows were restrictively fed (P < 0.01). Drip loss,
which was less than 5% across all the treatments, did
not differ between groups. The pH was greater in the
restricted feeding (P < 0.05) and the implanted (P <
0.01) groups than in their corresponding counterparts,
but numerical effects were less than 0.15 unit. Moisture
content was greater (P < 0.05) in the implanted group
(74.4 ± 0.23%) than in the unimplanted group (73.5 ±
0.25%). In contrast, live weight-adjusted fat content did
not change (P = 0.23) due to implantation (3.0 ± 0.18
and 2.79 ± 0.16% for unimplanted vs implanted groups,
respectively), although unadjusted fat content (data not
shown) was less (P < 0.05) in the implanted (2.68 ±
0.17%) vs the unimplanted group (3.22 ± 0.18%). In
fatty acid composition, main effects for stearic acid
(18:0) content and a three-way interaction with or with-
out two-way interactions for palmitic (16:0) and total
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were detected,
but numerical differences between groups were rather
small. Neither the L* nor the b* value for color of the
backfat attached to longissimus muscle changed in re-
sponse to any treatment (P > 0.05).
Serum Glucose and Hormone Concentrations
Serum glucose concentration was not affected by any
of the treatments (Table 4). Mean estradiol-17β concen-
tration, as expected, increased (P < 0.01) following im-
plantation. Although not shown in the table, testoster-
one concentrations were less than 0.02 ng/mL in all the
animals, which confirms that they had been success-
fully castrated. Serum IGF-I concentration increased
(P < 0.01) in response to the implant (187 and 226 ng/
mL for the unimplanted vs implanted group) and also
linearly with increasing days of the experiment (P <
0.01; Figure 1). Moreover, IGF-I concentration in-
creased (P < 0.01) during the first 3 wk of the experiment
in implanted animals, whereas in unimplanted animals
it increased (P < 0.01) during the second 3 wk. However,
IGF-I concentration was not changed by restricted feed-
ing (213 and 200 ng/mL for ad libitum intake vs re-
stricted feeding; P = 0.16) or by feeding the low-energy
diet (210 and 202 ng/mL for the control vs low-energy
diet; P = 0.39). Serum IGFBP-3 concentration did not
change in response to any treatment. Instead, IGFBP-
3 concentration increased (P < 0.01) during the first 3
wk of the experiment, albeit to a small extent numeri-
cally (3.0, 3.3, and 3.4 g/mL on d 0, 21, and 42, respec-
tively; data not shown).
Correlations between the growth-related variables
and serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations are
shown in Table 5. Interestingly, overall ADG was corre-
lated with LMA in all barrows and unimplanted bar-
rows. The ADG was not significantly correlated with
either IGF-I or IGFBP-3 concentration across all the
treatments. However, in all unimplanted animals, ADG
was positively correlated (P < 0.01) with IGF-I and
IGFBP-3 concentrations on d 21 of the experiment.
Backfat thickness, by contrast, was negatively corre-
lated (P < 0.01) with d-42 IGF-I concentration in all
barrows and in unimplanted barrows; the correlation
was not significant in unimplanted barrows with ad
libitum access to feed. Moreover, IGFBP-3 concentra-
tion was correlated (P < 0.01) with IGF-I, especially on
d 42.
Discussion
It has been decisively proven recently, by GH injec-
tion studies in mice with various disruptions of the IGF-
I gene (Liu and LeRoith, 1999), that IGF-I mediates
the growth-stimulating action of GH. It also has been
well documented that systemically administered IGF-
I stimulates growth in GH-deficient as well as pituitary-
intact animals and humans (Froesch et al., 1996). Al-
though there are instances in which systemic IGF-I
level has no relation to growth (e.g., in cases of GH-
injected rats [Orlowski and Chernausek, 1988] and
liver-specific IGF-I knock-out mice [Sjogren et al.,
1999]), these are more exceptional rather than typical.
Moreover, numerous studies have shown that circulat-
ing IGF-I concentration, as a whole, reflects the status
of GH secretion and accordingly overall body growth in
well-nourished humans and animals (Jones and Clem-
mons, 1995; Simmen et al., 1998).
6. Nutrition, steroids and IGF system in barrows 89
Table3.Effectsofrestrictedfeeding,lowenergy-diet,andimplantationofanabolicsteroidsonphysicochemicalcharacteristics
ofthelongissimusmuscleinfinishingbarrows
AdlibitumintakeRestrictedfeedinga
ControldietLow-energydietb
ControldietLow-energydiet
ItemNoneImplantc
NoneImplantNoneImplantNoneImplantP<0.05
Colordef
CIEL*48.1±2.251.2±1.945.6±2.146.2±1.751.7±2.048.7±2.153.4±1.948.7±2.2Feeding×implant
CIEa*8.91±0.927.25±0.776.75±0.866.85±0.697.77±0.856.47±0.859.28±0.786.30±0.89Implant
CIEb*5.52±0.654.88±0.544.51±0.614.85±0.485.69±0.604.00±0.606.43±0.554.20±0.63Implant,feeding×implant
Driplosse
3.79±0.783.71±0.712.70±0.784.38±0.784.30±0.782.67±0.784.73±0.713.76±0.71
pHe
5.48±0.085.56±0.075.52±0.085.53±0.065.57±0.085.86±0.085.47±0.075.69±0.07Feeding,implant**
Moisture,%f
73.0±0.5574.1±0.4673.5±0.5174.5±0.4174.1±0.5074.5±0.5073.5±0.4674.5±0.53Implant
Crudefat,%f
3.45±0.383.21±0.322.92±0.352.87±0.282.86±0.352.51±0.353.15±0.322.58±0.37
Fattyacidcomposition
14:01.01±0.100.98±0.081.33±0.090.93±0.070.92±0.090.90±0.101.00±0.080.99±0.08
16:021.70±0.4520.90±0.3722.00±0.4121.70±0.3420.90±0.4121.90±0.4521.50±0.3720.50±0.37Feeding×diet×implant
18:013.46±0.4814.02±0.3913.22±0.4313.87±0.3613.73±0.4315.12±0.4814.40±0.3914.79±0.39Feeding**,implant
Totalsaturated36.21±0.5535.91±0.4536.59±0.4936.28±0.4535.54±0.4938.68±0.7836.89±0.4536.25±0.45Feeding×implant,diet×implant,
fattyacidsfeeding×diet×implant
16:11.73±0.141.82±0.111.97±0.121.83±0.101.81±0.121.93±0.141.63±0.111.95±0.11
18:140.50±1.0340.53±0.8440.82±0.9240.85±0.7840.77±0.9237.40±1.0339.51±0.8439.88±0.84
18:217.09±0.6716.61±0.5516.55±0.6016.32±0.5117.14±0.6017.75±0.6717.30±0.5517.22±0.55
18:30.56±0.070.62±0.060.61±0.060.75±0.050.73±0.060.56±0.070.63±0.060.70±0.06
20:43.91±0.384.52±0.313.47±0.343.76±0.294.01±0.344.38±0.384.04±0.314.01±0.31
Totalunsaturated63.79±0.5564.09±0.4563.41±0.4963.72±0.4564.46±0.4961.32±0.7863.11±0.4563.75±0.45Feeding×implant,diet×implant,
fattyacidsfeeding×diet×implant
Attachedbackfatcolordf
CIEL*75.0±0.8775.6±0.7374.5±0.8175.2±0.6575.6±0.8074.6±0.8174.6±0.7474.1±0.84
CIEb*4.80±0.505.01±0.424.59±0.464.83±0.375.36±0.465.66±0.465.59±0.425.17±0.48
a
80%adlibitumintake.
b
Contained84%DE(2.95Mcal/kg)ofthecontroldiet(3.50McalDE/kg;15%CP;0.75%lysine).
c
ImplantedwithRevalorH(140mgtrenboloneacetate+14mgestradiol-17β).
d
Measuredonthecross-sectionalslicebetweenthe11thand12thribs.GreaterL*,a*,andb*valuesindicatemorelightcolor,moreredcolor,andmoreyellowcolor,respectively.CIE=
CommissionInternationaledel’Eclairage.
e
L*>50,42≤L*≤50andL*<42areclassifiedas“pale,”“reddish-pink”and“dark,”respectively;driploss>5%is“exudative”;dark,firmanddry(DFD)porkhaspH≥6.0(Warneret
al.,1997).
f
Liveweightwasincludedinthestatisticalanalysismodelasacovariate.
**P<0.01.
7. Lee et al.90
Table 4. Effects of restricted feeding, low-energy diet, and anabolic steroids on serum glucose and
hormone concentrations in crossbred finishing barrows
Ad libitum intake Restricted feedinga
Control diet Low-energy dietb
Control diet Low-energy diet
Item None Implantc
None Implant None Implant None Implant P < 0.01
Glucose, mg/dL 91 ± 3.0 93 ± 2.7 90 ± 2.7 92 ± 2.7 88 ± 2.7 90 ± 2.7 91 ± 2.7 87 ± 2.7
E2-17β, pg/mLd
DLe
47.1 ± 10.5 DL 23.8 ± 10.5 DL 35.0 ± 10.5 DL 15.5 ± 10.5 Implant
IGF-I, ng/mL 201 ± 15 247 ± 13 179 ± 13 226 ± 13 177 ± 13 217 ± 13 191 ± 13 213 ± 14 Implant
IGFBP-3, g/mL 3.3 ± 0.15 3.4 ± 0.14 3.1 ± 0.14 3.3 ± 0.14 3.0 ± 0.14 3.3 ± 0.14 3.3 ± 0.14 3.1 ± 0.15
a
Fed 80% ad libitum intake.
b
Contained 84% DE (2.95 Mcal/kg) of the control diet (3.50 Mcal DE/kg; 15% CP; 0.75% lysine).
c
Implanted with Revalor H (140 mg trenbolone acetate + 14 mg estradiol-17β).
d
Determined using a RIA kit for human serum; values may represent relative concentrations, because estradiol was not extracted prior to assay.
e
Detection limit (3.3 pg/mL).
The present study was undertaken to investigate the
effects of restricted feeding, low-energy diet, and ana-
bolic steroids on growth, carcass traits, and serum IGF-
I and IGFBP-3 concentrations and thereby to find rela-
tionships among these variables in finishing barrows.
All the experimental treatments independently caused
or tended to cause a decrease in ADG and backfat thick-
ness, which was consistent with previous reports (De
Wilde and Lauwers, 1984; Hale et al., 1986; Leymaster
and Mersmann, 1991). Moreover, the trenbolone-plus-
estradiol implant, Revalor H, caused a decrease in feed
intake and increased gain:feed, presumably resulting
from the anabolic actions of the implanted steroids.
These results are consistent with those of De Wilde and
Figure 1. Serum IGF-I concentrations in Revalor H-
implanted and unimplanted finishing barrows. Revalor
H contains 140 mg trenbolone acetate and 14 mg estradiol-
17β. Data are means ± SE of 32 animals. The effect of day
was significant (P < 0.01).
Lauwers (1984) but only partially consistent with those
of Grandadam et al. (1975) and van Weerden and Gran-
dadam (1976), who reported that ADG as well as feed
efficiency was increased by trenbolone-plus-estradiol
implantation with no significant change in feed intake.
It is not clear, however, why feed intake was variable
following the combined implantation in different stud-
ies, although there are many unexplained instances
of variable effects for other anabolic implants as well
(Galbraith and Topps, 1981).
From the practical point of view, Revalor H seemed
to have a few undesirable effects in pigs. Implanted
barrows frequently mounted each other and were mis-
judged as boars at the slaughterhouse where sex was
determined according to the appearance of the genital
tract of the carcass. It is thus presumed that, although
the trenbolone contained in Revalor or Finaplix pellets
has been reported to cause little androgenization of
steers (Heitzman et al., 1977), the dose of this steroid
contained in the Revalor H pellet was probably high
enough to elicit a development of external genitalia in
barrows in the presence of coimplanted estrogen, which
is known to inhibit penis development to some extent
in cattle (Greathouse et al., 1983).
Results of muscle pH, drip loss, and lightness (L*)
fell within the range for the normal RFN (reddish-pink,
firm, and non-exudative) pork in all the groups when
the pork quality was classified as RFN, DFD (dark,
firm, and dry), PSE (pale, soft, and exudative), or RSE
(reddish-pink, soft, and exudative) based on these qual-
ity traits (Warner et al., 1997; Joo et al., 1999). Although
pH, moisture content, and fatty acid composition of lon-
gissimus muscle were changed due to the treatments
or a two- or three-way interaction of them, differences
among groups were more numerically than qualita-
tively significant. Moreover, textural properties of fresh
and cooked longissimus muscle (data not shown) also
did not change (P > 0.05) in response to any treatment.
It was noteworthy, however, that the redness (a*) and
the yellowness (b*) of longissimus muscle decreased
due to the implant, although there is no plausible expla-
nation for this at present.
8. Nutrition, steroids and IGF system in barrows 91
Table 5. Pearson’s correlations between ADG, backfat thickness, LMA, and serum
concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in crossbred finishing barrows
ADG Backfata
LMAb
IGFBP-3c
Item r P r P r P r P
Total barrows (n = 63)
Backfat 0.24 0.06 — — — — — —
LMA 0.33 <0.01 0.31 <0.05 — — — —
d-0 IFG-I 0.21 0.10 0.02 0.85 0.21 0.09 0.19 0.13
d-0 IGFBP-3 −0.07 0.55 0.01 0.92 −0.08 0.51 — —
d-21 IGF-I 0.16 0.20 −0.25 <0.05 −0.05 0.72 0.44 <0.01
d-21 IGFBP-3 0.22 0.09 −0.04 0.78 −0.06 0.66 — —
d-42 IGF-I −0.02 0.88 −0.48 <0.01 −0.17 0.18 0.57 <0.01
d-42 IGFBP-3 −0.01 0.93 −0.17 0.20 −0.25 <0.05 — —
Unimplanted barrows (n = 31)
Backfat 0.06 0.74 — — — — — —
LMA 0.38 <0.05 0.32 0.08 — — — —
d-0 IGF-I 0.17 0.36 −0.05 0.77 0.17 0.37 0.17 0.34
d-0 IGFBP-3 −0.08 0.66 −0.08 0.67 −0.06 0.75 — —
d-21 IGF-I 0.69 <0.01 −0.15 0.43 0.11 0.54 0.40 <0.05
d-21 IGFBP-3 0.50 <0.01 −0.07 0.71 0.30 0.11 — —
d-42 IGF-I 0.12 0.52 −0.46 <0.01 −0.06 0.76 0.54 <0.01
d-42 IGFBP-3 −0.01 0.96 −0.27 0.15 −0.27 0.15 — —
Unimplanted barrows with ad libitum access to feed (n = 15)
Backfat −0.19 0.49 — — — — — —
LMA 0.21 0.46 0.21 0.46 — — — —
d-0 IGF-I 0.25 0.37 −0.19 0.50 0.13 0.64 0.21 0.43
d-0 IGFBP-3 0.21 0.43 0.26 0.35 −0.33 0.23 — —
d-21 IGF-I 0.68 <0.01 −0.12 0.66 −0.16 0.56 0.21 0.44
d-21 IGFBP-3 0.24 0.39 −0.39 0.14 −0.32 0.25 — —
d-42 IGF-I 0.41 0.13 −0.25 0.38 −0.13 0.64 0.70 <0.01
d-42 IGFBP-3 0.23 0.41 0.03 0.90 −0.50 0.06 — —
a
Average thickness adjusted for 105-kg live weight between the 11th and 12th ribs and at the last rib.
b
Loin muscle area at the 10th rib adjusted for 105-kg live weight.
c
Concentration in serum on the corresponding day.
It is known that circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 con-
centrations are reduced under conditions of restricted
energy or feed intake (Booth et al., 1996; Ketelslegers
et al., 1996; Hall et al., 1999). However, the lack of
any significant change in serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3
concentrations in response to the restricted feed intake
or the low-energy diet in the present study indicates
that restriction of feed or energy intake by 20% or less
was not enough to cause a change in concentrations of
these IGF system components. It has also been reported
that a 25% restriction of feed intake (2.8 [control] vs
2.1 [restricted] times maintenance level) did not affect
plasma IGF-I concentrations in gilts (Almeida et al.,
2001). By contrast, IGF-I concentration increased fol-
lowing Revalor H implantation, suggesting that the an-
abolic effects of the implanted steroids may have been
mediated, in part, by increased IGF-I. It also can be
speculated that part of the effects of Revalor H may be
mediated by GH independently of IGF-I, but, based on
previously reported studies in steers, this seems to be
only a small possibility. Enright et al. (1990) have re-
ported that implantation of estradiol increased GH and
IGF-I concentrations but that this steroid had a GH-
independent anabolic effect in steers. Moreover, Hunt
et al. (1991) reported that, although serum IGF-I con-
centration was additively increased by trenbolone and
estradiol, GH concentration did not change in response
to either trenbolone or trenbolone-plus-estradiol im-
plantation.
The lack of effect of the Revalor H implant on serum
IGFBP-3 concentration somewhat contrasts with a re-
ported 30 to 50% increase in implanted steers (Johnson
et al., 1996). However, the present result cannot be
directly compared with the previous report, because
total IGFBP-3, including ≤ 31-kDa truncated IGFBP-3
(Lee et al., 1991), was determined by RIA in the present
study, whereas in the previous study only the 43- and
39-kDa intact IGFBP-3 was measured by Western li-
gand blot analysis. Further studies are therefore neces-
sary to determine whether the effect of trenbolone-plus-
estradiol implantation on circulating IGFBP-3 concen-
tration is species- and(or) possibly dose-dependent.
Relationships between growth-related variables and
serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were ana-
lyzed in the three strata of all barrows, unimplanted
barrows, and unimplanted barrows that had ad libitum
access to feed because of possible confounding effects
of the treatments on these variables. For instance, the
opposing effects of the implant on ADG and IGF-I con-
centration resulted in a positive correlation between
these variables only in unimplanted animals. Neverthe-
less, the positive correlations between IGF-I, IGFBP-
9. Lee et al.92
3, and ADG in all barrows or in unimplanted barrows
were similar to previously reported relationships be-
tween the growth variables and these peptides in grow-
ing-finishing pigs (Lamberson et al., 1995; Owens et al.,
1999), growing rats (Fukuda et al., 1998), and children
(Jaruratanasirikul et al., 1999; Park et al., 1999). These
results are thus thought to reflect the fact that both of
these peptides are GH-dependent (Walton and
Etherton, 1989; Bell et al., 1998). In summary, the in-
creased feed efficiency in Revalor H-implanted barrows
was associated with an increase in serum IGF-I concen-
tration. However, the moderately restricted nutritional
status in unimplanted barrows was not reflected by
either IGF-I or IGFBP-3 serum concentration.
Implications
In finishing barrows, a low-energy diet may be useful
for reducing backfat thickness in exchange for a de-
crease in feed efficiency and growth rate. Revalor H
implantation is effective in increasing gain:feed as well
as decreasing backfat thickness, but it causes a de-
crease in feed intake resulting in a decreased growth
rate. Circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations do
not decrease in proportion to a reduced growth rate due
to a moderately restricted feed or energy intake or the
anabolic implant. Nevertheless, growth rate is corre-
lated with serum concentrations of these peptide hor-
mones in unimplanted finishing barrows, suggesting
that these hormones are adequate measures of growth
indices in unimplanted, castrated pigs.
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